©hp  i.  1.  Bill  TJItbrarg 


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P65 

37 
FOREST  RESOUKCES 
LIBRARY 


S00426736  S 


FOREST  RESOURCES 
LI3R,-.f.Y 
THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  DATE 
INDICATED  BELOW  AND  IS  SUB- 
JECT TO  AN  OVERDUE  FINE  AS 
POSTED  AT  THE  CIRCULATION 
DESK. 


APR  1  b  i£b3 
DEC  2  I  1994 


/UocuJ    ^ 


-ft 


Bulletin  No.  22. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE. 


DIVISION    OF    FORESTRY. 


THE   WHITE   PINE 

(PINUS    STROBUS    Linneeus.) 


V.  M.  vSPAIvDING, 

Professor   of  riottiiiy    in    the   University   of  Tvllchiigan. 


KHVISKI)    AND    I'.Nr.ARCF.D    BV 

B.  K.  FERNOW, 

Chief   of    tlie    Uivisioii    of   Forestry. 

WITH    CONTRIBUTIONS: 
INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  THE  WHITE  PINE  .  .  By  F.  H.  CHITTENDEN,  Division  of  Entomology. 
THE  WOOD  OF  THE  WHITE  PINE By  FILIBERT  ROTH,  Division  of  Forestry. 


WASHINGTON  : 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING     OFFICE. 
1899. 


PJH 

White  Pine  Forest. 


Bulletin  No.  22. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT   OF   AGRICULTURE. 

DIVISION    OF    FORESTRY. 


THE    WH  ITE    PINE 

(PINUS    STROBUS    Unneeus.) 


V.  M.  SPALDING, 

IProfessor   of  Kotany    in    the    University    of   Miohigan. 

REVISED   AND   ENLARGED    BY 

B.  E.  FERNOW, 

Chief   of    the    LDivisioi^i    of    forestry. 

WITH     CONTRIBUTIONS: 
IN§ECT  ENEMIES  OF  THE  WHITE  PINE  .  .  Hv  F.  H.  CHITTEXDEX,  Division  of  Entomology. 
THE  WOOD  OF  THE  WHITE  PINE By  FILIBEKT  ROTH,  Division  of  Forestry. 


WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT     PRINTING     OFFICE. 
1899. 


LETTER  OI-  TRANSMITTAL. 


U.  S.  Dkpart:ment  of  Aubiculture, 

Division  of  Forestry, 
Waxhingtoii,  D.  C,  March  15,  1898. 

Sir:  I  liave  the  honor  to  submit  licicwitb  for  imblicatiou  a  mouograph  on  the  White  Pine  of 
the  Northern  United  States. 

The  first  draft  of  this  monograph,  like  the  one  on  "The  Timber  Pines  of  the  Southern  United 
Stati's"  (Bulletin  No.  13,  Division  of  Forestry),  by  Dr.  Charles  Mohr,  was  prepared  more  than  ten 
years  ago  by  Prof.  V.  M.  Spalding,  of  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.;  but  it  was  then  found  that  much  informa- 
tion of  i)ractical  value  was  still  lacking,  and  hence  publication  was  delayed  until  the  deficiencies 
could  be  supplied.  Professor  Spaldiug,  after  having  made  several  revisions,  under  the  pressure 
of  other  work  had  to  abandon  the  idea  of  amplifying  and  perfecting  the  monograph  itself,  and 
this  was  left  to  the  undersigned,  with  the  collaboration  of  the  staff  of  the  Division  of  Forestry. 

The  undersigned  is  responsible  not  only  for  the  plan  of  the  work,  but  especially  for  the 
portions  referring  to  forest  conditions,  forestal  treatment,  and  for  the  discussion  on  the  rate  of 
growth,  to  which  Mr.  Mlodziansky  also  contributed. 

Mr.  Filibert  Koth,  of  the  Division,  besides  furnishing  the  study  on  the  wood  of  the  species, 
has  also  contributed  the  portions  on  the  history  of  the  lumbering  oi)ei"ations,  while  the  discussion 
on  the  injurious  insects  is  by  Mr.  F.  H.  Chittenden,  of  the  Division  of  Entomology. 

A  very  comprehensive  investigation  into  the  rate  of  growth  of  the  White  Pine  lias  been 
carried  on  since  18!»2  as  opportunity  afl'orded  and  funds  permitted.  The  results  of  this  investiga- 
tion, comjjrising  the  analysis  of  over  seven  hundred  trees,  in  the  form  of  tables  and  notes,  will  be 
found  in  the  Appendix.  The  measurements  in  the  field  were  mainly  executed  by  Mr.  Austin  Cary, 
of  Bangor,  Me.,  and  by  Mr.  A.  K.  Mlodziansky,  of  the  Division.  The  latter  also  performed  the 
calculations  and  tabulations  in  the  Division,  and  in  this  work  developed  a  short  and  satisfactory 
method  of  tabulating,  analyzing,  and  using  the  large  mass  of  data  readily  for  the  purpose  of 
summarizing,  averaging,  and  generalization.  This  method  is  described  in  Bulletin  No.  20, 
Division  of  Forestry. 

The  situation  regarding  White-Pine  supplies  has  materially  changed  since  this  monograph 
was  first  conceived,  so  that  it  might  almost  be  charged  that  this  publication  comes  too  late.  This 
would  be  a  misconception  both  as  to  the  situation  and  the  objects  of  the  monograph.  No 
information  of  any  kind  could  have  arrested  the  decimation  of  our  White-Pine  supplies,  which 
proceeds  through  the  momentum  of  economic  laws;  and  even  now,  when  it  is  well  known  that  a 
few  years  will  see  their  exhaustion,  no  change  in  the  methods  of  milling  with  a  view  to  length- 
ening tlie  supplies  is  contemplated  by  the  manufacturer,  who  is  only  concerned  iu  keepiug  his 
mill  running.    The  manufacturer  is  a  harvester,  not  a  forest  grower. 

The  object  of  this  monograph  is  to  lay  the  basis  for  an  intelligent  recuperation  of  the  virgin 
growth  by  the  forest  grower  of  the  future,  work  which  will  surely  be  begun  presently,  but  which 
would  not  have  be6n  undertaken  ten  years  ago. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  monograph  use  has  been  made  of  all  available  sources  of  informa 
tion.  Acknowledgments  are  due  to  a  large  number  of  correspondents,  named  in  the  projier 
connection,  who  have  rendered  valuable  aid  by  contributing  notes  on  distribution  or  have  assisted 
in  other  ways. 


4  LETTEli    UF    TUANSMITTAL. 

The  botanical  illustrations  showinj?  exterual  cbaracteis  arc  by  Mr.  George  B.  Sudwortb;  those 
of  the  anatomy  of  the  wood  are  by  Mr.  N.  B.  Pierce  and  Mr.  Filibert  Itoth,  and  those  of  i)arasitic 
organisms  and  disease  conditions  are  from  Hartig's  "Lelirbutli  dor  Baunikraiikheitcn"  and 
"Zersetzungserscheinungen  des  Ilolzes."  The  illustrations  accompanying  the  section  on  injurious 
insects  were  furnished  by  the  Division  of  Entomology.  The  map  of  distribution  was  prepared  in 
the  Division  of  Forestry.  ^^ 

The  monograph  is  believed  to  be  just  in  time  for  the  use  for  which  it  is  intended,  namely,  to 
prepare  for  the  application  of  sylviculture  to  the  remnant  of  our  pineries. 

Respectfully, 

B.  E.  Feunow, 
Chief  of  JJirision. 
Hon.  James  Wilson, 

/Secretary  of  Agriculture. 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction 11 

Geographical  distribution 11 

Character  of  distribution,  by  regions 12 

Notes  on  general  distribution 15 

Conclusions  regarding  natural  distribution 16 

The  White  Pine  lumber  industry 16 

Original  stand  and  present  supplies 19 

Natural  history 20 

Botanical  description 20 

Relationship 21 

Morphological  cliaracters 21 

Root,  stem,  and  branch  sjsten: 21 

Leaves 22 

Floral  organs 22 

Seeds 23 

Seed  supply 23 

The  wood 24 

Growth  and  development 26 

Rate  of  growth 27 

Height  growth 27 

Seedling  stage 27 

Development  in  open  stand 28 

Development  in  the  forest 30 

Ett'ect  of  composition  of  forest  upon  height  growth 32 

Effect  of  locality  upon  height  growth 33 

Growth  in  thickness 34 

Detail  measurements  of  annual  gain  iu  circumference 35 

Area  accretion 36 

Form  development,  or  taper 36 

Growth  in  volume 37 

Cubic  contents  of  trees 38 

Lumber  contents  of  trees 38 

Conditions  of  development 39 

Demands  upon  climate  and  soil 39 

Associated  species 40 

Light  requirements 43 

Yield  of  White  Pine 44 

Dangers  and  diseases 49 

Injuries  by  human  agency 49 

Injuries  by  storms 50 

Diseases 51 

Effect  of  heat  and  drought 51 

Parasitic  diseases «. 51 

Insect  enemies  of  the  White  Pine.     By  F.  H.  Chittenden,  Division  of  Entomology 55 

Introduction  55 

The  destructive  pine  bark-beetle 55 

Remedies 56 

Other  injurious  bark-beetles .56 

Timber-beetles  and  other  Scolytidw .57 

Pine  sawyers  and  other  borers .57 

The  white-iiine  weevil 58 

Moth  caterpillars  and  pliint-liee  on  trunks  and  limbs 59 

Leaf-feeding  insects 60 


Forest  managcmeut  Gl 

Natural  reproduction '. G2 

Notes  oil  natural  roiiroiluction f>2 

Artificial  loproductioii fiH 

Planting  notes ,^.  (it 

The  White  I'ine  as  a  forest  tree  in  Germany 07 

The  wood  of  the  White  Pine.     By  Fimbert  Roth,  Division  of  Forestry 73 

Character  and  physical  properties  of  the  wood T.\ 

Specific  weight 7:! 

Shrinkage 77 

Strength 77 

Durability 80 

Comparison  with  other  woods SO 

Uses  of  White  Pine W 

Appendix : 

Tables  of  measurements S5 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Pasa. 

White  Pine  forest FrontiBjiiece. 

Plate  I.  Map  showing  original  distribution  of  White  Pine  (rinus  8<)-o&h8  Z.)  11 

II.  Fig.  1. — White  Pino  mixed  with  hardwoods  in  central  New  York.     Fig.  2. — Old  White  Pine  tree  in 

mixed  forest  (yonng  pine  in  the  foregronnd)  in  New  York  State 12 

III.  Map  showing  forest  conditions  of  northern  Wisconsin • 14 

IV.  Fig.  1. — Transporting  logs  over  ice  road  in  Michigan.     Fig.  2. — Lnmiier  camp  in  Michigan 20 

V.  Leaves  and  Inid  of  the  White  Pine 22 

VI.  Cones,  seeds,  etc.,  of  the  White  Pine 23 

VII.  Sections  of  young  shoot  of  White  Pine  2G 

VIII.  Sections  of  wood  of  White  Pine 26 

IX.  Seedlings  of  White  Pine 27 

X.  Fig.  1.. — A  thinned  pine  grove  in  New  Hampshire.     Fig.2. — Yoiiug  i)ine  in  New  Hampshire 48 

XI.  Fig.  1. — Young  pine  in  need  of  pruning.     Fig.2. — Y'onng  pine  pruned 50 

XII.  Disease  of  White  I'iue:  Agaricus  melleiis 54 

XIII.  Disease  of  White  Pine:  I'olyporus  iinnosus 54 

'TEXT  FIGUKES. 

Fic.  1.  Bark  of  old  AVTiite  Piue 21 

2.  Diagram  showing  height  growth  of  mixed  and  of  pure  growth  White  Pine  in  Presque  Isle  County, 

Mich 32 

3.  Diagram  showing  height  growth  of  White  Pine  in  forest  of  varying  composition  in  Pennsylvania 33 

4.  Girdled  White  Pine  continuing  to  grow 49 

5.  Dendroctonue  frontalia 55 

6;  Tomicus  cacograplius. , 56 

7.  Galleries  of  Tomicus  cacot/rajih  iis .57 

8.  Gnathotrichua  materiariiis 57 

9.  Gallery  of  Gnathotrichiig  materiariiii 58 

10.  Chalcophora  virginiensis 58 

11.  rUsodes  sirohi 59 

12.  Larval  mines  under  l>arlc  and  pupal  cells  of  Pisaodes  sirohi 59 

13.  Lophyrus  abbotii 60 

14.  Tubes  of  pine  leaves  made  by  pine  tube-builder 60 

15.  Chionaspis  pinifoliiv 60 

16.  Diagram  showing  specific  weight  of  wood  at  dift'erent  cros.s  sections  of  the  stem;  also  a  decrease  of 

weight  fioni  the  stump  upward,  and  the  similarity  of  the  wood  of  difl'erent  trees 76 

17.  Diagram  showing  spcciiii'  weight  of  kiln-dry  wood  at  difl'erent  points  in  the  stem  from  ground  np ward.  76 

18.  Diagram  showing  eflect  of  moisture  on  crushing  strength 80 

19.  Diagram  showing  rate  of  height  growth  of  dominant  trees 93 

20.  Diagram  showing  rate  of  height  growth  i>f  codominant  trees 94 

21.  Diagram  showing  rate  of  height  growth  of  oppressed  trees 95 

22.  Diagram  showing  height  growth  of  dominant,  codominant,  and  oppressed  trees  throughout  range 96 

23.  Di.agrani  showing  volume  growth  of  dominant,  codominant,  and  oppres.sed  trees  thronghout  range  ...  97 
?l.  Diagram  showing  lieight  growth  of  dominant  trees,  by  States 100 

25.  Diagram  showing  height  growth  of  codominant  trees,  by  States 101 

26.  Diagram  showing  hciglit  growth  of  oppressed  trees,  by  States 101 

27.  Diagram  showing  volume  growth  of  dominant  tries,  liy  States 102 

28.  Diagram  showing  volimie  growth  of  codominant  trees,  by  States 103  ■ 

29.  Diagram  showing  volume  growth  of  ai)i>resged  trees,  by  States 104 

7 


8  ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Page. 

Fig.  30.  Diaj^ram  showing  aver.igo  progress  of  iliameti t  growth  (breast  high)  of  dominant  trees 108 

31.  Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  dominant  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  (aiiCT:ago 

throughout  range) 108 

32.  Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  codominant  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  (average 

throughout  range) 109 

33.  Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  oppressed  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  (average 

throughout  range) 109 

34.  Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  dominant  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  in  Wisconsin..  Ill 

35.  Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  oppressed  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  in  Wiseonsin..  Ill 

36.  Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  dominant  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  in  Pennsylvania .  1 13 

37.  Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  cudominant  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  in  Pennsylvania  113 

38.  Diagram  showing  diameter  gn.wtli  of  dominant  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  in  Michigan. ..  115 

39.  Diagram  showing  diameter  urowtli  of  cudominaut  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  in  Micliigau-  115 

40.  Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  oppressed  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  in  Michigan...  116 


THE  WHITE  PINE. 

(PINUS    STROBUS    Linneeus.) 


Pimm  atrohiiB  Linn.-eus,  Spec.  PI.  ed.  1,  1001  (1731). 
Pinu8  tenuifoUa  Salisbury,  Prodr.  399  (1796). 

LOCAL   Oi:   COMMON   NAMES. 

AVTiite  Pine  (Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  .Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Virginia,  West  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Ohio,  Ontario,  Nebraska). 

Weymonth  Pine  (Massachusetts,  South  Carolina,  European  literature). 

Soft  Pine  (Pennsylvania). 

Northern  Pine  (South  Carolina). 

Spruce  Pine  (Tennessee). 


BULLETIN  NO.  22,  DIV.  OF  FORESTRY.  U.  8.  DEPT.  OF  AGR. 


y. 


95  90   _         as 


WHITE  PINE  (Pinus  strobus  L.) 


B.  E.  PERNOW 

Chief  of  the  Divinioii  uf  ForMli'y 
U.  8.  Department  of  Agriculture 


THE  \vh:ite  pine. 


INTRODUCTION. 

For  two  centuries  and  a  half  the  White  Pine  has  been  universally  employed  for  purposes  of 
construction  in  the  Northern  United  States.  Its  abundance  and  the  combination  of  qualities 
which  adajits  it  to  an  almost  unlimited  number  of  uses  have  made  it  the  most  important  and  the 
most  highly  prized  of  all  the  timber  trees  of  the  region  to  which  it  is  indigenous.  In  several  of 
the  Northern  States  it  has  been  a  more  constant  source  of  wealth  and  has  yielded  larger  returns 
than  any  other  single  product.  Thus,  for  instance,  in  1879,  a  fair  year  for  comparison,  the  natural 
products  of  the  State  of  Michigan  were  estimated  by  Governor  .Terome  as  follows:' 

Agricultural  products ifXS,  r.OO,  000 

Timber (50,000,000 

Copper .S,  000,  000 

Iron.- -• 10,000,000 

Salt 2,000,000 

Fish   1,000,000 

According  to  this  estimate  the  value  of  the  timber  products,  chiefly  White  Pine,  was  at  that 
time,  in  round  numbers,  six  times  that  of  the  iron,  seven  and  one-half  times  that  of  the  copper, 
and  thirty  times  that  of  the  salt  product  of  the  State,  and  amounted  to  about  3."i  per  cent  of  all  the 
products  of  the  State  cond)ined;  and  if  the  value  of  the  entire  White  Pine  product  of  the  present 
year  (1898),  some  7  billion  to  8  billion  feet  B.  M.,  be  taken  into  consideration,  it  will  exceed  in 
value  at  first  points  of  production  the  entire  gold  and  silver  output  of  the  country,  which  is  not 
nnich  less  than  $100,0G(),000. 

Commercial  interests  of  great  magnitude,  dependent  upon  the  handling  and  transportation  of 
the  White  Pine  product,  have  been  built  up  in  Chicago  and  other  northern  cities,  and  the  diminu- 
tion or  failure  of  the  supply  must  inevitably  result  in  the  transfer  of  the  capital  thus  employed  to 
other  purposes  or  to  other  centers  of  distribution.  In  fact,  such  changes  have  already  been  and 
are  now  being  made  with  great  rapidity,  and  much  of  the  capital  formerly  invested  in  the  pine 
lands  and  mills  of  the  northern  lake  region  has  been  transferred  to  those  of  the  Gulf  States  and 
the  Pacific  coast. 

A  multitude  of  industries  is  dependent  upon  a  continued  and  large  pi'oduction  of  pine  lumber, 
and  its  failure,  though  perhaps  not  threatening  such  a  collapse  of  business  interests  as  alarmists 
have  pictured,  will  nevertheless  involve  serious  if  not  disastrous  consequences  to  the  communities 
relying  upon  its  continuance.  The  maintenance  of  an  adequate  future  supply,  especially  in  view 
of  the  well-known  fact  that  the  existing  forests  of  White  Pine  can  last  bnt  a  few  years  longer,  at 
most,  is  therefore  a  matter  of  great  economical  importance  and  can  not  receive  too  prompt 
attention. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  White  Pine  is  a  tree  inaiidy  of  northern  distribution,  although  it  occurs  along  the 
mountain  ranges  as  far  south  as  northern  Georgia.  It  occupies  in  this  distribution  the  Boreal 
and  Transition  life  zones,  as  defined  by  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam. 

'  Michigan  and  its  RosourccH,  Lansing,  1881. 


12  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

The  botanical  range  of  the  White  Pine  may  be  circumscribed  as  follows:  From  Newfoundland 
and  the  Atlantic  coast  north  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  its  northern  limit  runs  in  a  wavy 
line  between  the  forty-ninth  and  fifty-first  degree  of  latitude,  its  most  northern  extension  occur- 
ring near  its  western  limit,  when,  slvirting  the  southeastern  end  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  it  turns 
southward,  following  more  or  less  closely  the  ninety-sixth  meridian  of  longitude,  and  i»  a 
southeastern  direction  the  line  which  demarcates  the  boundary  between  forest  and  jirairie  to  the 
Oedar  River  at  the  Iowa  line,  and  along  the  Missis.sippi  River,  crossing  it  near  Rock  River,  when, 
following  this  river  for  some  time,  it  takes  an  easterly  course  to  the  head  of  Lake  Micliigan,  then 
in  a  northeasterly  direction  througli  Micliigan  to  the  shores  of  Lake  St.  Olair  and  across  Ontario, 
skirting  tlie  southern  shores  of  Lake  Erie  in  the  two  most  northeasterly  counties  of  Ohio,  then 
turns  southward  through  the  eastern  counties  of  that  State,  and  following  into  West  Virginia 
near  the  1,000-foot  contour  line  along  the  foothills  of  the  Alleghenies  through  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee,  gradually  withdrawing  to  higher  elevations  (1,200  feet)  into  northeastern  (Seorgia;  the 
line  then  returning  northward  along  the  eastern  slope  and  crossing  upper  Delaware,  reaches  the 
Atlantic  coast  in  southern  New  Jersey. 

The  distribution  of  commercially  valuable  timber  is,  to  be  sure,  very  different  and  much 
more  confined.  The  northern  parts  of  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  and  Michigan  contained  probably 
the  largest  amount  of  White  Pine,  the  broad  belt  of  commercial  pine  of  these  States  continuing 
eastward  through  Ontario,  northern  New  York,  and  the  northern  New  l<]ngland  Stat«s  to  New 
Hrnnswick  and  Newfoundland,  and  following  the  New  England  coast,  while  tlie  higher  elevations 
of  the  New  England  States  showed  preponderantly  spruce  with  pine  intermixed.  The  northern 
counties  of  western  Pennsylvania  also  contained  a  large  amount  of  White  Pine  timber  mixed  with 
Hemlock  and  hardwoods.  The  (jharacter  of  tliis  distribution  is  exhibited  by  general  outlines 
and  shailings  on  the  accompanying  map  (PI- 1).  The  extreme  limits  of  its  sporadic  occurrence 
can  not  be  fixed  with  absolute  precjision,  and  from  the  nature  of  the  case  must  remain  more  or  less 
indefinite.     Similarly,  the  limits  of  greater  or  less  development  can  only  bo  apjiroxiniately  stated. 

The  occurrence  of  the  White  Pine  was  generally  as  a  component  of  the  mixed  hardwood 
forest  of  the  Atlantic,  even  in  the  best  developed  portions  of  its  range,  and  under  such  condi- 
tions, that  is,  in  mixture  with  other  species,  it  seems  to  attain  its  most  perfect  development. 

The  finest  specimens  of  the  highly  esteemed  "Cork  Pine"  of  Michigan  grew  among  hard- 
woods on  a  better  quality  of  soils  than  those  wliicli  produced  less  valued  grades.  On  the  lighter 
.sands  true  ])inery  (pure  or  nearly  pure  growth  of  Wiiite  Pine)  occurs.  Here  its  admixtures  are 
most  frequently  of  Red  Pine  (Piniis  resinosa)  and  in  its  northern  limits  of  Jack  Pine  {Pinm  dirnr- 
/(■«/«),  while  on  the  better  and  cooler  situations  it  accompanies  the  spruces  (/'/cert  mftn'awa  and 
/'.  c/uHKhnsis)  with  P.alsam  Fir  {Abies  halsamea)  and  Hemlock  [Tsnga  ciintxlcimn). 

CHARACTER  OF  DISTRIBUTION,  BY  REGIONS. 

The  character  of  the  occurrence  of  the  White  Pine  in  the  forest  within  its  field  of  distribution 
will  readily  appear  from  the  descriptions  in  the  tables  of  Avro  yield  in  the  Appendix. 

Ill  Maine,  the  lower  altitudes,  along  the  coast  and  some  of  the  river  valleys,  contained  in  their 
ihardwood  forests  the  White  Pine  in  fine  development,  which  gave  to  that  State  its  cognomen  of 
\fihe  "Pine  Tree  State."  Rejiorts  of  trees  G  to  7  feet  and  over  in  diameter  and  up  to  250  feet  in  height 
testify  to  the  capacity  of  the  species  in  this  region.  The  original  stand  of  this  pine  in  the  State  is 
practically  entirely  removed,  while  the  young  growth  furnishes  now  again  small  quantities  of 
logging  material.  The  higher  altitudes,  with  their  slate  and  granite  soils,  are  stotiked  entirely  with 
the  s])rn(!e  and  hardwood  forest  in  which  the  pine  occurs  oidy  as  a  scattering  mixture  and  of 
inferior  development. 

This  same  manner  of  distribution  applies  more  or  less  to  New  Hampshire  and  northern  Xeir 
Vorh:  In  the  Adirondacks  the  pine,  now  almost  entirely  removed,  fringes  witli  the  Spruce  and 
Palsam  Fir  the  many  lakes  and  water  courses  and  keeps  to  the  lower  altitudes;  mixed  in  with  the 
Maples,  Kirches,  Beech,  and  Spruce,  it  towers  50  to  00  feet  above  the  general  level  of  the  woods, 
with  diameters  of  30  to  10  inches.  Its  reproduction  under  the  shaile  of  its  conqietitors,  however, 
is  prevented,  young  pine  being  rarely  seen  excei)t  on  old  abandoned  openings  in  the  forest.  (See 
PI.  II.) ) 


Bui 

etinN 

0.  22,  Di.,  of  Fo,e 

stry, 

J.  S.  Dept, 

f  Aeiriculture. 

Plate  II. 

i 

„ 

J 

L 

"■'■A. 

i 

'-.:^i 

1 

Fig.  1.— White  Pine  mixed  with  Hardwoods  in  Central  New  York 


Fig.  2. -Old  White  Pine  Tree  in  mixed  Forest  (Young  Pine  in  the  Foregroundi  in  New  York  State. 


OHARACTEK   OF    DISTRIBUTION,  BY    REGIONS.  13 

":■     111  western  Neto  York  the  White  Pine  was  once  qnite  abundant  as  a  concomitant  of  the  hard- 
(  wood  forest.     Young  growth  is  now  (keeping  into  every  wood  lot,  while  in  I'ennsylvania  the  White 
Pine  occurred  undoubtedly  in  the  lower  eastern  counties  in  commercial  quantities  as  well  as  in  the 
adjoining  counties  of  Netc  Jersey,  where  it  begins  to  be  a  tree  of  the  mountains,  the  higher  slojies, 
ridges,  and  tops  becoming  its  favorite  habitat.     It  is  here  largely  associated  with  Hemlock,  which 
often  becomes  the  preponderant  tree.     Pure  pine  growth  is  rare,  but  the  mixed  hardwood  forest  is- 
seldom  without  an  admixture  of  White  Pine  to  the  extent,  as  a  rule,  of  about  30  per  cent  nuiueritl' 
cally,  the  soils  within  the  range  of  its  occurrence  being  seemingly  everywhere  quite  favorable  to  \ 
its  growth. 

Besides  the  Hemlock,  the  coniferous  species  with  which  it  is  found  associated  are  Pitch  Pine 
(Finns  r'njlda)  and  Spruce,  while  Red  Pine  (Pinus  resinosn),  the  most  successful  rival  of  the  White 
Pine  in  the  lake  region,  is  here  rarely  met,  and  then  only  in  single  individuals.     The  hardwoods? 
most  frequently  represented  are  Maple,  Beech,  and  Birch,  more  rarely  Oak  and  Chestnut,  with  / 
Basswood,  Cucumber,  Hickory,  Cherry,  etc.,  interspersed  in  single  individuals. 

The  best  development  of  the  White  Pine  is  usually  found  along  the  water  courses.  Thus,  in 
Pennsylvania,  in  Luzerne  County  the  White  Pine  is  situated  along  Bear  Creek  and  its  tributaries; 
in  Clinton  County  the  pine  is  found  on  both  branches  of  Hyner  Run  and  along  Youngwomans 
Creek ;  in  Clearfield  County  there  wei-e  20,000  acres  along  Sandy  Creek  and  its  tributaries  heavily 
timbered  with  White  Pine,  of  which  about  2,000  acres  of  primeval  timber  are  left,  whicli  would 
cut  about  100  million  feet  B.  M.  of  White  Pine.  In  Jefferson  County  a  tract  of  Hemlock  and 
Wliite  Pine  forest  of  about  90  square  miles,  known  as  the  Hay's  tract,  is  traversed  by  the  North 
Fork  and  its  tributaries.  In  Forest  County  the  areas  heavily  covered  with  pine  were  situated 
along  Hickory  and  Tionesta  creeks.  There  is  as  yet  standing  over  100  million  feet  B.  M.  of  White 
Pine  along  Hickory  Creek  and  its  tributaries. 

The  heavy  cut  of  pine  in  Elk  County  came  from  Medix  Run,  Dents  Run,  and  their  tributaries. 
The  courses  of  the  streams  follow  the  trend  of  the  ridges,  the  substrata  of  which  are  usually  of  a 
porous  nature,  consisting  in  most  cases  of  slate  or  laminated  shale,  a  soil  very  favorable  to  pine 
situated  on  moderately  elevated  grounds  and  slopes  along  the  hollows  and  gorges,  whicli,  on 
account  of  the  pervious  substratum,  offer  most  satisfactory  soil-moisture  conditions. 

From  New  Jersey  the  White  Pine  has  practically  vanished  long  ago  as  a  factor  in  lumber 
production,  and  almost  as  a  tree  of  common  occurrence. 

With  the  extension  of  the  distribution  southward,  the  White  Pine  becomes  less  freijueiit  and 
of  inferior  development;  the  climate  forces  it  to  higher  and  higher  altitudes.  It  occurs  in  quantity 
only  in  islands  or  in  small  bodies  on  the  crests  and  along  the  slopes  of  the  Alleghenies,  both  east 
and  west,  usually  aocompanyiug  water  courses  in  broader  or  narrower  belts. 

Regarding  the  manner  of  occurrence  of  the  Wiiite  Pine  in  these  southern  regions,  tlie  remarks 
of  Mr.  W.  W.  Ashe  on  the  distribution  in  North  Carolina  (Bulletin  No.  G,  North  Carolina  geological 
survey,  1898)  are  more  or  less  applicable : 

The  wootUaud  iu  which  White  Piue  is  the  domiuaut  coniferous  tree  is  nut  extensive,  but  lies  iu  isolated,  small 
bodies  along  the  crest  and  southern  and  eastern  slopes  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  on  the  low  hills  ou  the  west,  *  *  ' 
extensive  forests  seldom  being  found  above  the  higher  limit  (3,000  feet  in  Macon  and  Jackson  counties),  or  perfect 
individual  development  attained  below  the  lower  (2,800  feet).  In  a  few  places  on  the  southern  slope  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  '  *  '  the  White  Pine  is  associated  with  Yellow  Pines  as  well  as  with  deciduous  trees,  but  the  trees  are 
generally  short-holed,  and  neither  so  large  nor  tall  as  those  growing  at  a  higher  elevation  to  the  west  of  this  range. 
Single  specimens  or  small  groups  of  trees  are  locally  dispersed  in  the  broad-leaf  forests  throughout  the  mountain 
counties  between  the  limits  of  altitude  given  above. 

It  appears  from  these  statements  that  in  these  latitudes  below  the  2,000-foot  level  this  pine 
can  hardly  be  expected  to  be  of  commiircial  or  forestal  value  for  the  future. 

The  area  of  greatest  quantitative  development  is  found  around  the  Great  Lakes  and  in  the 
basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  its  tributaries,  in  tlie  very  places  most  perfectly  adapted  to  its 
ready  and  economical  exploitation  and  easy  shipment  to  markets,  the  large  number  of  streams 
that  are  capable  of  carrying  logs,  the  accessibility  of  natural  ports  of  distribution,  and  favorable 
climatic  conditions  inviting  the  logger  and  lumberman.  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota 
have  thus  become  known  as  the  great  lumber  region  of  the  United  States. 


14  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

In  Michigan  the  distribution  of  the  species  is  entirely  controlled  by  the  character  of  the  soil, 
all  sandy  areas  being  pinery  proper,  with  large  areas  oC  pure  growth  of  several  sipiare  miles  in 
extent  containing  only  White  Pine.  Occasionally,  and  (^specially  on  the  driest  and  poorest  sandy 
gravels,  the  lied  Pine  {Pi nits  reninosa)  associates  and  sometimes  predominates,  the  White  Pine 
not  representing  more  than  10  to  20  per  cent  of  the  number  of  trees.  In  the  northern  regions 
Jack  Pine  {Pinus  divaricatn)  takes  the  place  of  the  lied  Pine. 

The  typical  pine  forest  on  fresh  sandy  soils  consists  of  White  Pine  (45  to  55  per  cent  of  the 
dominant  growth)  mixed  with  lied  Pine  (25  to  45  per  cent)  with  scattering  Hendock  (10  to  15  ])er 
cent)  and  octcasional  Fir  and  hardwoods.  The  undergrowth,  usually  moderately  dense,  consists 
mainly  of  small  Ilemlock,  Fir,  and  young  hardwoods. 

On  moister  sand  with  loam  or  clay  subsoil  Hemlock  and  hardwoods  replace  the  pines,  the 
Red  Pine  vanishing  entirely  and  the  White  Pine  occurring  only  in  large  isolated  individuals.  Into 
'wet  or  swampy  places  the  White  Pine  also  penetrates  in  single  individuals  among  Arborvita-, 
Hackmatack,  and  Spruce. 

As  the  loam  in  the  composition  of  the  soil  increases,  the  hardwoods  increase  numerically,  the 
White  Pine  occurring  only  in  single  individuals  and  groups,  and  Red  Pine  and  Hemlock  only 
occasionally.  Finally,  the  heavy  clay  soils  toward  the  southern  range  of  the  species  give  absolute 
preponderance  or  exclusive  possession  to  the  hardwoods,  mainly  Sugar  Maple,  Yellow  Birch,  and 
Beech,  although  occasionally  White  Pine  appears  scattered,  or  even  in  smaller  or  larger  groups. 

Lumbering  of  White  Pine  in  Michigan  began  about  1835,  and  was  at  its  best  in  1883,  but  now 
the  virgin  pine  is  nearly  cut  out.  Reproduction  is  satisfactory  on  the  sandy  areas  wherever  tires 
are  kept  out,  which  is  rare;  on  the  clay-loam  areas  reproduction  under  the  shade  of  the  hardwoods 
is  practically  impossible. 

In  Wiscoiinin  the  same  dependence  on  soil  conditions  in  the  distribution  of  the  species  prevails 
as  in  Michigan.  The  accompanying  map  of  the  forest  areas  of  Wisconsin,  taken  from  Bulletin  No. 
Iti,  of  the  Division  of  Forestry,  will  serve  to  give  an  i('.ea  of  the  manner  in  which  this  distribution 
ai)pears  within  the  belt  oi  best  development.  (See  PI.  HI.)  From  this  map  it  will  be  seen  that 
the  ilistribution  is  to  the  largest  extent  dependent  on  soil  conditions,  the  sandy  soils  representing 
the  pinery  areas,  in  which  merchantable  hardwoods  and  Hemlocks  are  waTiting;  the  loam  and  clay 
areas  are  stocked  with  the  hardwood  forest,  in  wliich  both  Hemlock  and  Pine  occur  scattering  or 
in  isolated  groves,  represented  almost  entirely  by  mature  old  timber.  Saplings,  bushy  young 
trees,  and  seedlings  are  comparatively  scarce,  an  active  reproduction  of  the  pine  evidently  not 
going  on.  This  condition  is  found  especially  on  the  heaviest  soils,  where  the  hardwoods  crowd  out 
the  i)ine,  while  on  the  sandy  or  gravelly  soils  the  pine  holds  its  own  and  forms  a  fair  proportion  of 
the  sapling  timber.  In  the  true  i)inery  of  the  sandy  soils  the  hardwoods  are  scantily  reiiresented 
by  small  White  Birch,  Aspen,  and  Maple.  Tlie  Hemlock  is  entirely  wanting.  On  the  barrens 
proper  the  White  Pine  is  rei)laced  by  Jack  Pine  and  lied  Pine,  one,  or  both  together,  forming 
forests  of  consideral>le  extent,  usually  with  hardly  any  undergrowth  or  admixture  save  some 
scattering  Scrub  Oak. 

Fn  Mimifsota  climatic  conditions  again  begin  to  assert  themselves  in  inllucncing  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  White  Pine. 

The  conifers  become  preponderant  over  the  hardwoods  everywhere.      Pines,  liotli   Ked  and 
White,  together  with  Tamarack  (Lari.v  larivina)  and  Arborvita>,  (Cedar— 77/ (y«-  Occident ai is)  and 
some  admixture  of  Spruce  occupy  those  sites,  both  swamp  and  dry  lands,  which  elsewhere  would 
bo  occupied  by  hardwoods.     With  this  change  in  composition  goes  a  decrease  in  development;  • 
the  sizes  both  in  diameter  and  height  are  reduced. 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  both  in  \\'isconsin  and  Minnesota  the  jjine  area  does  not,  as  in 
the  eastern  field  of  distribution,  gradually  fade  out  toward  the  praiiie,  but  the  true  pine  woods 
cease  abruptly  within  30  or  40  miles  at  most  from  the  demarcation  line  of  the  prairie,  leaving  the 
intervening  ground  to  Birch  and  Aspen  or  Scrubby  Oak  and  Jack  I'ine  openings. 

In  the  Canadian  extension  of  the  species  ])ure  pinery  is  very  rare.  The  great  bulk  of  the 
most  productive  pine  country  lies  northward  and  westward  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ottawa  River 
to  Georgian  Bay  in  mixed  growth,  which  consists  mainly  of  hardwoods,  with  Hemlock,  Spruce, 
Arborvita;  (Cedar),  and  Balsam,  while  the  lower  tiers  of  Ontario  are  of  the  same  charactei'  ot 
hardwoods,  with  little  scattering  pine,  as  in  southern  Michigan.    The  eastern  extension  of  the 


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NOTES   ON   GENERAL   DISTRIBUTION.  15 

field  of  commercial  piue  in  Canada  followed  mainly  the  St.  Lawrence  River  as  far  as  Quebec.  On 
Newfoundland  the  species  is  indigenous  to  nearly  the  whole  of  the  island,  and  in  some  parts  pro- 
duces considerable  quantities  of  merchantable  timber.  At  its  northwestern  limit  the  forest  fades 
out  into  prairie,  the  White  Tine  gradually  disappearing,  while  at  the  northern  limit  the  change 
is  into  Spruce  forest. 

NOTES  ON  GENERAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  for  some  years  connected  with  the  geological  survey  of  Now  Jersey,  writes  of  the  occurrence 
of  White  Pine  in  that  State  as  follows : 

Pino  Brook  Station  and  sparingly  northward  along  the  Southern  Railroad  of  New  .lersey  (liritton);  sparingly 
3  miles  south  of  Woodbury,  Gloucester  County  (Canby),  and  frequent  in  the  niiildlo  and  northern  portions  of  tho 
State.  There  are  no  White  Pine  forests  in  New  Jersey,  and  the  largest  grove  known  to  nie  is  of  lint  a  few  acres  in 
extent.  It  evidently  prefers  a  heavier  soil  than  does  P.  rit/ida,  which  forms  tho  forests  of  the  pine  barrens.  On 
Staten  Island,  New  York,  there  are  a  few  scattered  trees  of  P.  slrobm. 

Mr.  William  M.  Canby,  of  Wilmington,  Del.,  reports  the  existence  of  a  grove  of  White  Pine  trees  in  upper 
Delaware,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Meehan,  of  Germantown,  Pa.,  states  that  White  Pine  grows  (or  did  recently)  at  the 
Soapstone  quarry,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  some  8  or  10  miles  above  Philadelphia.  Mr.  Canby  adds:  "It 
is  a  very  difficult  thing  to  define  the  limit  of  a  species  that  is  being  so  rapidly  destroyed,  and  doubtless  the  southern 
line  is  being  rapidly  effaced." 

Prof.  Lester  F.  Ward,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  is  of  the  opinion  that  Pinna  sirohus  is  not  indigenous  around 
Washington,  and  that  the  few  trees  met  with  in  wild  situations  in  its  vicinity  grew  from  seeds  blown  from  planted 
trees.     He  has  never  met  it  in  his  botanical  excursions  into  southeastern  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

Mr.  F.  E.  Boynton  writes  from  Highlands,  N.  C. : 

I  have  seen  some  very  fine  specimens  growing  in  Pickens  and  Oconee  counties,  S.  C,  but  I  have  never  seen  it  in 
this  part  of  the  country  except  in  high  altitudes,  say  from  2,500  to  3,000  feet  nsually.  I  have  never  seen  or  beard  of 
its  forming  forests  here.  I  have  seen  groves  of  a  few  acres  where  it  might  be  said  to  predominate.  As  a  rule,  it  is 
found  scattered  among  other  forest  trees.  It  nearly  always  grows  in  or  ijuite  near  Rhododendron  and  Moiintniii 
Laurel  thickets,  which  indicate  a  moist  soil.  It  often  grows  to  bo  a  very  large  tree  here  I  measured  a  log  in  I  be 
mill  yard  near  here  last  night  that  \v;i8  37  inches  through.  Considerable  lumber  is  cut  from  White  Pine  in  this 
mountain  region,  but,  as  a  rule,  the  lumber  is  of  inferior  quality,  being  very  knotty  and  oflen  shaky.  Cultivated 
specimens  thrive  and  grow  very  fast.  It  is  usually  found  most  common  on  southern  exposures.  The  rock  formation 
is  granite,  and  soil  nsually  a  sandy  or  gravelly  loam  wherever  I  have  observed  the  White  Pine  in  this  region. 

Tho  following  has  been  furnished  by  Prof.  W.  R.  Lazenby,  of  the  State  agricultural  experiment  station  at 
Columbus,  Ohio: 

From  all  the  data  in  my  possession,  I  should  say  that  White  Pino  is  rarely  met  with  in  Ohio  outside  the  borders 
of  two  of  our  northeastern  counties,  viz,  Ashtabula  and  Lake.  OccMsionally  a  sporadic  ))atch  h.is  been  noted  along 
the  banks  of  streams  in  some  of  tho  eastern  counties.  I  have  never  heard  of  its  spontaneous  occurrence  anywhere 
throughout  the  central  or  southern  portions  of  the  State.  It  appears  to  thrive  well  here  at  Columbus  and  submits 
kindly  to  change  of  soil.  Wherever  I  have  seen  it  in  Ohio  under  artificial  cultivation  it  has  presented  a  thrifty 
appearance,  although  the  young  plants  do  not  make  a  very  r.apid  growth  for  the  tirst  few  years. 

Concerning  the  occurrence  of  White  Pine  near  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan,  Prof  E.  J.  Hill,  of  Normal  Park,  111., 
writes : 

It  begins  at  Whiting  Station,  on  the  Michigan  .Southern  Railro.ad,  and  extends  eastward  to  Michigan  City.  I 
came  across  a  clump  of  White  Pine  once,  about  a  mile  north  of  Otis,  where  the  Michigan  S(mthern  R.ailroad  crosses 
tho  Ne%v  Albany  road.  '  »  »  You  would  be  pretty  safe  in  taking  the  Calumet  River  as  the  southern  boundary. 
*     *     "     I  do  not  know  of  a  single  native  tree  in  Cook  County,  111. 

Mr.  M.  S.  Behb,  of  Rockford,  111.,  communicates  the  following  concerning  the  occurrence  of  White  Pine  in  the 
northern  portion  of  that  State : 

In  a  few  localities  on  Kents  Creek  .and  Rays  Creek,  in  Winnebago  County,  and  giving  the  naino  to  Pine  Creek 
in  Ogle,  the  county  immediately  north  of  this,  tho  White  Pine  is  certainly  indigenous,  but  occurring  only  as  a 
sparse  growth,  cresting  precipitous  banks,  where  it  seems  to  have  found  a  favorable  environment. 
To  this  Mr.  S.  B.  Wadsworth,  of  Oregon,  111.,  adds: 

The  White  Pine  in  Ogle  County  grows  in  some  cases  to  a  height  of  40  or  50  feet.     »     «     «     Nearly  all  tho  small 
streams  in  Pine  Rock  township  have  some  pines  near  the  mouths  of  the  streams  if  there  are  any  rocks  along  the 
banks.     •     »     »     The  White  Pine  prefers  the  St.  Peters  sandstone,  but  in  some  cases  grows  on  limestone  rocks. 
Mr.  R.  Williams,  of  Strcator,  111.,  says: 

White  Pino  is  without  doubt  a  native  of  La  Salle  County.  It  occurs  on  the  Vermilion  and  its  little  tributaries 
wherever  there  is  an  exposure  of  carboniferous  sandstone,  .and  more  frequently  is  seen  close  to  the  edge  of  the 
highest  bluffs,  where  the  soil  is  largely  composed  of  the  disintegrated  rock.  To  find  one  beyond  the  infiueuce  of 
the  sand  rock  would  be  almost  phenomenal.  The  number  is  very  small  and  their  situation  does  not  permit  tlieni  to 
attain  much  size.  I  think  that  40  feet  is  about  the  limit  of  height.  Sm.all  thrifty  plants  from  one  to  a  few  feet  in 
height  occur  here  and  there,  and  are  sometimes  transplanted  to  the  prairie  soil,  where  they  make  a  vigorous  growth, 
outstripping  Norway  Spruce,  .Scotch  and  Austrian  Pine,  Hemlock,  and  White  Cedar.  Pines  planted  here  in  1854  or 
1855  are  now  (1886)  about  40  feet  high. 

The  limiting  line  of  the  White  Pine  beyond  the  Mississippi  northwestward  is  traced  substantially  as  indicated 
by  Mr.  Warren  Upham  in  the  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota.     Mr.  Upbam  sends  the  following: 
Tho  White  Pine,  wherever  I  have  seen  it  lu  New  Hampshire  .and  other  parts  of  Now  England  and  in  the  North- 
west, prefers  somewhat  clayey  land.     It  does  not  thrive  on  wholly  sandy  plains  ("modified  drift"  of  glacialists), 


16  THE    WHITE   PINE. 

which  are  dcnominatetl  "pine  harrcns,"  the  congenial  dwelling  place  in  the  East  for  the  Pitch  Pine  {P.  rigida),  and 
ill  the  Northwest  for  the  Hauksian  or  Jack  Pine  (P.  diraricala);  niir  does  tlie  White  Pine  in  cither  rejijon  grow 
plentifully  and  of  largest  size  t)n  very  clayey  laud,  which  is  the  favorite  location  for  Maples,  Hasswood,  Elms,  and 
other  deciduous  tri'es.  The  White  Pine  in  this  matter  of  its  choice  of  soil  follows  the  injunction,  .)fedio  tulisaimtis 
ibis.  The  Ked  IMne  (P.  resiiioaa),  so  far  as  I  have  observed,  can  thrive  better  on  Jhe  very  sandy  plains  and  "bar- 
rens" than  the  White  Pine,  being  intermediate  in  this  between  the  White  l"ine  and  the  Pitch  and  Jack  pines. 

Prof.  T.  H.  Macbride,  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  says : 

I  have  collected  White  Pine  in  the  following  counties  in  this  State:  Mitchell,  Howard,  Winneshiek,  .Mlaniakce, 
Clayton,  Dubui|ue,  Delaware,  Jackson,  and  Muscatine.  It  is,  by  others,  reported  from  Scott.  It  ought  to  lie  found 
also  in  Fayette,  but  I  have  never  run  across  it  there. 

[This  would  confine  the  White  Pine  in  Iowa  to  the  counties  bordering  the  Mississippi  Kiver  and  the  Minnesota 
State  line  as  far  west  as  the  Cedar  River  Valley.] 

CONCLUSIONS  REGARDING  NATURAL  DISTRIBUTION. 

The  leading  conclusions  to  be  drawn  from  what  has  been  stated  regarding  the  natural  distri- 
bution of  White  Pine  seem  to  be  the  following: 

(1)  Leaving  out  of  consideration  all  the  outlying  i)ortions  of  the  region  under  discussion,  there 
is  left  an  area  of  not  le.ss  than  400,000  sijuare  miles  in  the  United  States  and  Dominion  of  Canada 
within  which  the  White  Pine  is  in  its  home  and  surrounded  by  the  conditions  of  its  own  choice, 
throughout  which  its  successful  cultivation  is  fully  assured. 

(2)  A  much  larger  territory  than  this  is  included  within  the  limits  of  extreme  distribution  as 
defined  above,  and  there  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  over  nearly  the  whole  of  this  wide 
area,  and  in  some  directions  far  beyond  it,  this  species  makes  under  cultivation  a  healthy  and 
rapid  growth.  There  is  apparently  no  species  of  eciual  value  indigenous  to  eastern  North 
America  that  is  at  the  same  time  adapted  to  so  wide  an  area. 

(.■J)  The  habits  of  this  species  near  the  western  limit  of  its  natural  occurrence,  as  well  as 
exi)erimental  planting,  indicate  plainly  that  its  successful  growth  can  not  be  depended  upcm  much 
beyond  this  limit. 

THE  WHITE  PINE  LUMBER  INDUSTRY. 

No  species  of  American  timber  has  been  so  inucli  used  for  lumber  as  the  White  Pine,  and 
the  development  of  the  lumber  industry  in  this  country  is  coincident  with  the  exploitation  of  the 
White  Pine  forests. 

The  commercial  u.se  of  White  Pine  began  with  the  lirst  settlement  of  New  England.  The  lirst 
sawmills  were  established  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  numerous  sniiiU  sawmills,  which  were 
usually  an  attachment  of  the  neighborhood  gristmill,  were  in  operation  early  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  Timber  was  exchanged  for  merchandise,  and  the  collections  thus  made  were  lloatcd  to 
ports  of  shipment,  whence  they  were  exported.  This  primitive  industry,  conlined  largely  to  White 
Pine,  was  continued  well  into  the  third  decade  of  the  present  century.  In  1850,  J.  S.  Springer,  of 
Maine,  wrote:  ''Thirty  years  ago  it  was  unnecessary  to  search  ibr  a  locality  for  a  lumber  cam])  on 
the  Penobscot,  for  a  man  could  step  from  his  house  to  his  diiy's  work,  the  i)ine,  that  forest  king, 
abounding  on  every  side.  Fifty  years  hence  the  vast  pine  forests  through  which  the  Penob.sciot 
flows  will  be  on  the  eve  of  destruction."  This  proi)hecy  has  long  since  been  verified,  for  the  Spruce 
has  pra<-tically  taken  the  place  of  the  White  Pine  in  the  lumber  output  of  Maine. 

This  early  trade  in  White  Pine,  though  involving  small  capital  and  limited  operations  on  the 
part  of  each  dealer,  Avas  by  no  means  unimportant  in  the  ;iggrcgate,  lund)er  being  a  leading 
industry  in  New  England  from  the  first.  The  Bangor  Weekly  Register  of  March  2,  ISKi,  noted 
that  between  .300  and  400  .sleigh  loads  of  lumber,  etc.,  came  into  Belfast  in  one  day.  The  (iazette 
of  Jidy  10, 1822,  says  that  13fl,08(;  feet  of  lumber  and  35,000  shingles  were  hauled  in  on  one  Saturday 
by  teams.  In  1825  twenty-five  vessels  were  engaged  in  the  luml)er  trade  from  Bangor  to  the  West 
Indies.  The  mills  of  those  days  were  all  small  affairs,  generally  single-sash  saws,  driven  by  water 
power,  with  a  capacity  of  1,000  to  3,000  feet  per  day.  About  1830  the  constru(;tion  of  larger  mills 
began,  and  in  1890  a  capital  of  nearly  $12,000,000  was  invested  in  tlie  .sawmilling  industry  in  the 
State  of  Maine  alone. 

In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  the  White  Pine  of  New  England  was  cut  by  numerous  small 
concerns,  and  that  the  bulk  of  the  supplies  was  cut  before  modern  sawmilling  began. 


THE    LUMBER    INDUSTRY.  17 

Although  tlie  great  forests  of  White  Pine  in  Maine  have  disappeared,  a  small  amount  of  this 
material  is  still  cut  in  the  State  every  year,  so  that  since  1881,  on  the  Penobscot,  for  instance,  out 
of  a  total  cut  of  about  150  million  feet  per  year  between  24  and  30  million  feet  have  been  pine,  the 
pine  thus  generally  forming  15  to  20  per  cent  of  the  entire  output. 

In  Pennsylvania  the  exploitation  of  White  Pine  likewise  began  ijuite  early.  Pittsburg 
furnished  pine  lumber  to  points  along  the  Ohio  and  even  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.  As  late  as  1850 
Philadelphia  received  its  150  million  feet  of  lumber,  largely  White  Pine,  from  the  State,  importing 
but  very  little  from  New  England  and  the  South.  At  Williamsport,  the  center  of  White  Pine 
lumbering  in  Pennsylvania,  the  first  large  mills  were  erected  about  1838,  and  the  bulk  of  the  pine 
was  cut  prior  to  1870. 

In  the  forties  the  White  Pine  product  marketed  at  Williamsport  excelled  in  quantity  all  other 
points  of  production.  The  highest  production  was  reached  in  1873,  with  nearly  300  million  feet 
B.  M.  in  logs  boomed,  which  in  1893  had  sunk  to  a  little  over  one-tenth  of  that  amount.  While 
in  1873  the  amount  of  timber  standing  was  estimated  as  3,300  million  feet  B.  M.,  in  1896  the  State 
commissioner  of  forests  places  the  remainder  at  500  million  feet  B.  M. 

The  only  uncut  White  Pine  forests  of  Pennsylvania  now  standing  are  isolated  bodies  in  the 
more  inaccessible  parts  of  Clearfield,  Lycoming,  and  Tioga  counties. 

In  the  State  of  New  York,  too,  which  in  the  Adirondacks  and  in  the  western  counties  con- 
tained considerable  iiuantities  of  White  Pine,  the  species  is  largely  cut  out.  Hardly  more  than  5 
per  cent  of  the  cut  is  now  of  White  Pme,  the  output  from  the  Adirondack  mills  being  in  the 
neighborhood  of  25  million  feet  B.  M. 

The  exploitation  of  White  Pine  in  the  Lake  region  began  during  the  thirties,  when  small 
mills  were  erected  at  various  points,  both  in  ^lichigan  and  Wisconsin.  The  first  steam  sawmill  at 
Saginaw  was  built  in  1834,  and  the  first  mill  at  Alpena  was  built  two  years  later.  Nevertheless 
the  lumber  industry  of  both  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  remained  insignificant  until  toward  the  close 
of  the  fifties,  when  most  of  the  present  sites  of  manufacture  had  been  established.  Ten  years 
later  (1870)  the  annual  cut  of  White  Pine  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  amounted  to  nearly  4  billion 
feet;  Minnesota  had  scarcely  begun  to  contribute  to  the  output;  and  in  the  marketing  the  rail- 
way -was  fast  displacing  the  older  method  of  rafting.  The  progress  of  lumbering  is  well  illus- 
trated in  the  following  figures  from  the  Northwestern  Lumberman,  representing  the  annual  cut  of 
lumber  alone  from  1873  to  1897 : 

Annual  cut  of  lumhtr  (ijcliisirc  of  xhiniilvn  and  laths)  of  the  three  Lake  States,  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
and  Minnesota,  1S7S-1S97. 


Feet  B.  M. 

1873 3,  993,  780,  000 

1874 3,751,306,000 

1875 3,968,553,000 


Feet  B.  M. 

1886 7,425,368,443 

1887 7,757,916,784 

1888 8, 388,  716,  460 


1876 3,879,046,000  1  1889 8,305,833,277 

1877 5,595,333,496  \  1890 8,664,504,715 

1878 3,699,472,759  j  1891 7,943,137,012 

1879 4,806,943,000  |  1892 8,903,748,423 

1880 5,651,295,006  '  1893 7,599,748,458 

1881 6,768,856,749  1894 6,763,110,649 

1882 7,  552, 150,  744  i  1895 7,093,398,598 

1883 7,624,789,786  !  1896 5,725,763,035 

1884 7,935,033,054  1897 6,233,454,000 

1885 7,  053,  094,  555 

Or,  dividing  the  time  into  periods  of  five  years  each,  the  figures  are  as  follows: 

Cut.  of  lumber  (exclusive  of  shinyles  and  laths)  in  Michigan,  If'isconsin,  and  Minnesota,  by  periods  of 
fire  years. 

Feet. 

1876-1880 21,562,090,361 

1881-1885 36,933,924,888 

1886-1890 40,542,339,679 

1891-1895 38,302,143,140 

Total 137,340,498,068 

20233— No.  22 2 


IS 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


Fioiii  tlie  liguies,  to  which  iiboiit  10  per  cent  must  be  atlded  for  shingles,  laths,  etc.,  it  appears 
that  the  yearly  output  did  not  reach  4  billion  feet  until  1870,  and  that  the  greatest  increase  in  the 
cut  occurred  between  1S7()  and  1882,  when  the  7-billiou  mark  was  reaetoed.  This  enonnous  cut 
continued  until  the  general  busiuess  depression  of  1894  called  a  temporary  halt.  In  Minnesota, 
l)ine  lumbering  began  on  the  St.  Croix  and  did  not  reach  conspicuous  dimensions  until  during  the 
eighties,  when  the  regions  along  the  upper  Mississippi,  as  well  as  the  Duluth  district,  were  ojjened. 
This  itrogress  westward  is  well  illustrated  by  the  following  figures,  which  show  the  jjcrcentage  of 
the  total  cut  of  lumber  alone  from  period  to  period,  by  districts: 

I'ercenlaije  of  total  cut  of  lumber,  1S73  to  1S(I5,  by  ilistriota. 


Districts. 

Lumber  cut. 

1873 

1880 

1885 

1800 

1806 

Saginaw  district  and  mills  along  railways  in  southern 

Per  cent. 
36 
30 

Per  cent. 
31 
3. 

37 

Per  emt. 
27 
28 
45 

Per  cent. 
24 

28 
48 

Per  cent. 
10 
26 
58 

Ports  about  Lalse  Michigan,  including  those  of  Green 

District  west  of  Chicago,  that  is,  most  of  the  mUIs  in 

In  this  connection  the  White  Pine  trade  of  St.  Louis  presents  an  interesting  illustration.  The 
first  pine  lumber  was  received  from  Pittsburg  in  1819,  and  this  point  remained  the  principal 
source  of  supplies  for  years.  In  1843  a  boom  on  the  St.  Oroix  Kiver  broke  and  the  liberated  logs 
were  gathered  and  rafted  to  St.  Louis,  where  they  were  sawn.  In  18r>0  the  first  regular  raft  of 
Wisconsin  logs  was  brought  to  the  city.  In  IS.jS  Schuleiiberg  and  Boeckler  built  a  large  sawmill 
on  the  St.  Croix-,  and  from  this  time  on  rafts  of  sawed  White  Pine  were  seut  to  St.  Louis  from  the 
northern  rivers. 

The  receipts  of  White  Pine  at  St.  Louis  were:  In  1853,  about  GO  inillicm  feet;  in  IS.SiJ,  about 
U>2  milliou  feet.  Similarly  the  lumber  trade  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  the  greatest  lumber  market 
in  the  United  States,  if  not  in  the  world,  illustrates  well  the  development  of  the  White  Pino 
lumber  industry.  In  1847  only  32  million  feet  of  White  Pine  lumber  were  received.  The  annual 
receipts  at  intervals  of  ten  years  since  1855  to  1895  were  as  follows: 

lafw "M<,  (10(1,  (K)() 

1865 617,115,734 

1875 l,15:i,715,432 

1885 1,  741,  891i,  000 

1895 1,  637,  :i8n,  000 

The  receipts  reached  their  maximum  in  189-i  with  L',li03,874,000  feet,  and  the  heavy  diminution 
since  that  date  is  not  greater  than  would  be  accounted  for  by  the  general  busiuess  depression 
throughout  the  country. 

Ill  Cauada,  as  in  New  England,  the  exploitation  of  White  Pine  began  almost  with  the  first 
.settlement.  Logs,  hewu  timbet-s,  and  especially  ship  spars,  were  exported  in  early  days,  and  of 
late  years  an  extensive  trade  in  sawn  lumber,  as  well  as  saw  logs,  has  sprung  up  between  that 
country  and  the  United  States.  Since  reliable  statistics  of  the  lumber  output  of  this  region  are 
wanting,  the  following  figures  for  the  dues  on  crown  timber  in  Ontario  and  Quebec  must  sutlice  to 
illustrate  the  development  of  the  industry: 

Areraijt!  annual  dues  on  crown  iimher  for  Ontario  and  (^hiebcc. 

1826-1834 $24,000 

1835-1851 82,000 

1852-1857 122,000 

1858-1866 168,000 

1867-1881 450,000 

The  export  into  the  United  States  for  1894,  the  heaviest  year,  was:  Lumber,  1,155  million 
feet  (Pine  and  Spruce);  pine  logs,  277,947,000  feet,  or  less  than  Ih,  billion  feet  B.  M. 

Though  scattering  White  Pine  occurs  in  all  provinces  of  eastern  Canada,  large  bodies  of 
merchantable  timber  are  only  to  bo  found  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Ottawa,  and  on  the  shores 


ORIGINAL    STAND    AND    PRESENT    SUPPLIES.  19 

of  Lake  Huron  (Georgian  Bay  district)  aucl  Lake  Superior,  and  the  White  Pine  himberiug-  is 
piacticaliy  cotitined  to  these  districts.  The  output  of  White  Pine  in  the  Dominion  is  estimated 
ut  14  to  ii  billion  feet  per  year. 

ORIGINAL  STAND  AND  PRESENT  SUPPLIES. 

What  the  original  stand  of  White  Pine  was  is  dillicult  even  to  estimate.  The  amount  of 
White  Pine  cut  in  the  New  England  States,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  and  the  eastern  Provinces 
of  Canada  is  not  known,  and  the  only  reliable  figures  which  give  an  indication  of  what  has  been 
harvested  are  the  figures  for  the  Lake  States  above  mentioned.  For  the  Lake  region  alone  the 
estimated  original  stand  for  Wisconsin  may  serve  as  an  illustration.  For  the  pine-stocked  area  of 
this  State,  a  total  stand  of  about  150  million  feet  per  township  (2;5,000  acres)  has  been  shown  to  be  a 
fair  average.  This  would  indicate  a  total  of  about  130  billion  feet,  of  which  about  GG  billion  feet  were 
cut  between  1873  and  1807,  and  about  20  billion  feet  are  supposed  to  have  been  cut  prior  to  1873, 
making  a  total  of  about  8G  billion  feet  as  actually  harvested,  while  about  18  billion  feet  were 
believed  to  be  still  standing  in  1897.  These  figures  are  based  upon  a  thorough  canvass  made  by 
Mr.  Filibert  Koth  and  published  in  detail  in  Bulletin  No.  16  of  the  Division  of  Forestry.  On  the 
same  basis,  Michigan  possessed  fully  loO  billion  feet  and  Minnesota  may  be  assumed  to  have  had 
about  70  billion  feet,  which  would  make  an  aggregate  of  about  350  billion  feet  of  pine  for  the  Lake 
States.  Of  this  about  170  billion  feet  were  cut  between  1873  and  ]8'.»7,  and  about  50  billion  feet 
were  probably  cut  prior  to  this  time,  accounting  for  about  220  billion  feet  out  of  350  Inllion  feet. 
While  it  must  remain  mere  conjecture,  it  seems  quite  fair,  nevertheless,  to  assume  that  the  total 
supplies  of  White  Pine  aggregated  probably  not  less  than  700  billion  feet  of  standing  timber 
originally.  Of  this  total,  then,  not  less  than  50  per  cent  was  contained  in  Canada  and  the 
Eastern  States,  the  United  States  portion  representing  about  two-thirds  of  this  heritage,  the 
Canadian  portion  showing  less  than  20  per  cent  of  total  supplies. 

Of  this  large  amount  of  virgin  supplies,  a  little  over  15  per  cent,  or  100  billion  feet,  may  be 
estimated  as  standing.    These  supplies  may  be  approximately  distributed  as  follows: 

Canada  is  credited  by  the  statistician  of  its  department  of  agriculture  with  about  37  billion 
feet  of  standing  pine,  an  estimate  probably  far  below  the  real  truth.  For  the  Lake  States  the 
following  estimates  were  made  in  1897  by  the  best-informed  man  of  the  Lake  region :  Minnesota,  36 
billion  feet;  Wisconsin,  18  billion  feet:  Michigan,  10  billion  feet.  These  estimates  are  considered 
quite  high  by  many.  The  standing  pine  in  Michigan  is  placed  by  a  detail  township  canvass  in 
1890  at  only  about  G  billion  feet;  the  standing  White  Pine  of  Minuesota  is  estimated  by  the  State 
chief  fire  warden  at  only  about  12,600  million  feet,  while  an  estimate  for  Wisconsin  made  in  1895 
places  the  standing  pine  of  that  State  at  only  8  billion  feet. 

Eetaining  the  larger  figures  as  probably  the  nearest  correct,  there  exist  to-day :  In  the  Lake 
States,  about  G4  billion  feet;  in  Canada,  over  40  billion  feet;  in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  not 
over  2  billion  feet;  in  New  England,  not  over  3  billion  feet;  in  West  Virginia  and  Tennessee,  not 
over  1  billion  feet;  making  a  total  of  about  110  billion  feet,  or  about  22  per  cent  of  what  may  fairly 
be  believed  to  have  been  standing  originally.  Of  this  standing  supply,  about  100  billion  feet  are 
so  located  that  the  present  rate  of  exploitation  (over  G  billion  feet  per  year)  can  be,  and  probably 
will  be,  continued  until  over  75  per  cent  of  the  present  supply  is  cut,  when,  of  course,  a  lack  of 
logs  will  lead  to  a  reduction  in  output.  This  condition  may  be  looked  for  before  the  end  of  the 
next  ten  or  twenty  years,  and  from  that  time,  unless  recuperative  measures  are  adopted.  White 
Pine  will  cease  to  be  the  great  staple  of  our  lumber  markets. 

In  former  years  lumbering  of  all  kinds  was  careless,  and  even  in  the  White  Pine  forests  the 
prevailing  "inexhaustible  supply"  notion  led  to  enormous  waste.  Stumps  were  left  3  to  4  feet 
high,  all  defective  trees  were  left,  and  top  logs  burned  up  with  the  debris.  Many  of  these  old 
slashings  have  been  logged  for  the  second  and  even  the  third  time,  often  yielding  a  greater  profit 
than  when  first  culled. 

At  present  this  is  no  longer  the  case.  High  stumpage  prices  and  a  perfect  market  have  led 
to  the  closest  economy  in  logging,  milling,  and  shipping  of  White  Pine.  The  trees  are  felled  with 
the  saw,  the  stumps  are  18  inches  and  less,  care  is  had  in  the  marking  and  sawing  of  logs,  and 
the  top  is  utilized,  irrespective  of  knots,  just  as  far  as  it  will  make  saw  timber.    Defective  logs 


20  THE    WHITE    PIXE. 

iire  rarely  left  behind,  aiiil  "clean  cutting"  now  means  the  removal  of  all  logs,  however  defective. 
In  logging,  ice  roads,  improved  by  nightly  sprinkling,  enable  the  transport  of  enormous  loads 
(5,000  feet  and  more)  by  single  or  double  teams.  The  logging  railway  is  fast  finding  favor,  and  in 
many  places  the  logging  is  thereby  made  continuous,  being  carried  on  at  all  seasons.    (See  I'l.  IV.) 

The  yields  in  White  Pine  are,  as  might  be  expected,  very  variable. 

iV  cut  of  2  million  feet  B.  M.  on  a  "  forty,"  or  50,000  feet  per  acre,  was  not  a  rare  one  in  the 
pineries  of  southern  Michigan,  and  occasionally  such  cuts  are  made  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota. 
To  yield  such  a  result  the  entire  "forty"  must  be  well  and  evenly  stocked.  The  best  acre,  then, 
need  not  be  far  above  the  average,  and,  in  fact,  rarely  exceeds  75,000  feet. 

A  stand  of  1  million  feet  on  a  "  forty,"  or  25,000  feet  per  acre,  is  a  good  one,  but  was  of  quite 
common  occurrence  in  all  White  Pine  districts,  and  may  still  be  found  in  many  places,  while  whole 
townships  or  counties  have  averaged  10,000  feet  per  acre. 

These  yields  depend,  of  course,  on  the  character  of  the  forest  growth,  the  greater  or  smaller 
admixture  of  other  species  occasioning  the  differences.  Thus,  if  any  large  territory  of  the  pine 
districts  were  taken  into  consideration,  a  yield  of  150  million  feet  per  township  would  be  found  a 
fair  statement  for  most  parts  of  the  pineries  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan. 

The  best  yields  do  not  usually  come  from  those  tracts  which  contain  the  largest  trees,  but 
where  the  pine  is  least  mixed  with  other  species  and  stands  most  dense. 

Such  areas,  pineries  proper,  where  no  merchantable  hardwoods  were  mixed  with  the  pine,  are 
usually  tracts  of  loamy  sand,  and  occur  in  extensive  bodies  in  all  three  of  the  Lake  States. 
Generally,  White  Pine  cuts  more  wasteful  than  Norway  or  lied  Pine,  has  a  thicker  bark,  more 
large  dead  limbs  and  knots,  these  latter  often  coming  to  within  20  feet  of  the  ground,  even  on  large 
trees,  and  is  quite  given  to  forking.  This  latter  peculiarity  seems  natural  to  the  tree,  and  has 
been  observed  abroad  as  well  as  here.  It  seems  independent  of  the  character  of  the  soil,  as  it 
occurs  on  clay  and  sand  alike,  but  it  is  often  localized,  so  that  on  a  small  tract  of  10  or  L'O  acres 
nearly  all  trees  are  forked.  Trees  with  three  and  four  forks  are  Tiot  rare,  and  live  forks  occur.  In 
addition.  White  Pine  is  extensively  defective  by  decay,  so  much  so  that  in  some  localities  15  to  20 
per  cent  must  be  allowed  for  the  loss  from  this  source. 

NATURAL  HISTORY. 

The  oldest  descriptiim  of  the  White  Pine  ap])ears  to  l>c  that  of  Plukenet,  published  in  1700. 
Its  scientific  name  of  i'i«»<s  .siro&MS  was  given  the  species  by  Linn;eus  in  175.'),  and  unlike  most 
trees  but  one  other  scientiiic  name  has  been  applied  to  it,  the  synonym  being  Finns  lenuifolia  Salis- 
bury, 1706.  Besides  the  generally  accepted  common  name  of  White  Pine,  the  species  is  locally 
known  in  the  United  States  as  Soft  Pine,  Northern  Pine,  and  Spruce  Pine,  and  to  a  limited  extent 
by  its  usual  European  name  of  Weymouth  Pine. 

The  species  was  first  introduced  in  Europe  at  Badminton,  England,  aiul  was  soon  after  exten- 
sively planted  on  the  estate  of  Lord  Weymouth,  whence  its  common  name  abroad.  It  was  also 
extensively  planted  in  Germany  at  the  end  of  the  last  century  under  the  same  name,  Weymuth- 
kiefer. 

BOTANICAL    DESCRIPTION. 

White  Pine  {I'linis  utrohux  L.)  in  its  natural  habitat  is  a  tree  of  large  size,  100  feet  or  more  in 
height  (not  unfrequently  attaining  a  height  of  over  150  feet,  even  trees  of  250  feet  in  height  having 
been  reported),  with  smooth,  thin,  grayish  bark  (fig.  1),  becoming  at  the  base  thick  and  deeply 
furrowed  with  age.  Tiie  leaves  are  slender,  straight,  triangular  in  section,  five  in  a  sheath,  2i  to 
4 J  inches  long;  resin  ducts,  chiefly  two  near  the  dorsal  face;  stomata  in  three  to  five  rows  on  the 
ventral  faces;  fibrovascular  buiuUe,  one.  Cones,  single  or  iii  groups  of  two  to  three,  stalked  and 
pendidous,  4  to  C  inches  long,  cylindrical,  slightly  tapering  and  curved,  fruit-scales  oblong  wedge 
shai)cd,  the  apophysis  half  pyramidal,  with  a  triangular  blunt  point.  Seeds,  one-fifth  to  one-fourth 
inch  long,  grayish-brown,  with  a  thin  membranaceous  wing.    Cotyledons,  seven  to  eleven. 

A  number  of  varieties,  more  or  less  distinctly  marked,  are  recognized  in  cultivation.  Among 
these  are  7ia7ia,  a  dwarf,  bushy  form,  cultivated  in  gardens  in  the  Old  World;  nivea,  viridis,  and 
aurea,  named  from  the  color  of  their  leaves;  hrevifoUa,  and  several  others  {timbracuUfera,  minima, 


FiQ.  1. —Transporting  Logs  over  Ice  Road  in  M 


1 

■ 

rM*^^ 

^  \.  ■               -; 

--fl 

^ppp 

'»*;':»iiiiMi^ 

I^^L^ 

■r-  ^^^  ;  ,^^.J| 

- 

r\ 

J 

Mi 

Fig,  2.— Lumber  Camp  in  Michigan. 


MORPHOLOGICAL  CHARACTERS. 


21 


fastif/iata,  (jracilifolin,  raricf/ata,  xebrina,  and  prosirata),  some  of  whicli  are  propagated  and  sold  as 
special  attractions  in  nurseries. 

KELATIONSHir. 

The  White  Pino  {Pimis  strobus)  is  closely  related  to  the  Bhotan  Tine  (Pinus  excelsa)  of  India, 
the  Swiss  Stone  Pine  {Plnus  cembra)  of  southern  Europe,  the  White  Pine  {Pinus  flexilis)  of  the 
Eocky  Mountains,  the  Sugar  Pine  {Pinus  lambertiana)  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  a  number  of  others 
less  generally  known,  of  which  Pinus  monticola,  P.  albicaulis,  P.  strohi/'ormi.i,  F.  quadrifolia,  P. 
parryana,  and  P.  cembroides  arc  natives  of  the  Tlnited 
States. 

The  species  belonging  to  this  section  of  the  pine  genus 
are  distinguished  by  their  slender,  delicate  leaves,  five  in 
a  sheath ;  by  the  exceptionally  soft  and  even  texture  of 
their  wood,  and  by  certain  well  defined  botanical  charac 
ters,  by  which  they  are  marked  as  a  natural  and  easily 
recognized  group. 

The  group  of  species  just  named  shows  a  preference, 
generally  characteristic  of  this  section  of  pines,  for  ele- 
vated, mountain  regions,  and  a  light  rather  than  a  heavy 
soil,  making,  as  a  rule,  a  healthy  growth  on  sandy  and 
rocky  places,  and  manifestly  preferring  these  to  low  and 
heavy  soil.  All  are  handsome  trees,  symmetrical  in  form, 
some  of  them,  as  the  Sugar  Pine  {Pinus  lambertiana),  of 
rapid  growth,  and  forming  magnificent  specimens  from 
1.50  to  over  200  feet  in  height,  while  others  are  of  slow 
growth,  as  the  Stone  IMne  of  the  Alps,  which  produces, 
however,  a  beautiful,  fine-grained  wood,  extensively  used 
by  the  Swiss  peasants  for  carving.  The  Bhotan  Pine  of 
the  Himalayas  is  the  representative  of  the  White  Pine  in 
Asia,  resembling  it  very  closely  in  habit,  size,  structure 
of  wood,  and  various  technical  characters. 

Admitting  the  common  ancestry  of  these  various  species,  a  more  extended  comparative  study 
of  their  preferences  and  habits  would  be  of  much  interest  in  relation  to  their  cultiyatiou  beyond 
their  natural  range,  considering  the  fact  that,  whatever  their  environment,  such  ancestral  traits 
are  certain  to  manifest  themselves. 


-Bark  of  oW  White  Pine. 


MORPHOLOGICAL  CHARACTERS. 


KOOT,  STEM,  AND  BRANCH  SVS'I'EM. 

In  the  natural  forest,  with  a  due  amount  of  shade,  the  White  I'Inc  has  at  maturity  a  straight 
columnar  trunk,  destitute  of  l)ranches  for  half  to  two-thirds  of  tlic  distaiuie  from  the  grouiul  to 
the  tip  of  the  leader. 

The  branches  are  for  many  years  disposed  regularly  in  whorls,  and  during  this  early  period 
the  tree  retains  a  symmetrical,  conical  form,  and  is  one  of  the  most  graceful  of  tlie  pines  for  orna- 
mental cultivation,  but,  as  is  the  case  with  other  conifers,  the  lower  branches  are  short  lived,  and 
ultimately,  by  their  decay,  the  tree  becomes  unsightly.  This  fact,  which  reiulers  this  species,  in 
common  with  all  other  conifers,  undesirable  during  part  of  their  lifetime  for  ornamental  purposes, 
gives  it  the  greater  value  as  a  timber  tree. 

The  crown,  at  first  pyramidal,  is  finally  less  regular,  although  rarely  flattening,  and,  owing  to 
the  rapid  and  persistent  growth  of  the  tree,  conspicuously  overtops  the  surrounding  forest  of 
deciduous  trees.    The  root  system  is  small  compared  with  the  size  of  the  tree  and  spreads  near  the~l 
surfai'C  of  the  ground;   its  comparatively  slight  development  is  in  harmony  with  the  less  pro-    | 
nounced  dependence  of  this  species  on  the  soil  and  its  greater  dependence  on  tlie  atmosphere.    ' 


22  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

Nursery  seedlings  produce  mnncrous  slender,  fibrous  roots,  the  delicate  tissues  of  which  are  as  in 
most  conifers  easily  dried  at  the  time  of  transplanting,  resulting  in  very  serious  injury  or  loss  of 
plant  material.  Wliite  Pines  planted  upon  the  dry  sand  along  the  Lake  Michigan  shore  and 
trimmed  of  their  lower  branches  have  been  observed  restoring  these  lower  limbs  and  forming  a 
thick,  green  covering  over  the  roots  before  making  any  height  growth,  suggesting  in  a  striking 
manner  the  necessity  of  protecting  the  root  system  against  too  rai)id  evaporation  and  a  too  highly 
heated  soil.  In  the  natural  forest,  and  iu  artificial  groves  properly  planted,  the  fallen  leaves  fulfill 
this  function  by  making  a  deep,  thick  coating  over  the  roots. 


The  leaves  arise  from  greatly  reduced  short  branchlets  and  are  produced  five  together,  sur- 
rounded at  the  base  by  a  thin  deciduous  sheath,  and  are  further  distinguished  by  being  more 
slender  and  delicate  thau  those  of  our  other  native  pines.  (PI.  V,  7, 3, 3,  J.)  The  relative  position 
of  the  five  leaves  inclosed  in  their  common  sheath  is  shown  in  PI.  V,  5,  and  in  PI.  V,  6,  is  repre- 
sented a  cross  section  of  a  single  leaf,  magnified  sufficiently  to  show  the  characteristic  arrange- 
ment of  the  tissues. 

Without  entering  into  a  detailed  account  of  its  functions,  which  would  here  be  irrelevant,  it 
may  nevertheless  be  remarked  that  the  leaf  of  the  White  Pine  constitutes  a  highly  complicated 
and  delicate  piece  of  apparatus.  Like  all  foliage  leaves,  the  leaf  of  the  White  Pine  fulfills  the 
important  functions  of  respiration  and  the  m.inufacture  of  starchy  food,  during  which  processes 
large  amounts  of  watery  vapor  are  exhaled. 

A  healthy  pine  seedling,  three  years  old,  in  the  air  of  a  dry  room,  lost  by  evaporation  in 
twenty-four  hours  SLl  per  cent  and  in  the  following  twenty-five  hours  1)0.7  per  cent  of  its  entire 
dry  weight.'  The  evaporation,  chiefly  through  the  leaves,  is  more  rapid  in  the  daytime  than  in 
the  night,  in  clear  than  in  cloudy  weather,  and  most  rapid  of  all  in  a  drying  wind.  It  will  readily 
be  seen  that  if  a  tree  is  planted  on  a  clear,  dry,  and  windy  day,  the  conditions  are  the  most 
unfavorable  that  could  possibly  be  chosen,  the  rapid  evaporation  carrying  off  the  water  of  the 
plant  beyond  the  capacity  of  the  roots,  not  yet  adapted  to  their  new  place,  to  meet  the  demand, 
which  results  in  the  drying  up  of  the  tissues  and  often  in  the  death  of  the  tree. 

The  various  forms  of  modified  leaves  are  characterized  by  extreme  delicacy.  Winter  buds 
(PI.  V,  7),  with  their  thin  and  small  scales,  present  a  striking  contrast  to  those  of  Longleaf  Pine,  for 
example,  and  other  species  that  produce  large  buds  with  relatively  thick  and  coarse  scales.  The 
very  loose  leaf  slieaths  and  scale  like  leaves  of  the  young  shoots  are  early  deciduous,  a  fact  that 
contributes  to  the  growth  of  the  smooth,  clean  bark  characteristic  of  the  branches  of  White  Pine, 
in  which  it  differs  in  so  marked  a  way  from  the  species  of  the  Yellow  Pine  group. 

In  PI.  V,  1,  the  modified,  scale  like  leaves  that  constitute  the  loose  sheaths  are  conspicuously 
shown.  Separate  fascicles,  with  their  sheaths,  are  represented  in  PI.  V  at  -?  and  .';,  while  at  4  is  an 
older  one  as  it  appears  at  the  end  of  the  summer  after  the  sheath  has  fallen. 

BXI'I.ANATION    ()I'    PLATE    V. 

7.  Shoot  aliowiug  foliago  anil  scalr  lonvcs  of  ditt'orcnt  ages. 
S.  Young  fascicle  with  sheath. 

3.  Young  fascicle  further  developed. 

4.  Still  older  fascicle  from  which  tli(^  dciidiioiis  Hhcath  has  fallen. 

5.  Section  of  fascicle  inclosed  in  sheath. 
0.  Section  of  leaf  magnified. 

7.  Wintoi-  liud. 

FLORAL    ORGANS. 

Flowers  and  fruit  are  rarely  produced  to  any  considerable  extent  before  the  tree  has  attained 
the  ago  of  fifteen  or  twenty  years,  though  occasionally  trees  may  bear  fruit  at  ten  to  twelve  years 
of  age. 

The  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  are  separate,  but  i)roduced  on  the  same  tree.  They 
appear  in  May,  the  pollen  ripening  and  pollination  taking  place  (in  the  latitude  of  Ann  Arbor, 


Accor<ling  lo  determinations  made  in  tlie  hot.auical  laboratory  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  November  18,  1 


Bullelin  No.  22    D(«,  of  Forestry,  U    S.  Depl   of  Agr, 


Leaves  and  Bud  of  the  White  Pine. 


I  No.  22,  Div.  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agn 


Cones,  Seeds,  etc.,  of  the  White  Pine. 


SEEDS  AND  SEED  SUPPLY.  23 

Mich.)  between  the  middle  and  tlic  end  of  the  month.  The  staminate  flowers  are  borne  laterally 
on  the  shoots  of  the  season  (I'l.  VI,  l).  They  are  extremely  simple  in  structure,  consisting  of 
numerous  pollen  sacs  borne  in  pairs  on  the  outer  face  of  the  scale  like  staminal  leaves.  The 
pollen  is  produced  in  great  abundance  and  is  carried  by  the  wind  to  great  distances.  P'ertilizatiou, 
however,  notwithstanding  the  profuse  production  of  pollen,  often  fails  to  take  place.  In  fact, 
failure  appears  to  be  rather  the  rule  tlian  the  excei)tion,  if  we  consider  the  frequency  of  "oft" 
years,"  in  which  little,  if  any,  good  seed  is  produced.  But  doubtless  other  causes  often  combine 
to  prevent  the  production  of  a  full  crop  of  seeds. 

The  pistillate  flowers  occupy  the  apex  of  the  young  shoot  (PI.  VI,  3),  finally  forming  a  bunch  of 
cones  pendent  from  the  ends  of  the  branches.  At  the  time  of  pollination  they  are  about  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  length  and  have  the  appearance  of  minute  fleshy  cones,  which  by  the  end  of 
the  first  summer's  growth  have  attained  the  length  of  three-fourths  of  an  inch  to  an  inch,  and 
have  the  appearance  represented  in  PI.  VI,  3.  They  are  not  ripe  until  the  fall  of  the  succeeding 
year,  when  the  cones,  having  now  attained  their  full  size,  as  shown  in  PI.  VI,  5  a7id  C,  open  and 
allow  the  winged  seeds  to  escape.  In  order  to  prevent  loss  of  seeds  it  is  necessary  to  gather  the 
cones  a  little  before  they  ripen,  which  occurs  during  early  September  in  most  localities  of  the 
natural  range.  Afterwards,  if  kept  in  a  dry  place,  they  will  open  readily  themselves  and  allow 
the  seeds  to  fall  out.  The  ripening  is  signalized  by  the  change  of  color  to  a  yellow  brown  and  the 
forming  of  a  resin  coat. 

SEEDS. 

The  seeds  are  one  fourth  of  an  inch  in  length  by  about  half  that  measure  in  breadth,  of  an 
oval  form,  grayish-brown  in  color,  sprinkled  with  darker  S])ots,  and  provided  with  a  thin,  delicate 
wing,  by  means  of  which  they  are  disseminated  through  the  agency  of  the  wind  (PI.  VI,  8).  The 
seed  coats  consist  of  a  hard  outer  shell,  or  testa,  inside  of  which  is  a  thinner  membrane,  the 
endopleura.  Inside  of  the  seed  coats  is  the  whitish  endosperm,  constituting  the  food  of  the 
germinating  plant,  within  which,  occupying  the  center  of  the  seed,  is  the  small,  straight  embryo, 
the  three  parts  of  which,  stem,  radicle,  and  cotyledons,  are  plainly  distinguishable. 

To  get  1  pound  of  seed  from  2  to  2i  bushels  of  cones  are  necessary. 

Concerning  the  production  of  seed,  the  experience  in  this  country  is  but  fragmentary.  The 
individual  tree  begins  to  bear  quite  early.  Isolated  specimens,  or  trees  in  open  groves,  bear  cones 
before  tliey  are  twenty  years  old,  and  even  trees  in  the  dense  forest  seem  to  bear  generally  before 
they  are  forty  years  of  age.  The  capacity  to  bear  abundantly  is  retained  to  old  age,  the  oldest 
trees  seen  still  bearing  heavily,  and  even  mutilation  by  fire  or  otherwise  does  not  prevent  the  trees 
from  bearing. 


1.  Stamiiiato  flowers  of  Pinus  xtroJnia  jxist  before  shedding  of  pollen. 

2.  Pistillate  llowcrs,  terminating  young  shoot. 

3.  Young  cones  in  antnmn  of  first  year. 

4.  Young  eones  early  in  summer  of  second  ye.ar. 

r,.  Cones  at  close  of  second  year's  growth  before  opening  of  scales. 

6.  Mature  cone,  the  scales  separated  to  admit  of  dissemination  of  seeds. 

7.  Single  scale,  showing  outer  surface. 

5.  Single  scale,  showing  inner  surface  with  seeds  in  place. 

SEED   SUPPLY. 

A  full  crop  of  seeds  is  usually  produced  by  the  same  tree  only  at  intervals  of  several  j-ears. 
Cones  may  be  formed  year  after  year,  but  upon  examination  it  is  often  found  that  many  of  the 
seeds  are  abortive.  Of  a  large  number  of  cones  gathered  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  in  18SG,  not  a 
single  one  showed  a  perfect  seed.  Mr.  John  E.  Hobbs  states  that  the  same  year  (188C)  was  a  good 
seed  year  in  Maine,  and  that  trees  had  not  produced  so  largely  before  since  1870.  According  to 
Mr.  J.  Dawson,  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  a  crop  of  .seed  may  be  looked  for  about  once  in  five 
years,  though  others  make  intervals  between  seed  years  shorter.  The  frequency  of  seed  years  has 
not  been  suflflciently  noted  as  yet  to  warrant  any  general  statement,  but  it  is  kiiown  that  during 
certain  seasons  the  seed  production  is  perfectly  general  over  large  areas,  while  in  other  years  it 
is  not.     Thus,  in  1897  the  White  Pine  bore  heavily  in  every  pine  county  in  northern  Wisconsin. 


24  THE    WHITE    PINK. 

The  frequency  of  seed  years  varies  of  course  not  only  on  account  of  more  or  less  favorable  seasons, 
but  according  to  locality  and  climatic  conditions.  In  ICurope  the  White  Pine  is  regarded  as  a 
frequent  and  heavy  seeder,  one  year  out  of  three  being  generally  i)rod«ctive.  A  grove  of  8  acres 
near  Frankfort  on  the  Main  produced  during  twenty  years,  on  an  average,  §100  worth  of  seed, 
with  a  maximum  yield  of  $500,  and  with  but  three  "oH"  or  fail  years  in  the  twenty.  Similarly 
an  area  of  about  40  acres  in  the  Palatinate  furnishes  as  high  as  1,700  bushels  of  cones,  or  about 
1,300  i)()un(ls  of  seed,  supplying  all  the  nurseries  of  the  Palatinate  Btate  forests  witli  seed. 

THE  WOOD. 

The  structure  and  development  of  the  wood  of  the  White  Pine  may  bo  studied  to  the  best 
advantage  by  beginning  with  a  young  shoot  cut  from  a  vigorous  tree  in  early  summer.  A  cross 
section  of  such  a  shoot  in  the  first  season  of  its  growth  (PI.  VII,  1)  shows  three  ])lainly  marked 
zones — the  pith  (m)  surrounded  by  the  wood  (.r)  and  the  inner  bark  (2>h),  which  together  form 
the  conspicuous  zone  crossed  by  radiating  bands,  the  so-called  medullary  rays,  and  outside  of  the 
parts  just  described,  a  broad  zone  of  cellular  tissue,  constituting  the  middle  bark,  which  is  bounded 
externally  by  the  epidermis. 

The  pith,  medullary  rays,  and  middle  bark  consist  of  simple  cells,  originally  of  an  irregularly 
rounded  form.  Together  they  constitute  the  so-called  ground  tissue  of  the  stem,  as  distinguished 
from  the  fibro- vascular  portion,  which  includes  the  wood  and  inner  bark. 

Within  the  cortical  portion  of  the  ground  tissue  numerous  large  openings  (PI.  VII,  J,  rd)  are 
seen,  of  different  sizes  and  apparently  without  definite  arrangement.  These  are  the  resin  ducts. 
Each  duct  runs  longitutlinally  through  the  stem,  and  consists  of  a  central  cavity  filled  with  resin, 
around  which  is  a  single  layer  of  secreting  cells,  easily  distinguished  by  the  nature  of  their  con- 
tents from  the  surrounding  cells  of  the  cortex.  At  this  stage  of  development  the  resin  ducts  are 
confined  to  the  cortical  parenchyma,  none  having  yet  been  formed  in  the  woody  portion  of  the 
stem;  but  later  in  the  season,  as  may  be  seen  in  older  sections,  a  number  of  ducts  are  formed, 
arranged  in  a  circle  near  the  periphery  of  the  wood.  The.se  have  essentially  the  same  structure 
as  those  of  the  cortex,  but  are  of  smaller  size  and  are  surrounded  by  fewer  secreting  cells.  In 
cross  sections  of  older  .stems  the  resin  ducts  are  seen,  arranged  in  an  irregular  circle,  in  each 
annual  ring.  Their  physiological  significance  is  not  fully  understood,  though  there  can  be  little 
doubt  tliat  De  Vries  is  correct  in  assuming  that«the  abundant  resin  is  of  service  to  the  growing 
tree,  when  wounded,  in  preventing  decay  of  tlic  wood,  and  that  its  preservative  inHiience  is  con- 
tinued after  the  tree  has  been  cut  into  lumber. 

In  .sucli  a  young  shoot  as  has  been  described  the  cells  are  vitally  active,  and  are  filled  with 
granular  protoplasm,  in  addition  to  which  several  other  substances  are  either  produced  or  stored 
up  in  them,  particularly  in  the  cells  belonging  to  the  ground  tissue.  Ohloroi)byll  o<;curs  in  the 
pith  and  medullary  rays  as  well  as  in  the  cortical  jxjrtion.  It  is  most  abundant  in  the  cells  of  the 
cortical  parenchyma,  occurring  in  the  form  of  minute  grains,  irregular  in  shape  and  size.  Starch, 
in  rounded  granules,  occurs  abundantly  throughout  the  ground  tissue,  the  cells  of  the  cortex  con- 
taining a  larger  proportion  than  those  of  the  pith.  liesin,  as  already  stated,  fills  the  resin  ducts 
and  the  secreting  cells  around  them,  though  starch  is  often  found  in  the  latter. 

Passing  now  to  the  woody  portion  immediately  surrounding  the  pith,  two  characteristic  fea- 
tures at  once  attract  attention.  The  elements  composing  the  wood,  .r  (  PI.  VII,  1  and  .V),  have  a 
much  narrower  lumen  than  those  of  the  pith,  and  are  regularly  disposed  in  radiating  rows.  These 
elements,  the  tracheids,  are  elongated  thick-walled  cells,  fpur  to  six  sided,  according  to  the  number 
of  tracheids  by  which  they  are  surrounded.  Their  walls  are  liguified  and  are  marked  by  the 
peculiar  structures  called  bordered  i)its.  Their  structure,  when  fully  developed,  is  shown  in  PI. 
VIII,  ],2,  and  /.  In  the  ecoiu)my  of  the  tree  the  wood  fullills  the  function  of  mechanical  support, 
and  serves  as  the  conducting  tissue  through  which  the  water,  evaporated  from  the  leaves,  is  carried 
up  from  the  roots. 

The  medullary  rays  are  composetl  of  cells  so  flattened  by  the  ])ressure  of  the  tracheids  that 
on  longitudinal  sections  they  appear  as  represented  in  PI.  VIII,  .9.  They  contain  a  conspicuous 
nucleus,  are  clo.sely  packed  with  granular  food  substances,  and  serve  collectively  as  a  storehouse 


THE    WOOD.  25 

of  reserve  materials.  Communication  between  these  and  the  tracheids  is  effected  by  means  of 
simple  pits  on  their  radial  walls. 

The  inner  bark,  or  phloem,  ^;/i  (PI.  VII,  1  and  5),  closely  resembles  the  young  wood  on 
cross  section,  its  elements  being  arranged  in  i-adiating  rows  and  traversed  in  like  manner  by  the 
medullary  rays,  The  cells  composing  it  differ,  however,  in  various  important  particulars  from 
those  of  the  wood.  Their  walls  are  of  cellulose,  and  although  important  as  conductiug  tissue,  they 
contribute  comparatively  little  to  the  rigidity  of  the  stem. 

Between  the  wood  and  inner  bark  is  the  cambium  or  formative  tissue,  represented  in  PI. 
VTI,  i,  as  a  light  band  of  extremely  small  and  delicate  cells,  and  in  the  same  plate  as  a  zone 
of  cells  with  thin  walls  and  large  lumen,  contrasting  strongly  with  the  wood  elements  and  those  of 
the  inner  bark  between  which  they  lie.  It  is  from  the  cells  of  the  cambium  that  those  of  the  wood 
are  formed  on  the  one  hand  and  those  of  the  bark  on  the  other.  The  process  is  a  gradual  one,  and 
no  absolute  line  of  demarcation  can  be  drawn  between  the  cambium  and  the  tissues  derived  from 
it.  The  cells  of  the  cambium  multiply  by  tangential  division.  The  essential  features  of  this 
process,  as  regards  the  position  of  the  cell  walls,  are  represented  in  PI.  VIII,  -i,  in  which  the 
lightest  lines  represent  the  youngest  walls  and  the  heavier  ones  those  of  greater  age,  successively. 
It  is  by  the  constant  repetition  of  this  process  of  tangential  division  and  the  subsequent  thicken- 
ing of  the  walls  of  the  cells  thus  formed  that  the  wood  and  inner  bark  make  their  yearly  increase 
in  thickness.  In  the  spring  the  cells  of  the  cambium  are  large  and  vigorous,  and  a  rapid  forma- 
tion of  wood  elements  with  relatively  thin  walls  and  large  cavities  takes  place,  while  later  in  the 
season  much  smaller  tracheids  with  thicker  walls  are  formed.  This  results  in  the  strong  contrast 
between  the  wood  last  produced  in  any  given  ye.ar  and  that  formed  at  the  beginning  of  the  next 
season's  growth,  giving  rise  to  the  sharp  distinction  of  annual  rings  so  clearly  brought  out  in 
PI.  VIII,  1. 

The  histological  characters  thus  briefly  summarized  hold  true,  in  a  general  way,  for  other 
conifers  as  well  as  the  White  Pine.  This  species,  however,  presents  a  number  of  peculiarities 
that  are  of  both  physiological  and  economical  interest. 

The  resin  ducts  of  the  White  Pine  are  larger  aud  more  numerous  in  the  cortex  than  in  the 
wood,  an  arrangement  well  adapted  to  secure  the  protective  action  of  the  resin  contained  in  them 
without  introducing  an  clement  of  weakness  into  the  wood.  Comparisons  with  other  species  bring 
out  this  fact  in  a  striking  manner.  Thus,  upon  comparing  the  distribution  of  the  resin  ducts  in 
stems  of  the  White  and  Scotch  pines,  as  nearly  alike  as  possible,  it  was  found  that  in  the  cortex 
of  White  Pine  stems  of  one  year's  growth  the  number  of  resin  passages  ranged  from  20  to  47,  the 
average  being  about  33.  The  number  in  the  wood  was  more  uniform  and  averaged  about  13.  In 
the  Scotch  Pine  the  average  for  the  wood  was  found  to  be  33  and  for  the  cortex  10.  Taking  the 
second  year's  growth  in  the  same  way,  the  average  number  for  cortex  of  White  Pine  in  the 
specimens  examined  was  28  aiul  for  wood  27;  in  Scotch  Pine,  for  cortex  !)  and  for  wood  37,' 
The  small  size  of  the  resin  ducts  in  the  wood  conti-asts  strongly  with  the  very  large  ones  of  Scotch 
Pine,  which  seriously  interfere  with  the  continuity  of  the  wood  and  tend  both  to  weaken  it  and  to 
give  it  an  uneven  texture. 

The  extremely  small  number  of  thick-walled  tracheids  constituting  the  summer  wood  of  the 
White  Pine  is  in  marked  contrast  with  the  broad  band  of  summer  wood  formed  in  various  other 
species.  Comparing  the  annual  rings  of  White  Pine  with  those  of  Longleaf  Pine,  for  example, 
it  is  seen  that  while  the  thick-walled  tracheids  of  the  former  make  hardly  more  than  the 
mere  outer  edge  of  each  ring,  those  of  the  latter  constitute  one-third  or  more  of  its  entire  width. 
Moreover,  the  gradual,  almost  imperceptible,  transition  from  spring  to  summer  wood  in  the 
White  Pine  contrasts  strongly  with  the  abrupt  line  of  demarcation  seen  in  Longleaf  Pine  aud  all 
other  Yellow  Pines.  It  is  to  tliis  very  gradual  transition  that  the  uniform  texture  of  the  wood 
of  White  Pine  is  chiefly  due.  The  medullary  rays  of  the  difterent  groups  of  pines  show  certain 
structural  peculiarities  that  appear  to  be  constant  for  the  group  of  species  in  which  they  occur. 
The  writer  is  indebted  to  Mr.  Filibert  Koth  for  the  following  notes  in  regard  to  this  feature: 

In  all  pines  the  medullary  ray  is  made  up  of  two  kinds  of  cells  which  differ  iu  their  general  form,  and  still 
more  in  the  configuration  of  the  cell  wall  and  pits.     The  one  kind  occupies  the  upper  and  lower  rows  of  each  ray, 


Etta  L.  Knowles,  iu  Botanical  Gazette,  August, 


FOREST  RESOURCES 
LIBRARY 


ies  ■ 
Rep 

bile  in 

other  groups 
in  this  country 

■da.  i 

,aluKtri» 

,  «to.,  in.'lniling 

20  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

aud  are  tlierofore  termrd  the  outer  cells;  the  otlier  kind  makes  up  the  intermediate  rows  and  arr  known  us  the 
inner  cells. 

In  the  appearance  of  lioth  onter  and  inner  cells  there  is  a  marked  and  constant  difference  in  different  groups 
of  pines.  While  the  interior  of  the  wall  of  the  onter  cells  (transverse  tracheids)  is  smooth  in  some  groups,  it  is 
beset  with  nnnierous  bold  projections  in  others.  Similarly  the  inner  cells  (parenchyma)  of  the  spring  wood  of  each 
ray  in  some  groups  have  but  a  sinfilo  large  pit  comnninicating  with  the  neighboring  \ 
this  is  brought  about  by  three  to  si.v  smaller  pits. 

Based  upon  these  differences,  the  following  classification  of  the  wood  of  ditfcrc 
by  Dr.  3,  Schroeder:' 
Section  I.  Walls  of  tlie  tracbeids  of  tbc  ])itli  ray  witli  dentate  projections. 

a.  One  to  two  large,  simple  pits  to  each  tracheid  on  the  radial  walls  of  tho  ci-Usof  tlio  pitli  ray.— ( 

only  by  P.  retinoBa. 

b.  Three  to  six  simple  pita  to  each  tracbeid,  on  the  walls  of  tbe  cilia  of  the  pilli  ray.— r.nm|i 

most  of  our  "hard"  and  "yellow"  pines. 
Section  II.  "Walls  of  tracheids  of  pith  ray  smooth,  without  dentate  projections. 

a.  One  or  two  large  pits  to  each  tracheid  on  the  radial  walls  of  each  coll  of  tlie  jiith  r.iy.— Groiiii  3.  I',  stmhus.  Uimhirliana.  .ind  other 

true  White  Pines. 
6.  Three  to  six  small  pits  on  the  radial  walls  of  each  cell  of  the  pitli  ray.-Grnup  4.  P.  parryann.  and  othiT  nut  i)ine.s,  includiiif;  also 

7*.  bal/ouriana. 

Returning  to  the  medullary  ray  of  the  White  Pine,  it  is  observed  th.nt  the  walls  of  tho  onter  cells  arc  tliin 
(1.5//  to  2  ft);  the  round  pits  quite  variable  in  number  and  size,  but  always  as  small,  and  often  smaller,  tlian  the 
pits  of  the  tracheids  in  the  summer  wood;  also  tliat  the  walls  of  the  inner  cells  are  thin  {l.n  /t  to  3  //),  for  the  most 
part  very  thin,  being  largely  occupied  by  pits;  that  the  pits  are  large  ovals  on  the  radial  walls  of  tlic  cells  in  tho 
spring  wood,  small  erect  ovals  in  tho  summer  wood,  and  small  and  irregular  in  outline  above  and  below  wlieni  the 
inner  cells  communicate  with  each  other.  The  length  of  these  cells  varies,  even  in  the  same  r;iy,  between  50  /;  and 
300  // ;  the  width  was  found  to  be  about  7  /(  for  the  outer  and  12  /<  for  the  inner  cells;  the  height,  more  variable  in 
the  outer  than  in  the  inner  cells,  and  less  variable  than  cither  width  or  length,  may  be  set  at  about  23  /i  for  outer 
and  inner  cells.  The  average  number  of  cell  rows  in  one  medullary  ray^  for  the  specimens  studied,  is  7.5,  whereof 
2.6  fall  to  the  outer  cells  and  4.9  to  the  inner  cells.  The  limits  of  the  total  number  of  cell  rows  were  2  and  16;  the 
height  of  the  ray,  tliercfore,  46  /(  to  368  /(,  dimensions  scarcely  appreciable  to  the  nnaideil  eye.  What  is  lost  in  size 
is  gained  in  number;  on  an  average  21.3  medullary  rays  were  counted  on  1  si|uare  niillimetcr,  or  13,:U2  to  1  S(iuare 
inch  of  tangential  section. 

A  study  of  the  wood  iii  its  physictil  and  mechanical  jtioperties,  by  Mr.  Filibert  Koth,  will  be 
found  further  on  in  this  monograph. 

F.XI'I.ANATIOX   Ol-    PLATE   YII. 

1.  Transverse  section  of  fresh  .shoot,  cut  in  summer  of  first  year  X  25.  Tho  zone  of  small  cells  surrounding  tlie  ])itli 
includes  the  wood  and  inner  bark,  both  of  which  are  traversed  radially  by  tho  medullary  rays.  The  thick 
cortical  parenchyma  outside  of  these  is  marked  by  the  presence  of  a  number  of  large  resin  ducts. 

;:'.  Portion  of  epidermis,  with  appendages.  Beneath  the  epidermis  a  few  cells  of  tho  cortical  parenchyma  containing 
starch. 

.".  Highly  magnified  view  of  a  part  of  the  transverse  section,  showing  the  structure  of  wood  and  inner  b.-irk,  with  the 
thin-walled  cells  composing  the  cambium  lying  between  them. 
[Figs.  2  and  3  were  drawn  with  great  care  with  the  camera,  but  unfortunately  no  statement  of  the  inagnilicMtion 

w.as  preserved  with  them.] 

EXPLANATION   (IF   PLATK    VIII. 

1.  Cross  section  of  wood  x  175.  The  section  includes  parts  of  three  medullary  rays,  the  middle  one  of  which  is  cut 
partly  through  the  inner  cells  and  partly  through  the  cross  tracheids.  The  gradual  transiliou  IVoni  sprini;  to 
summer  wood  is  clearly  shown.     Part  of  a  resin  duct  is  seen  on  the  right. 

S.  Radial  longitudinal  solution  of  wood  X  200,  showing  a  few  of  the  thick-walled  tr.acheids  of  tlio  sunuuer  wood 
followed  by  tho  large  thin-walled  ones  of  the  succeeding  spring,  both  crossed  by  a  medullary  ray.  The 
liordercd  pits  of  tlie  outer  cells  of  tlie  ray,  shown  both  in  section  and  surface  view,  are  in  strong  contrast  with 
the  simple  pits  of  the  inner  cells. 

,1.  Tangential  section  of  wood  X  200. 

4.  Cro.sssectionof  part  of  twig  collected  May  20,  188fi,  x  175,  showing  caiiiliiuiii  and  ilevelopincol oT  wood  and  b.irk. 
The  woody  ring  is  about  one-third  its  final  thickness. 

GROWTH   AND    DEVELOPMENT. 

The  seeds  of  the  White  Pine  retain  their  vitality  for  a  long  period.  Trustworthy  observers 
state  that  a  fair  percentage  will  grow  after  being  kept  five  years  or  more.  The  conditions  of 
germination  and  successful  growth  are,  in  general,  the  same  as  for  other  i)ine8,  namely,  a  suitable 


'Dr.  J.  Schroisder,  Das  IIolz  der  Coniferen,  1872. 


.  22,  t)l».  of  Forestry,  U.  S    Dept.  of  Agncu 


Sections  of  Young  Shoot  of  White  Pine. 


Sections  of  Wood  of  White  Pine. 


\l 


Bulletin  No.  22,  Div   of  Forestry.  U,  S.  Dept.  of  Agrl 


wmi* 


Seedlings  of  White  Pine. 


RATE    OF    GROWTH.  27 

soil,  moderately  warm  and  moist  (not  wet),  in  which  the  seeds  are  covered  at  a  depth  not 
exceeding  twice  their  own  diameter,  and,  further,  protection  of  the  young  seedlings  against  the 
hot  sun  and  drying  winds.  Special  attention  is  required  in  tlie  nursery  to  avoid  undue  moisture 
when  the  seedlings  appear  above  the  ground,  as  they  are  often  attacked  by  a  destructive  disease 
very  common  in  propagating  beds,  known  as  "damping  off."  If,  however,  no  adverse  influences 
have  interfered  with  its  normal  development,  the  young  plant  presents  itself  after  some  mouths' 
growth  as  a  slender  shoot,  crowned  by  the  persistent  seed  leaves,  in  the  midst  of  which  is  the 
terminal  bud,  the  latter  having  already  formed  numerous  short  foliage  leaves.  No  branches  have 
appeared,  and  the  foliage  leaves  arise  singly  instead  of  in  groujis  of  five.  The  whole  plant,  as 
it  appears  at  this  time,  with  its  slender  stem  and  long  taproot,  is  represented,  natural  size,  in  PI. 
IX,  drawn  from  a  specimen  obtained  in  the  pine  woods  of  Michigan,  in  September,  1SS6.  Earlier 
and  later  stages  of  development  of  the  seedlings  are  shown  in  the  same  plate  (i,  5, .?,  i,  5,  6)  drawn 
from  nursery  specimens. 

For  the  first  two  or  three  years  the  growth  of  the  seedling  is  slow,  and  is  so  greatly  influenced 
by  its  surroundings  as  to  make  it  impossible  to  give  averages  that  will  fairly  represent  the  yearly 
increase  in  height  and  diameter. 

Thus,  a  healthy  seedling,  three  years  old,  from  the  nursery  row,  measured  4.0  inches,  while  a 
self  sown  specimen  from  Maine,  four  years  old,  measured  only  2.7  inches  in  height.  But,  if  the 
circumstances  are  favorable,  after  the  third  year  a  growth  of  one  to  several  inches  is  made  each 
year,  and  from  this  time  on  the  yearly  increase  in  height  is  clearly  defined  by  alternating  nodes 
and  interuodes,  a  whorl  of  branches  being  formed  at  each  node. 

The  leading  shoot  is  from  the  first  the  most  conspicuous  and  the  most  important  part  of  the 
plant,  branches  being  manifestly  subordinate,  dying  off  in  later  years  as  in  other  conifers.  The 
rate  of  growth  being  of  most  important  practical  interest,  much  space  has  been  devoted  to  this 
part  of  the  developmental  history. 

The  tree  rarely  reaches  a  height  of  more  than  160  feet  and  diameters  of  more  than  40  inches, 
more  usually  30  inches.  Occasionally  these  dimensions  are  exceeded;  trees  of  200  feet  in  height 
and  of  60  inches  in  diameter  have  been  reported.  The  largest  actually  measured  by  the  Division  ot 
Forestry  was  48  inches  in  diameter  breast  high  and  170  feet  in  height,  with  an  age  of  about  four 
hundred  and  sixty  years,  containing  738  cubic,  feet  of  wood,  standing  in  a  group  of  similarly  old 
and  large  pines  in  Michigan.  Another  tree  of  this  group,  with  47  inches  diameter  and  1G2  feet 
in  height,  contained  855  cubic  feet,  being  less  tapered. 

EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    IX. 

1.  Seedling  as  it  first  appears  with  seed  coat  attached  to  seed  leaves. 

2.  .Seedling  with  seed  coat  detached. 

S.  Seedling  with  seed  leaves  and  prim.ary  foliage  leaves  disposed  singly  on  stem;  five  months  old. 

4.  Seedling  in  its  second  year,  showing  primary  leaves  and  secondary  leaves  (mature  fornr),  the  latter  in  clusters 

of  five. 
5  and  G.  Seedlings  three  to  five  years  old. 

RATE   OF   GROWTH. 

The  following  statements  regarding  the  progress  and  rate  of  growth  of  White  Pine  are  based 
mainly  upon  the  very  comprehensive  data  collected  by  the  Division  of  Forestry  in  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  and  Wisconsin.  These  data,  involving  meas- 
urements and  detailed  analyses  of  over  seven  hundred  trees  grown  under  varying  conditions, 
together  with  records  of  the  conditions  under  which  they  grew,  and  the  amounts  of  timber  which 
were  produced  under  such  conditions  per  acre,  are  presented  fully  in  the  tables,  with  accompanying 
uotes,  in  the  Appendix  to  this  monograph.  It  appeared,  however,  desirable  to  present  in  the  text 
not  only  the  generalizations  and  conclusions,  but  also  some  typical  ca.ses.  Some  other  measure- 
ments, made  before  this  comprehensive  investigation  and  recorded  by  the  writer  in  his  original 
manuscript,  are  also  produced. 

HEIGHT    GROWTH. 
SEEDLING   STACE. 

The  growth  of  the  seedling  is  variable,  according  to  the  conditions  under  which  it  grows.  In 
the  forest  it  is  much  slower  than  under  cultivation,  as  would  naturally  be  expected.     The  common 


28 


THE   WHITE   PINE. 


practice  of  nurserymen  is  to  sow  the  seed  broadcast  in  carefully  prepared  beds,  where  the  seed- 
lings stand  from  two  to  lour  years  before  transplanting.  Standing  very  close,  the  tiees  do  not 
make  as  stocky  growth  as  they  otherwise  would.  Under  these  conditions  the  average  growth  of 
untrausplanted  seedlings,  according  to  statements  by  the  well-known  nurserymen,  Thomas 
Meehan  &  Sons,  is  as  follows:  One  year  seedlings,  2  to  3  inches  high;  two  years,  4  to  G  inches; 
three  years,  12  to  l^t  inches;  four  years,  24  to  3(J  inches. 

The  late  Mr.  Robert  Douglas,  the  veteran  nurseryuian,  of  Waukegan,  111.,  wrote: 

White  Pino  seedlings  one  year  old  are  1  to  2  inches  high  and  altogether  too  small  and  tender  fur  tninsplanting. 
At  two  years  old  they  are  much  stronger,  from  3  to  5  inches  high,  with  line  librous  roots  and  in  line  condition  for 
transplanting.  At  three  years  old  they  aie  6  to  9  inches  high  and  shonid  not  he  allowed  to  stand  another  year,  as 
they  would  add  about  10  inches  to  their  height  during  the  next  year  and  would  not  he  suitable  for  planting. 

The  first  season  al'ter  transplanting,  the  White  Pine  (like  other  trees)  will  not  increase  much  in  height,  but 
will  establish  itself,  extending  its  roots  and  forming  a  strong  terminal  bud,  so  that  when  it  is  six  yi^ars  old  it  will 
exceed  in  weight  and  bulk  over  one  hundred  times  its  projiortions  when  transplanted,  and  thereafter  will  increase 
in  growth  from  18  to  30  inches  in  height  annually  in  good  soil  for  many  years. 

Gardner  &  Sons,  whose  nursery  is  about  90  miles  west  of  the  Mississippi  Iliver,  in  Iowa,  and 
therefore  outside  of  the  natural  range  of  the  species,  submit  the  following  measurements,  coincid- 
ing with  the  above,  as  representing  average  growths  at  their  nurseries  before  and  after  trans- 
planting: One-year-old  seedling,  li  inches  high;  two-year-old  seedling,  4  inches  high;  three-year- 
old  seedling,  7  inches  high.  The  trees  are  transplanted  at  three  years  of  age  and  thereafter  the 
average  height  for  the  three  following  seasons  are:  Four  years  old,  12  inches  high;  five  years  old, 
16  inches  high;  six  years  old,  33  inches  high.  Another  establishment  reports  as  the  average 
height  of  two  year-old  trees  in  seed  bed,  3^  inches;  of  tliree-year  seedlings,  7  inches. 

Casual  observations  and  measurements  of  some  forty-five  seedlings  in  the  forest  permit  the 
following  as  to  the  height  growth  of  seedlings  in  the  forest: 

Height  growth  of  White  I'inc  in  the  forcut  for  the  first  six  years. 


Age  or  seedlings. 

Height  Of  Stem. 

Current 
cretion.' 

rrom— 

To- 

Average. 

Inchee. 

2 
3 

10 
30 

Inehei. 
4 

12 
31 

InchM. 

Indies. 

ii 

2 

2 

J    ygjjf  1      

These  measurements  show  that  the  rapid  height  growth  begins  with  the  si.xth  year,  when  the 
total  growth  of  the  first  five  years  is  almost  doubled  in  one  season.  This,  to  be  sure,  holds  only 
lor  seedlings  favorably  situated.  In  those  less  favored  the  rapid  stage  of  development  comes  more 
gradually.  This  slow  progress  in  younger  years  is  naturally  reflected  in  a  retardation  of  the  year 
of  maximum  height  growth,  which  in  dominant  trees  oc(!nrs  about  the  twentieth  year,  while  in 
()l>l)res.sed  trees  it  may  not  come  before  the  fortieth  year. 


DKyKr-OrMKNT   IN   OI'KN   STAND. 

Trees  on  lawns  and  in  pastures,  which  grow  up  in  full  enjoyment  of  light,  are  somewhat  dif- 
'^erent  from  trees  in  the  forest.  The  slow  seedling  stage  is  followed  by  a  very  rapid  imirease  in 
the  rate,  which  attains  its  maximum  before  the  twentieth  year  and  then  declines  gradually. 

Table  1,  on  the  next  page,  presents  a  complete  record  from  year  to  year  of  the  growth  of  eight 
trees  planted  on  a  lawn  at  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  which  were  measured  in  ISSO,  the  annual  increase 
being  measured  between  the  whorls  of  branches.  These  measurements  also  exhibit  the  great 
variability  of  growth  from  season  to  season  and  from  tree  to  tree,  even  under  otherwise  similar 
conditions.  In  some  of  the  trees,  evidently,  injuries  or  accidents  retarded  de\elo|)ment.  Such 
ai)parent  deficiencies  have  been  left  out  of  consideration  in  averaging  the  data. 


HEIGHT    GROWTH.  29 

TarM'-.  l.—JJeight  grotvlh  of  ll'hile  Pine  planted  in  lawn  at  Ann  Arhor,  Mich.,  hy  years,  in  inches. 


Age. 

Diame- 

breast 
high. 

Height. 

Feet. 
30.5 
23.5 
30.5 
26.6 
34.5 
44.5 

""■53" 

47.5 

Heiglit,  by  years. 

lto6 

In. 
26 
20 
25 
41 
33 
50 

41 

~0.3 

7 

In 
15 
3 

11 

8 

In 
22 
5 
4 
12 
14 
16 

9 

In 

I 

14 
24 
14 

10  11  12  1.3  14  16 

JTn:7nJni:,^,. 

16  17 

In  In 

18 
In. 

19 

In. 

'21 
32 

20 
7 

20 

In. 

21 

In 

23 

In 

24 

In 

25 

In 

26  27 
In.  In 

28 
In 

29 

In. 

30 

rr«. 

17 
19 
19 
21 
23 
29 

""""so 

30 

Inchea. 
6.1 
3.8 
6 
6 

8.2 
12.8 

In. 

t 

23  18    LV,                     ,            :,!•,» 

24  2b    .u    „u    _,     _,    _,     _.,,7        .., 

25 
26 

19 

'3 

21 

'V: 

'20 

12 

"7 

5 



2.I1  _...   11 

Averages 

........ 

_1^5 

J? 

g                                     « 

-3  ;ir 

Average  by  6year  puriods- 

.3    1      16 

20 

■■  r  r  1  " 

...|...    I8|. .....]. ..|..... ..7.6 

1 

\-\-\- 

NdTE.— Treoa  Nos.  1  to  6  »toocI  iu  shallow  soil  on  gravel  subsoil ;  Nos.  7  and  8  in  deep  loam. 

From  thi.s  table  it  appears  that  these  eight  trees  grew  on  an  average  hardly  more  than  6 
inches  during  the  first  six  years,  more  than  three  times  as  fast  during  the  ne.xt  si.\;  years,  and 
reached  a  maximum  rate  of  over  27  inches  per  year  during  the  third  period  of  six  years,  the 
decline  beginning  after  the  twentieth  year  and  the  rate  decreasing  until  it  has  fallen  to  about  15 
inches  near  the  thirtieth  year. 

To  show  how,  under  less  favorable  conditions,  the  progress  of  self-sown  trees  is  very  nearly 
the  same,  the  following  measurements  may  serve,  from  which  it  appears  that  natural  seedlings  on 
pastures,  standing  more  or  less  crowded,  reach  at  ten  years  a  height  of  10  feet;  at  the  age  of 
twenty  years  about  25  feet,  and  trees  thirty-live  to  forty  years  of  age,  with  diameters  of  C  to  9 
inches,  attained  and  even  passed  the  height  of  (iO  feet,  showing  an  average  growth  for  that  period 
of  15  to  IS  inches  per  year: 


Taiii.k  l\.— Measurements  of  self-soien  Wliitc  I'inc  on  })astiire. 
(Furnished  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Hobbs,  of  Nortli  Berwick,  Mo. ;  altitude.  250  feet.] 


No.  2.  With  Nos.  1  s 

No.  3.  Old  pasture,  soil  shallow,  gri 

No.  4.  Level  ground,  soil  heavy  loai 

No.  5.  From  old  pasti 

No.  6.  From  old  pasture  after  one  year 

No.  7.  From  old  pasture  after  oue  year 

No.  8.  From  old  pasture  after  one  year 


I  tillage;  5  feet  from  No.  6;  1 
tillage  i  5  feet  from  No.  1 ;  bore  cones. 

I  tillage;  5  feet  from  No.  6 ;  bore  cones;  distant  from  neighbors  8,  34,  and  19  inches. 
I  tillage;  5  feet  from  No.  6 ;  bore  cones;  touched  another  4.inch  diameter. 


30 


THE    WHITE    riNE. 


;  shawled. 

ir's  tillage;  5  feet  from  No.  6;  bore  coacs. 

clly  loam  on  compact  subsoil  of  sand;  pine  mixed  with  Hemloek.  OaV 
1  iii-arly  'i  inrlies  from  similar  tree,  with  others  quito  near;  crowded. 


(S.14-K'.  *'      I'  ,i:i\'ll\  li. .1111  nil  .  I. iiipact  subsoil  of  aani' 

,,  17.  Isni,;;.  ,i     ,.    1  !.    .'.  1  'I      pii  \  iuiis,  .ipinLiciitly  through  leader  wo: 

1.18.  I,ci,U.MUii.l,.,..Uiu.ui  In.aii, 

1.  19.  With  Xo.  lU;  lost  leader  livoy 

I.  20.  Level  ground,  soil  heavy  loam, 

IS.  21-2G.  Old  pasture,  soil  sh>allow,  griivelly  loam  on  compact  subsoil  of 

I  west;  all  sis  trees,  besides  four  others,  within  circle  of  24  feet  diameter 


nearest  uoighboi-s  2,  5,  and  lu  feel,  respectively. 


Hemlock,  Oak, 


1  about  20  fcf 


Coucerniug  trees  1,  2,  5,  G,  7,  8,  and  10  (Table  II),  Mr.  Ilobbs  sent  the  following  interesting 
cominnnicatiou,  under  date  of  January  11,  1887 : 

All  these  trees  were  fouuil  in  an  old  pasture  adjoining  my  land  on  the  north  and  having  similar  a.spect  and  soil. 
A  fringe  of  tall  White  Pine  timber  surrounds  it  on  three  sides,  north,  east,  and  sontli.  The  distance  across  this  open 
laud  from  north  to  .south  is  about  60  rods.  This  land  has  beon  in  pasture  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  years.  It  was 
formerly  thickly  covered  with  moss,  sweet  fern,  and  other  low-growing  bushes,  in  the  shade  of  which  animals  found 
some  grass.     Altliough  thus  surrounded  by  tall  pines  their  seeds  seldom  sprung  up. 

Not  many  years  liefore  these  trees  started  a  portion  of  this  land  was  plowed  and  planted  with  potatoes  one  year, 
and  then  turned  out  to  p;isture  again,  whereupon  young  pines  immediately  sprung  up.  These  were  cut  down  first, 
but  they  continued  to  come  up  so  abundantly  that  they  were  allowed  to  grow,  and  now  the  patch  that  was  planted 
with  potatoes  is  quite  thickly  covered,  in  many  places  too  thickly,  with  trees  like  tho.se  measured.  This  fact  shows 
the  importance  of  turning  up  the  soil  so  that  the  seeds  that  fall  upon  it  may  have  a  chance  to  take  root.  Only  hero 
and  there  a  seed  will  liud  lodgment  on  land  that  is  covered  with  moss  and  low-growing  bushes,  no  matter  how 
abundantly  seeds  may  be  sown  upon  it. 

How  such  trees  continue  to  grow  is  shown  in  Table  III.  From  the  measurements  it  appears 
that  a  steady  growth  continues,  which,  by  the  hundredth  year  has  brought  the  tree  to  a  height  of 
near  100  feet. 

Takle  111.— Measurements  of  U'hUe  Piiu-,  ijrown  on  iibandoncd  fields. 
[Furnished  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Hobbs,  of  North  Berwick,  Me.  j 


Age. 

Diam- 

breast 
high. 

Di.im- 

eter 
below 

Length 
crown. 

Le.ph 

leader 
for  last 

years. 

Total 
height. 

Height  at- 

10 

yrs. 

.0 

yrs. 

SO 

yrs. 

40 

60 

yrs. 

60 

yrs. 

70 

yrs. 

80 

yrs. 

90 

yrs. 

100 

yrs. 

110 

yrs. 

120 

yrs. 

Tear>. 
58 
59 
61 
64 
70 
82 
84 
85 
85 
87 
87 

109 
117 
122 
123 

Inche.. 
16 

18 
25 

31 
29 
23 
28 

Inche,. 
10 

3 
ill 

23 
16 

Ft.    In. 
50       0 
30      0 
33      0 
28      6 
43      6 

i      I 
45      6 

39  4 

49  10 

40  4 
52      6 
01       4 
57      0 
55      0 

50  0 

Inchen. 
66 
09 

48 
56 
50 
72 
40 
66 
02 
30 
72 
28 
40 

3o' 

24 

Ft.    In. 
80    10 
67      6 
78      3 
70      2 

100      8 
01       6 
92       7 

104     10 

100  2 
112      9 
112      9 

101  10 
107      5 

97      4 

Feet. 
15 

10 
12 
11 
14i 

9 
9 
8 
8 
9 
13 

14 

8 
10 

Feet. 

11 
25 
24 
30 
only 

10 
16 
18 

i 

27 
16 
21 

Feet. 
42 
31 
37 
36 
46 
one^lo 

28 
26 

35 
39 

25 
35 

Feet. 
55 
45 
47 

47 

Feet. 
69 
67 
62 

58 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

i 

77 
68 

'  cut ;  height  at  Hftv-eich 

t  years,  64  feet  10  inches. 

54 
41 
39 
47 

71 
52 
52 
66 
60 

82 
63 
64 

77 
70 
7n 

81 

75 
76 
87 
81 
an 

^99 
8C 
87 
07 
93 
«■> 

no 

infi 

Not  cut  into  sections. 

15 

36  ;       49       62         70           77         84         92         99       loej 

16 

52  1       58       63          69           74         80         83         90          96 

_ 



NOTES  TO  TABLE  lU. 

No.  1.  North  Berwick,  Me.;  near  foot  of  hill  sloping  to  north;  growth,  dense;  apparently  abandoned  farm  land;  shallow,  sandy  soil. 

No.  2.  South  Berwick,  Me.;  thrifty  second  growth,  in  valley  of  Great  Works  Kiver;  exhausted  farm  land  on  granitic  formation; 
sand  over  20  feet  deep,  well  stocked  with  White  Pino. 

No.  3.  North  Berwick,  Mo.;  near  foot  of  hill  sloping  to  north;  growth,  dense;  apparently  abandoned  fiirin  hind;  shallow,  sandy  soil. 

No.  4.  North  Kerwick,  Me. ;  near  foot  of  hill  sloping  to  nortb  ;  growth,  dense;  apparently  abandoned  farmland;  8h;illow,  sandy  soil. 

No.  5.  South  Berwick,  Me.;  thrifty  second  growth,  in  valley  of  Great  Works  Uiver;  exhausted  farm  land  on  granitic  formation; 
sand  over  20  feet  deep,  well  stocked  with  White  Pine. 

Nos.6-10.  North  Berwick,  Mo. ;  near  foot  of  hill  sloping  to  north ;  growth,  dense;  iipparoutly  abandoned  farm  land ;  shallow,  sandy  soil. 


l)E^■ELO^MKNT 


In  the  dense  forest  the  same  general  law  of  development,  namely,  of  slow  and  rapid  stages, 
prevails  for  dominant  trees  as  is  exemplified  by  the  foregoing  measurements  of  tiees  grown  in 
the  lield,  although  the  quantitative  progress  varies  somewhat.    According  to  the  relative  amount 


HEIGHT    GROWTH.  31 

of  light  at  the  disposal  of  the  crowu  the  rate  of  growth  differs,  and  there  is  I'ouiid,  therefore,  in  tlie 
forest  trees,  though  very  nearly  the  same  ag:e,  trees  of  different  heights,  according  to  the  success 
of  the  struggle  for  light  which  they  have  had  with  their  neighbors.  At  every  stage  of  the  devel- 
opment of  a  forest  growth,  after  its  juvenile  period,  the  trees  can  be  classified  into  dominant,  the 
tallest,  which  grow  with  their  entire  crown  in  full  enjoyment  of  light  and  space,  overtopping  their 
neighbors;  codomiuant,  which,  although  of  same  height,  have  their  crowns  narrowed  in,  but  still 
unimpeded  at  the  top;  while  others  (oppressed)  are  pressed  in  from  sides  and  top,  and  finally  are 
entirely  suppressed  and  die.  This  relationship  of  individuals  changes  from  time  to  time,  some  of 
the  codomiuant  gradually  falling  into  the  class  of  oppressed,  and  of  these  a  large  number  become 
suppressed.  Occasionally  a  codomiuant  becomes  dominant,  or  an  oppressed  one,  by  liberation  of 
its  oppressors,  through  storms  or  accident,  finds  opportunity  to  push  forward  and  make  up  for 
lost  time.  Thus,  a  natural  growth  may  start  with  a  hundred  thousand  seedlings  per  acre;  by  the 
twentieth  year  these  will  have  been  reduced  by  death  to  6,000,  and  by  the  hundredth  year  hardly 
300  may  be  left,  the  rest  having  succumbed  under  the  shade  of  the  survivors. 

It  is  owing  to  these  changes  that  in  analyzing  tree  growth  we  find  great,  often  unaccountable, 
variation  in  the  rate  of  growth  of  even  the  same  individual,  and  hence,  in  order  to  recognize  the 
average,  a  very  large  number  must  be  measured  to  even  out  the  deviations  from  the  law. 

For  the  same  reason  it  is  desirable  to  classify  the  trees  as  indicated  above  and  ascertain  the 
rate  of  growth  of  trees  grown  under  diffei-eut  light  conditions.  To  be  sure  trees  behave  also 
somewhat  differently  under  varying  conditions  of  soil,  climate,  and  exposure;  hence,  a  further 
classification  is  necessary  if  it  is  desired  to  establish  more  thau  the  mere  general  law  of  progress 
and  also  to  ascertain  the  influence  of  these  variable  conditions. 

In  a  general  way,  we  find,  as  in  the  trees  grown  in  the  open,  the  slow  seedling  stage  followed 
by  a  very  rapid  increase  in  the  annual  rate  of  growth,  beginning  with  the  sixth  year  and  reaching 
a  maximum  of  16  inches  with  the  tenth  year  in  dominant  trees.  With  trees  which  have  not 
enjoyed  access  to  light  to  the  same  extent  the  maximum  occurs  later;  hence,  in  codoininaut  trees 
it  is  reached,  with  13  inches,  in  the  twentieth  year,  while  the  oppressed  trees  reach  their  maximum 
current  accretion  still  later,  namely  at  forty  years,  with  less  than  12  inches  for  the  year.  As  soon 
as  this  highest  rate  is  reached  decline  takes  place  gradually  iu  all  classes,  much  faster  in  the 
dominant  trees  than  iu  the  less-favored  ones,  which  decline  in  the  rate  of  aunual  height  growth 
much  more  slowly. 

By  the  one  hundreth  year  the  annual  height  growth  is  reduced  to  from  6  to  7  inches,  the 
dominant  trees  showing  the  lower  rate,  which  continues  to  decline  until  about  the  one  hundred 
and  sixtieth  to  one  hundred  and  seventieth  year,  when  all  tree  classes  have  come  to  a  rate  of 
about  2  inches,  at  which  they  continue  to  grow,  slowly  but  evenly,  for  another  century. 

This  persistence  of  the  height  growth,  which  makes  old  trees  tower  40  to  50  feet  above  their 
broad-leafed  neighbors,  influences  also  the  shape  of  the  crown,  whic'i  does  not  flatten,  as  is  the 
case  with  most  pines.  Very  old  trees,  four  hundred  years  and  over,  rarely  exceed  a  height  of  160 
feet,  although  exceptional  individuals  have  been  found  of  the  unusual  height  of  200  feet. 

It  will  thus  appear  that  the  principal  height  growth  is  made  during  the  first  century,  the 
second  century  noting  a  persistent  but  only  slow  progress. 

If  we  take  the  average  of  all  the  yearly  accretions  at  any  one  year  of  the  life  of  the  tree 
(the  average  annual  accretion  at  that  year),  the  influences  which  have  been  at  work  during  the 
whole  lifetime  are  of  course  reflected;  therefore,  since  the  juvenile  period  shows  a  slow  growth, 
the  average  accretion  attains  its  maximum  much  later.  This  culmination  of  the  average  annual 
accretion  takes  jilace  much  earlier  in  the  more  favored  tree  classes,  namely,  at  about  the  twentieth 
to  fortieth  year,  after  that  declining,  while  iu  the  oppressed  it  does  not  occur  until  the  seventieth 
year,  maintaining  itself  afterwards  for  a  long  period. 

This  difference  would  also  appear  if  we  compared  better  and  poorer  sites.  In  other  words, 
when  the  annual  rate  of  growth  is  slow  it  remains  more  persistent  than  when  it  is  rapid.  The 
persistence  noted  in  oppressed  trees  indicates  also  the  shade  endurance  of  the  species.  From 
Table  IT,  which  gives  the  accretions  from  decade  to  decade  (periodic  accretion),  we  see  the 
capacity  of  the  species  to  thrive  in  spite  of  the  shade,  even  in  later  stages  of  its  life.  Even  after 
ninety  years  of  oppression,  when  the  tree  is  given  oi)portunity  by  increase  of  light,  it  is  still  able 


32 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


to  make  as  good  an  animal  height  growtli  as  its  more-favored  neighbors,  and  can  continue  the 
same  to  the  second  century.  From  tlie  table  of  lieights  at  various  ages  it  is  learned  that  the 
success  in  the  Juvenile  stages  after  all  tells  on  the  total  height  growth. 

Taule  IV. — Periodic  heiijht  growth,  by  decades,  of  dominant,  codominant,  and  opjireaaed pine. 


Class. 

DboailoH. 

1 

Ft. 

8 

2 
Fl. 

n 

12 

R 

3 

13 
10 
7 

Ft. 
13 
10 

6 

Fl. 
11 

12 
9 

6 

Fl. 

6 
q 

•7 

Fl. 

8 
8 

n 

Ft. 

7 
8 

9 

7 
6 

10 

Fl. 
6 
6 
C 

Ft. 
5 
5 
6 

12 

Fl. 
5 
5 
5 

1» 

Ft. 
i 
i 
5 

14 

Ft. 
3 

4 

15|l6 
Ft.^Ft. 

17 

Ft. 
3 

f 

18 

Ft. 
3 

f 

19 

Ft. 
3 
2 
3 

SO 

Ft. 
3 
2 
21 

21 

3 

82 

Ft. 

23 

24 

25 

Dominaiit 

Ft. 

Codominant 

•i 

2 

2 

* 

OppresBixl 

fii'li 


k 


40 


Effect  of  composition  of  forest  tipon  height  growth. 

The  height  development  of  White  Pine  seems  to  progress  more  rapidly  when  it  grows  mixed 
with  Other  species.  A  striking  instance  showing  how  the  height  growth  of  White  Pine  is  bene- 
lited  by  the  presence  of  other  species  is  given  in  the  diagram  (fig.  2),  wliich  represents  the  height 
growth  of  White  Pine  taken  from  two  sites  (a  and  h)  in  Presijue  Isle  County,  Mich.     The  sites 

were  about  5  or  C  miles  distant  from  each  other. 
/^^lit!M!i.;i.!iuiitixi.iiiLLii.i:i  ,  1  :  ■ . ! nu      The  soil  and   the   moisture  conditions  on  both 

sites  were  apparently  identical  (fresh  sand),  as 
were  the  total  number  of  trees  to  the  acre  (the 
sample  area  on  site  a  contained  181  trees  and 
that  on  site  h  189  trees)  and  the  age  of  the  trees 
and  their  distribution  over  the  ground  (density 
of  crown  cover).  The  only  difference  found  be- 
tween the  sample  areas  staked  off'  on  both  sites 
was  the  composition  of  the  forest.  Site  a  con- 
sisted of  a  mixed  growth  of  Norway  and  White 
Pine,  while  site  h  represented  practically  a  pure 
growth  of  White  Pine  save  a  few  small  Hemlock 
and  an  occasional  Norway  Pine.  The  diagram 
shows  that  tlie  White  Pine  on  site  a  was  exceed- 
ingly stimulated  in  its  height  growth  by  the 
presence  of  the  Norway  Pine. 

The  associated  species  entering  into  the 
struggle  for  light  with  the  White  Pine  naturally 
affect  the  i>rogress  of  the  height  growth  of  the 
pine.  The  ettects  of  the  associated  species  upon 
the  height  growth  of  White  Pine  and  the  iieriod  of  their  influence  depend  upon  the  capacity  of 
the  associated  species  to  grow  in  height  as  well  as  upon  the  time  when  the  associated  species  are 
cither  iutroduced  among  the  pine  or  received  it  under  their  shelter.  In  case,  for  instance,  hard- 
woods accompany  White  Pine  from  the  very  start  the  influence  of  the  hardwood  upon  the  height 
growth  of  the  pine  will  last  only  for  the  first  sixty  or  seventy  years,  that  is,  up  to  the  age  at  which 
most  of  the  hardwoods  practically  reach  their  maximum  height.  In  case  the  Norway  Pine  or  the 
Ilendock  starts  sinuiUaneously  with  the  White  Pine,  the  height  growth  of  the  White  I'ine  will  be 
stimulated  to  a  considerably  later  age,  because  the  Hemlock  or  Norway  Pine  tiontinues  to  grow  in 
height  at  a  similar  rate  for  a  longer  time.  When  the  White  Pine  happens  to  start  on  ground 
already  covered  with  other  species  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  be  interfered  with  in  its  growth  the 
associated  species,  if  capable  of  growing  in  height  to  a  later  age,  will  stimulate  the  height  growth 
of  the  White  Pine  for  a  considerably  longer  period.  All  this  is  clearly  demonstrated  in  the  accom- 
panying diagram  (fig.  .3),  representing  the  hciglit  growth  of  White  Pine  taken  from  three  sites 
(./',  A-,  and  /)  of  identically  the  same  conditions  except  as  to  composition  of  the  forest  and  theditler- 
ence  in  the  ages  between  the  pine  and  associated  s])ecies.  All  three  sites  had  a  well-drained 
clayey  loam  underlaid  by  a  laminated  shale  of  indefinite  depth.  The  White  Pine  on  site/ (Clear- 
field County,  Pa.)  was  mixed  with  Hemlock  of  a  large  size;  the  i)ine  on  this  site  had  started 


20"Av.      /.  /   ,  ,,     , 

■liliiliiiiiiiititii!! 


20 


40         60 
RCE. 


80 


rity,  Mich.; 


100 


3  growth. 


HEIGHT    GROWTH. 


33 


among  the  Hemlock,  which  stimulated  the  height  growth  of  the  pine  during  all  its  lifetime.  The 
White  Piue  on  site  k  (Jefl'erson  County,  Pa.)  was  mixed  with  Hemlock  of  a  small  unmerchantable 
size.  The  pine  here  had  started  simultaneously  with  the  Hemlock,  which  stimulated  the  height 
growth  of  the  pine  only  for  a  certain  period,  after  which  the  Hemlock,  being  overtopped  by  the 
pine,  was  out  of  the  struggle  and  left  in  the  capacity  of  an  underwood.  The  White  Pine  on  site  i, 
which  merged  into  site  k,  was  mixed  with  hardwoods,  which  stimulated  the  height  growth  of  the 
pine  for  the  first  sixty  years,  when  the  hardwoods  reached  their  maximum  height  and  then  with- 
drew from  the  competition,  leaving  the  pine  to  increase  the  height  on  its  own  account. 

The  influence  of  climate  and  soil  on  height  growth  will  further  appear  from  a  study  of  the 
tables  in  the  Appendix.  This  influence  on  height  growth  is  not  very  great,  if  we  confine  our 
inquiry  to  regions  of  best  development,  the  difference  rarely  exceeding  from  5  to  10  per  cent. 


MO 


0          £0        40         60         80 
/RGE 

■>.  3.— Diagra 

m  shiiwins  lieight  growth  of  Wliite  Pine  in  forest  of  varying  com] 
*:  and  i,  Jetterson  County 

/oo     120      mo     /BO 


Effect  of  locality  upon  height  (jroirth. 

Comparing  the  growth  in  different  localities,  it  ai)pears  that  the  trees  from  Pennsylvania 
started  at  a  lower  rate  than  those  in  all  other  localities,  but  after  the  twentieth  to  the  twenty-fifth 
year  they  surpass  all  others.  If  this  can  be  accepted  as  correct,  the  deduction  of  the  development 
in  early  youth  from  old  trees  being  subject  to  errors,  it  may  be  exi)lained  by  the  fact  that  these 
trees  grew  in  mixture  with  Hemlock  and  were  kept  back  by  the  shade  of  their  neighbors,  but  when 
they  had  outgrown  these  they  felt  the  stimulus  exerted  by  them. 

The  trees  from  Maine  and  Wisconsin,  also  starting  more  vigorously  than  those  from  Michigan, 
decline  and  sink  below  the  Michigan  trees  between  the  eightieth  and  ninetieth  year,  which  may  for 
Wisconsin  be  possibly  explained  by  the  retarding  influence  of  winds  after  the  pines  have  out- 
grown the  hardwoods,  while  in  Maine  the  poorer  soil  may  account  for  it.  Michigan,  with  its 
tempered  lake  climate,  presents  a  most  regular  and  persistent  height  curve,  coming  nearest  to  the 
average  of  all  locations. 

In  codominant  and  oppressed  trees  these  differences  do  not  come  to  nn  expression,  but  since 
the  classification  is  somewhat  doubtful  and  variations  within  wide  ranges  are  possible,  these  data 
are  hardly  to  be  used  for  comparison  as  to  locality  effects. 
20233— No.  22 3 


34  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

GROWTH   IN   THICKNESS. 

The  growth  in  thickness,  or  diameter  accretion,  although  remarkably  reguhir  in  this  species,  is 
much  more  variable,  but  it  is  also  more  persistent,  than  the  height  growth,  as  will  api)ear  from  the 
following  comparisons:  Thus,  in  five  groups  of  trees  from  different  sites,  ninety-four  to  one 
hundred  and  nine  years  old,  the  heights  differ  only  by  a  little  over  8  per  cent,  varying  from  91  to 
98i  feet,  while  the  diameters  differed  by  almost  50  per  cent,  varying  from  10  to  23.7  inches.  Again 
the  persistence  is  illustrated  by  the  comparison  of  the  height  growth  of  five  groups  from  two 
hundred  and  seven  to  two  liundred  and  thirty-three  years  old,  which  showed  an  increase  over  the 
grouj)  Just  mentioned  of  somewhat  over  20  per  cent,  while  the  diameters  were  by  30  per  cent 
greater;  and  if  the  poorest  groups  of  the  two  sets  had  been  compared  the  difference  would  have 
been  still  more  striking,  namely,  15  per  cent  for  the  height  as  against  37  per  cent  for  the  diameters. 

This  is  in  part  explained  by  the  fact  that,  where  the  seedling  springs  up  in  the  virgin  forest, 
it  is  very  apt  to  be  suppressed  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period  by  the  large  mother  trees  and  the 
host  of  deciduous  and  other  forms  which  make  up  the  forest  cover.  While  the  height  growth  is 
by  this  shade  also  impeded,  this  is  not  so  to  the  same  degree  as  the  diameter,  which  is  a  direct 
function  of  the  amount  of  foliage  that  is  at  work. 

The  sapling  may  thus  remain  a  slender  pole  for  many  years,  and  not  until  it  is  able  to  lift  its 
head  above  its  crowding  neighbors,  or  until  light  has  been  admitted  to  its  branches,  does  it  begin 
to  expand  its  crown  and  consecjuently  thicken  its  stem. 

In  managed  forests,  or  in  tracts  where  from  any  cause  crowding  has  been  prevented,  the 
growth  in  diameter  progresses  somewhat  more  in  the  manner  of  the  height  growth,  namely,  slowly 
at  first,  then  rapidly  until  the  maximum  is  attained,  when  a  slowly  decreasing  rate  sets  in.  In 
the  seedling  the  diameter  growth  is  exceedingly  small,  very  rapid  in  the  young  trees,  when  the 
annual  ring  is  often  one-sixth  to  one-half  of  an  inch  wide,  but  decreases  with  the  slower  rate  of 
height  growth.  When  the  tree  is  sixty  to  eighty  years  old,  the  yearly  ring  is  commonly  not  more 
than  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  wide;  it  then  gradually  sinks  to  one-fifteenth  of  an  inch,  which  is  then 
maintained  throughout  life,  rarely  falling  to  one  twenty-fifth  of  an  inch. 

The  average  annual  accretion  reaches  its  maximum  about  the  fiftieth  to  the  sixtieth  year 
with  somewhat  over  one-fifth  of  an  inch  on  the  diameter  of  dominant  trees,  whi(;h  rate  is  nearly 
maintained  to  the  one  hundred  and  fiftieth  year. 

Thrifty  trees  at  forty  years  of  age  grown  in  the  forest,  measure  from  6  to  9  inches  in  diameter 
breast  high;  at  fifty  years,  from  10  to  12  inches;  at  eighty  years,  15  to  17  inches;  and  they  reach 
a  diameter  of  18  to  20  inches  by  the  time  they  are  a  hundred  years  old. 

To  attain  a  diameter  of  30  to  40  inches,  which  represents  the  best  merchantable  material 
of  days  now  almost  passed,  more  than  two  hundred  years  have  been  required,  while  trees  four 
hundred  to  four  hundred  and  fifty  years  old  attain  diameters  of  .W  to  60  inches  and  over.  Trees 
of  40  inches  diameter  at  three  hundred  years  were  by  no  means  rare. 

To  be  sure,  there  are  exceptional  individuals  which  exceed  these  dimensions,  and  variation  iu 
the  rate  of  growth,  due  to  soil,  climate,  and  surrounding  conditions,  are  naturally  as  frequent  as 
in  heiglit  growth. 

The  progress  of  diameter  development  of  dominant,  codominant,  and  oppressed  tree  classes, 
and  in  different  localities,  is  exhibited  in  the,  tables  and  diagrams  in  the  Appendix. 

The  usual  method  is  to  determine  the  diamciters  at  4A  feet  from  the  ground  (breast  high),  not 
only  because  when  measuring  standing  trees  the  measurement  is  most  conveniently  made  at  this 
height,  but  because  the  lower  diameters  show  much  more  irregularity.  There  is  also  more  wood 
deposited  near  the  base  at  and  above  the  root  collar,  giving  rise  to  the  so-called  I'oot  swelling  (butt 
swelling),  undoubtedly  a  jjrovision  to  strengthen  the  stability  of  the  tree.  Unfortunately  for  the 
investigations  here  recorded,  it  was  not  practicable  to  have  the  trees  cut  and  measured  at  breast 
height,  since  the  measurements  were  made  on  trees  felled  in  regular  lumbering  operations,  exposiiig 
only  the  cross  sections  at  the  height  of  the  stumj),  mostly  2i  feet  above  ground,  and  at  log  lengths. 
Even  at  that  height  (2.^  feet  above  ground),  a  difference  in  the  progress  of  diameter  growth  from 
that  on  higher  cross  sections  is  noticeable  and  becomes  especially  pronounced  in  later  life,  as 
is  shown  iu  the  curves  representing  the  progress  of  diameter  growth  on  cross  sections  at  various 
heights. 

The  diameters  here  given  for  the  lowest  section  are,  therefore,  somewhat  larger  than  those 
usually  employed,  namely,  breast  high,  especially  in  later  years. 


GROWTH    IN    THICKNESS. 


35 


The  liigher  sections  exhibit  not  only  a  reguhir  course,  but  an  entirely  siraihir  one,  from  cross 
section  to  cross  section.  There  is  no  reason  to  assume  that  the  course  at  breast  height  would  not 
follow  the  same  law;  therefore  there  can  be  constructed  a  curve  for  this  height  similar  to  the 
curves  of  liigher  sections,  using  for  guide  points  the  data  obtained  from  a  series  of  measurements 
made  to  establish  the  yield  of  pine  in  which  trees  were  measured  at  breast  height  (compiled  in 
tables  in  the  Appendix).  This  has  been  done  on  the  diagram  in  the  Appendix,  which  shows  the 
diameter  development  of  diflerent  cross  sections  for  dominant  trees.  From  this  can  be  read 
the  following  average  dimensions  as  approximating  the  diameters  of  each  decade,  leaving  out 
the  uncertain  Juvenile  stage: 

Diameter,  hreant  hiijh,  of  White  Pine  {averages  approximated),  in  inches. 


1 

20  1  80 

40  1  50  1  60   70 

80 

90 

100   110   120  1  180 

\M      150 

160 

170  t  180   190 

200 

"" 

In.       In.       In.       In. 
8   11.5   13.5    15 

10.  5 

In. 
17.8 

In.      In.      In.   !  In. 
19   20.2   21.3   22.2 

In.      In. 
23  23.8 

In. 
24.5 

In.      In.       In. 
25.2  26.4  26.8 

In. 
27.5 

That  these  figures  may  be  considerably  exceeded  (even  by  50  to  60  per  cent)  under  favorable 
conditions  will  appear  from  the  various  tables  of  measurements  in  the  Appendix.  Especially  is 
this  the  case  in  the  second-growth  groves  of  pine. 

As  will  be  readily  seen  in  the  curves  after  the  Juvenile  stage,  during  which  the  diameter 
grows  very  slowly,  an  acceleration  in  the  rate  takes  place,  which  soon  reaches  a  maximum, 
continuing  at  that  for  a  short  time,  and  then  slowly  and  persistently  declining  from  about  .'i  inches 
per  decade  between  forty  and  fifty  years  to  1^  inches  at  one  hundred  years,  and  half  that  amount 
at  two  hundred  years. 

DETAII.   MEASIIRISMENTS   OF   ANNUAL   GAIN   IN   CIRCUMFERENCK. 

An  interesting  set  of  most  accurate  observations  have  been  made  and  reported  by  Mr. 
Nathaniel  Morton,  of  Plymouth,  Mass.,  exhibiting  38  young  trees  of  White  Pine,  which  had 
sprung  up  among  oak  and  other  hardwoods,  mixed  with  White  Pine  and  a  few  Pitch  Pine  in  an 
old,  rather-neglected  piece  of  woods,  and  which  were  measured  every  year  from  1891  up  to  1898. 
The  trees  stand  rather  open.  The  age  varied  from  twenty-eight  to  forty-two  years,  most  trees 
being  between  thirty  and  thirty-six  years  old  and  their  average  ago  thirty-six  years  in  1891. 

In  1891  the  average  cross  section  3  feet  from  ground  was  131  square  inches;  in  1898,  197 
square  inches;  the  growth  00  sciuare  inches,  or  about  9  square  inches  per  year,  one  tree  making 
15  square  inches  per  year.  This  growth  corresponds  to  a  growth  in  circumference  of  about  1.3 
inches  per  year,  or  a  growth  in  diameter  of  four-tenths  of  an  inch  per  year. 

The  detail  measurements  are  given  in  the  following  table: 

Table  V. — Annual  gain  in  circumference  of  White  Pine  trees  in  Massachusetts. 


Number  of  tree. 


Gain,  in  quarter  inches. 


1892  1893  1894  1895  1896 


Number  of  tree. 


Total 

Total  in  inches. 

Percentage  o  f 
gain  as  com. 
pared  with 
gain  of  1891... 

Average  gain 
per  tree  (in 
inches) 


Gain,  in  quarter  inches. 


1891  1892  1893  1894  1895  1896 


139     190 
14}~47J 


100     135     184 


181      157      168 


Total 
in  six 
years. 


36 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


AREA    ACCRETION. 

While  the  diameter  accretion  decreases  in  rate  continuously  after'  the  juvenile  stage,  the 
growth  of  the  areas  or  layer  of  wood  corresponding  to  the  diameter  increments  follows  by  no 
means  the  same  course. 

After  the  juvenile  stage,  which  is  determined  by  the  formation  of  a  definite  crown,  and  when 
the  diameter  has  attained  at  least  C  inches  the  cross-section  area  begins  to  increase  in  arithmetical 
progression;  a  constantly  increasing  rate  prevails  until  a  maximum  is  attained,  which  comes 
between  the  sixtieth  and  one  hundred  and  twentieth  year,  and  then  continues  remarkably  uniform 
for  a  long  period.  No  decline  is  noticeable  until  after  the  second  century  has  begun.  In  codominant 
and  oppressed  trees  tlie  area  as  well  as  the  diameter  accretion  move  somewhat  diflerently,  the 
maximum  rate  coming  later  and  lasting  a  shorter  time,  tlu^  decline  following  soon  after  the 
maximum. 


Since  size  of  crown  and  light  conditions  regulate  the  amount  of  diameter  growth,  it  is  evident 
that  trees  with  well-developed  free  crowns  form  more  wood  than  those  crowded,  the  dominant  more 
than  the  oppressed,  and  those  on  lawns  more  than  those  in  the  dense  forest.  Moreover,  in  these 
latter  the  wood  is  differently  disposed  along  the  trunk  than  in  tlie  former.  Not  only  do  trees 
grown  in  the  open  throw  their  energy  into  branch  growth,  but  the  accretion  on  the  bole  is  laid  on 
in  layers,  increasing  in  width  from  top  to  base.  The  result  is  a  more  rapi<l  taper  than  in  forest- 
grown  trees,  in  which  each  annual  layer  is  wider  at  the  top  than  at  tiie  base  of  the  tree,  producing 
thereby  a  more  cylindrical  form. 

The  following  table  exhibits  in  the  measurements  of  six  trees  this  variation  in  the  width  of 
the  same  annual  rings  at  different  heights,  and  also  in  general  the  mode  of  diameter  growth  in 
these  trees.  More  elaborate  tables,  showing  the  diameter  growth  of  White  Pine  at  various  heights 
from  the  ground  for  dominant,  ciodominant,  and  oppressed  trees  in  various  parts  of  its  range, 
together  with  diagrams,  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix: 


cler  growth  offoreet-grc 


he  iij  Ills  from  ground. 


WjclUi  of  rings,  in  millimeters. 

Age  of 
tree. 

of  sec- 
tion 
from 
ground. 

-{, 
33 
49 
68 

16 
34 
50 
66 

18 
34 
50 
66 

16 

28 
42 
58 
76 

18 
34 
50 
66 

18 
42 
58 

70 
80 

Single  fjroups  of  ten  rings,  beginning 
at  periphery. 

Accumulative,  by  groupa  of  ten  rings,  beginning  at 
periphery. 

14 
15 
19 
27 

9 
14 
16 
19 

11 
12 
13 
14 

13 
20 
19 

iS 

19 
23 
24 
25 

13 
13 
13 
16 
11 

1_ 

19 
21 

68 

10 
16 
22 
19 

13 
15 
17 
25 

26 
24 

28 
33 
19 

25 
33 
34 
35 

18 

21 
25 
29 

s 

21 
32 
39 

4 

17 
28 
27 

6 

17 
34 

6 

13 

7 
18 

8 
22 

» 

10 

14 
15 
19 
27 

9 

It 
19 

]l 
13 
14 

13 
20 
19 
20 
24 

19 
23 
24 
25 

13 
13 
13 
10 

11 

20 

33 

36 
47 
85 

19 
30 
38 
38 

24 
27 
.30 
39 

39 
44 
47 
53 
63 

44 

11 
60 

31 
32 
34 
41 
40 

SO 

54 
68 
86 

„ 

96 
113 

50 

88 
130 

60 

101 

70 

80    j    90 

100 

141 

Tears. 
115 

105 
102 



16 

i 
32 

16 
18 
23 
24 

21 
28 
31 
45 

20 
27 
37 

21 
31 
40 

40 
52 

39 

35 

63 

70 

40 
45 
53 
63 

60 
72 
78 
98 

55 
80 
100 

76 
111 
140 

116 

155 

15 
20 
31 
36 

24 

41 

15 
22 
39 
42 

24 
39 

20 
36 
39 

32 
50 

48 

65 
65 
84 
98 

84 
103 
119 

70 
87 
123 
140 

108 
142 
155 

123 
162 

173 

170 

■■ 

28 

136 
170 

177 





27 
35 
34 

28 

26 
31 

31 

as 

71 
91 
92 

99 
135 
132 

125 
166 

156 

191 

21 
20 

29 

21 
22 
26 
32 

24 

25 
27 
35 

25 
27 

21 
35 
40 

21 
32 
32 

11 

52 
66 
66 
69 

73 
74 
82 
98 

97 

100 
133 

122 
126 
141 

143 
101 
181 

164 

182 
210 

193 

■ 

_ 

From  such  tabulations  the  taper,  factor  of  shape,  or  form  factor,  may  be  derived  (see  Tables 
II  and  V  in  Appendix),  whi(!h  denotes  the  deviation  of  the  shape  of  the  tree  from  a  cylinder. 
Tiiis  factor  varies  between  0.40  for  the  older  trees  and  larger  diameters  to  0.50  for  younger  and 


GROWTH    m   VOLUME.  37 

more  slender  trees,  a  factor  of  0.45  being  about  the  average  for  centenarians — that  means  the 
volume  of  a  hundred-year-old  tree  is  forty-flve  one-hundredths  of  a  cylinder  of  the  diameter, 
measured  at  breast  height  and  the  height  of  the  tree. 

This  factor  varies,  of  cour.se,  according  to  the  ratio  between  diameter  and  height,  and  since  in 
codominant  and  oppressed  trees  this  ratio  is  a  different  one  from  that  of  dominant  trees,  as  we  have 
seen,  their  factor  of  shape  is  also  different  from  that  for  dominant  trees,  that  is,  their  taper  differs, 
the  former  being  more  cylindrical  than  the  latter.  This  will  appear  from  a  comparison  of  the 
taper  of  trees  as  recorded  in  Table  II  of  the  Appendix,  in  which  small  diameters  with  compara- 
tively long  shafts  indicate  the  codominant  and  suppressed  trees.  Those  with  short  lengths  and 
large  diameters  are  trees  grown  in  open  stand. 

From  Table  II,  Appendix,  we  also  see  that  the  taper  varies  within  wide  limits  from  less  than  1 
inch  to  5  inches  for  every  l(i  feet,  although  in  the  majority  of  cases  it  lies  between  2  and  3  inches. 
The  tops  taper,  to  be  sure,  much  faster  than  the  middle  portion;  and,  again,  in  older  trees  espe- 
cially, the  butt  logs  much  faster  than  the  upper  portions,  which  are  outside  of  the  influence  of  the 
root  swelling. 

In  young  trees  which  make  three  log  lengths  of  .16  feet,  it  will  be  safe  to  allow  li  inches  for 
the  first  two  logs  and  2  inches  for  the  last  one  as  the  average  taper.  In  medium  sized  trees, 
making  four  to  live  log  lengths,  an  allowance  of  2  inches  on  the  whole  will  fairly  represent  the  aver- 
age taper,  or  one-eighth  of  an  inch  for  every  foot  in  length.  In  old  trees  which  furnish  five  and  six 
or  more  logs,  an  allowance  of  4  to  .5  and  even  7  to  S  inches  must  be  made  for  the  first  log  and  3  to 
4  inches  for  the  two  top  logs,  while  the  middle  portions  show  a  more  regular  and  less  variable 
taper  of  about  2  inches,  or  one-eighth  of  an  inch  per  foot. 

GROWTH   IN   VOLUME. 

During  the  juvenile  stages  the  volume  growth  of  the  White  Pine,  as  of  most  trees,  is  insig- 
nificant, a  dominant  tree  of  twenty  years  measuring  not  more  than  0.5  cubic  foot,  which  means  an 
average  accretion  of  0.025  cubic  foot  per  year.  For  the  third  decade  the  amount  of  wood  formed 
is  over  three  times  what  it  was  during  the  first  two  decades,  and  at  fifty  years  the  bole  of  a  domi- 
nant tree  may  contain  from  10  to  14  cubic  feet  and  over,  the  average  annual  accretion  having 
come  up  to  one-fourth  of  a  cubic  foot,  or  ten  times  what  it  was  at  twenty  years. 

Now,  after  the  rapid  height-growth  period,  with  fully  developed  crowns,  a  rapid  rate  of 
volume  growth  sets  in,  increasing  with  each  year,  in  arithmetical  progression,  until  at  sixty  to 
seventy  years  the  current  accretion  has  become  1  cubic  foot  and  over,  and  at  one  hundred  years 
as  much  as  li  cubic  feet  is  attained.  After  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-fifth  year  the  increase 
in  the  rate  abates,  yet  before  the  second  century  it  has  become  2  cubic  feet,  and  remains  then 
practically  stationary  for  another  century  at  least. 

Some  of  the  oldest  trees  (four  hundred  and  fifty  years  and  over)  measured  contained  600  to 
800  cubic  feet  of  wood  in  the  stem  alone,  the  largest,  with  855  cubic  feet,  indicating  an  average 
annual  accretion  for  this  long  life  of  over  1.8  cubic  feet. 

While  the  current  annual  accretion  after  the  fiftieth  year  is  rapidly  increasing,  the  average 
annual  accretion,  affected  by  the  earlier  stages  of  slow  growth,  increases  naturally  more  slowly. 
For  the  first  one  hundred  years  the  average  is  about  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  of  a  cubic  foot 
for  dominant  i)ine,  making  the  volume  about  70  cubic  feet.  It  increases  to  1  cubic  foot  at  one 
hundred  and  fifty  years  and  1^,  cubic  feet  at  two  hundred  years,  and,  as  shown  above,  gains 
gradually  until  old  age. 

The  progress  in  volume  growth  naturally  varies  under  dittercnt  soil  conditions  and  with  tree 
classes.  In  a  general  way,  the  oppressed  trees  and  those  on  poorer  sites  do  not  begin  the  period 
of  rapid  volume  growth  as  early  as  the  dominant  classes,  but  just  as  in  the  height  growth,  which 
is  similarly  delayed,  the  rate  when  once  at  its  maximum  persists  with  great  uniformity  until 
about  the  one  hundred  and  fortieth  to  one  hundred  and  sixtieth  year,  when  a  decrease  becomes 
noticeable. 

The  tables  and  diagrams  in  the  Appendix  show,  by  figures  and  graphically,  the  progress  of 
diameter,  height,  and  volume  accretion  for  dominant,  codominant,  and  oppressed  trees  throughout 
the  range  of  the  species.    Comparing  the  growth  from  the  several  localities  represented,  a  striking 


38  THE   WHITE    PINE. 

iliflereni'c  is  not  observed.  It  would  appear  that  iu  similar  soils  the  White  Pine  grows  at  about 
the  same  rate,  with  similar  persistence,  and  to  the  same  dimensions  in  all  parts  of  its  range. 

In  Europe,  too,  as  appears  from  a  table  on  page  0!),  Its  growth  as  well  as  its  general  behavior, 
at  least  in  the  forests  of  Germany,  is  fully  as  favorable  as  at  home. 

Besides  dilfercnces  as  result  of  soils,  an  influence  of  the  composition  of  the  forest  is  noticeable. 
Wliite  Pine  mixed  with  Hemlock  (Pennsylvania  stations)  shows  a  more  rapid  growth  for  the  first 
one  hundred  and  thirty  years,  while  among  hardwoods  (Wisconsin  stations)  the  next  one  hundred 
years  seem  to  produce  the  thriftiest  growth.  This  is  perhaps  explained  by  the  fact  that  in  the 
latter  mixture  the  White  Pine  has  after  the  first  one  huiulred  years  its  entire  crown  above  the 
shorter  hardwoods,  and  hence  is  in  full  enjoyment  of  light. 

The  so-called  "second  growth"  pine  develops  somewhat  differently,  because,  as  a  rule,  it  does 
not  start  in  a  dense  growth,  enjoying  the  light  conditions  of  the  open  stand,  the  single  individuals 
make  a  more  rapid  volume  growth,  until  they  have  closed  uj),  and  forest  conditions  prevail.  This 
is  fully  exhibited  in  the  measurements  of  young  groves  in  Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire, 
tabulated  in  the  Appendix. 

In  managed  woods,  where  the  number  of  trees  allowed  to  grow  per  acre  is  under  control,  the 
volume  accretion  may  also  be  accelerated;  the  growth  energy  of  the  site  being  then  exerted  on 
fewer  individuals,  each  one  deposits  larger  amounts.  What  this  increase  can  be  may  be  inferred 
from  the  table  on  page  G9,  which  records  the  growth  of  White  Pine  in  Germany. 

CUBIC  CONTENTS  OF  TREES. 

Having  ascertained  by  a  large  number  of  measurements  the  diameters,  heights,  and  factors 
of  shape  possessed  by  trees  under  all  sorts  of  conditions,  the  cubic  contents  of  such  trees  can 
be  calculated  and  recorded  in  a  table  for  further  use,  by  refereuce,  in  measuring  contents  of  trees. 
Such  table  for  White  Pine  of  different  diameters  and  heights  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  from 
which  the  contents  in  cubic  feet  of  the  bole  of  a  tree  whose  diameter  at  breast  height  has  been 
measui-ed  and  whose  height  has  been  estimated  or  measured  can  at  once  be  read  otf. 

LIMBKR   CONTKNT.S   (iK   TUEE.S. 

The  total  cubic  contents,  being  based  on  mathematical  considerations  alone,  is  the  only 
rational  measure  of  the  volume.  By  stating  contents  in  board  measure  we  introduce  at  once  a 
number  of  uncertain  factors,  which  are  variable  in  the  practice,  such  as  the  lowest-size  diameter 
to  which  logs  are  taken;  the  size  of  the  lumber  that  is  cut,  from  one  half  inch  boards  to  square 
beams;  the  saw  used,  which  determines  the  loss  iu  kerf,  and  the  skill  of  the  sawyer,  who  can 
waste  a  large  proportion  in  slabs  and  inconsiderate  use  of  the  logs.' 

In  these  losses  there  is  no  allowance  made  for  crooks  or  rot,  which  would  reduce  the  results 
still  further,  so  that  hardly  one-third  of  the  total  volume  of  the  tree  would  seem  to  reappear  in 
the  shape  of  lumber,  provided  the  log  scales  used  are  correct,  which  anticipate  a  loss  of  44  per 
cent  (Scribuer)  to  50  per  cent  (Doyle)  in  sawdust,  slabs,  and  edgings  for  14-inch  logs,  the  average 
size  of  logs  in  the  northern  xnneries. 

As  a  nuitter  of  fact,  in  good  modern  mill  practice,  not  only  does  no  such  waste  occur  as  is 
indicated  in  these  'og  scales,  even  if  all  logs  were  cut  into  inch  boards,  but  iu  addition  small  logs 
are  worked  into  dimension  material  li  by  4,  2  by  6,  4  by  4,  etc.,  in  which  the  loss  is  reduced  to  a 
minimum;  thus  an  8-in(!h  log  nuiy  bo  cut  to  6  by  6  inches.  It  then  would  make,  if  10  feet  long, 
not  16  to  25  feet  B.  M.,  but  48  feet.  Since  the  bulk  of  our  pine  material  is  now  obtained  from 
small  logs  (over  one-half  below  14  inches  diameter),  these  difl'erences  are  of  considerable  practical 
importance. 

'  A  careful  examination  and  measurement  of  one  hundred  trees  of  AVhite  Pine  was  made  by  Mr.  Fillbert  Uoth 
to  ascertain  what  rational  allowance  should  be  made  on  the  cubic  contents  of  trees  when  converted  into  lumber. 
The  average  diameter  of  the  trees  measured  was  28  inches,  breast  high  with  bark,  and  the  height  100  feet,  the  factor 
of  shape  0.43,  that  is  to  say,  they  were  old  trcrs  with  a  moderate  taper.  They  .avcragc^d  1.2  logs  of  16  feet  per  tree, 
whi(^h  rei)re8entecl  76  per  cent  of  the  total  volume  of  the  bole  with  bark,  24  per  cent  being  lost  in  the  top  and  stump 
and  in  the  bark.  The  lumber  contents  of  those  logs,  calculated  by  Scribner's  log  rule,  represented  only  39.5  per  cent 
of  the  total  volume  of  the  tree,  that  is  to  say,  over  60  piT  cent  of  the  whole  tree  is  supposed  not  to  reappear  in  the 
lumber,  the  saw  waste  representing  48  per  cent  of  the  log  volume  and  36  per  cent  of  the  total  volume  of  the  tree. 


CONDITIONS    OF    DEVELOPMENT. 


39 


Based  upou  a  proper  cousideration  of  these  practices,  it  will  appear  that  au  average  allowance 
of  30  per  cent  iu  saw  waste  on  the  volume  of  logs  of  all  sizes  is  more  tbau  ample,  and  that  the 
lumber  yield  given  in  the  following  table  and  computed  on  this  assumption  of  waste,  although 
being  for  same  sizes  even  100  per  cent  above  the  log  scales  in  use,  remains  still  below  the 
practically  obtainable  results: 

jAimber  contents  in  IH-fool  Uxje. 


Diameter 

at  small 

end. 

.Tudsou's 
favorite. 

Doyle  rule. 

Scribner 
rule. 

Computed 

Waste. 

for  30  per 
cent  waste. 

By  Scrib- 
ner. 

By  Doyle. 

Inches. 
8 
10 

12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 

Feet  B.  M. 
22 

37 

64 

95 
142 
197 
248 
32i 
302 
476 
562 

FeetB  M. 

16 

64 
100 
144 
196 
256 
324 
400 
484 
576 

Feet  B.  M. 
25 
49 

79 
114 
159 
213 
280 
334 
404 
500 
582 

Feet  B.  M. 
32  to  48 

46 
60  to  85 

72 
100  to  130 

105 

142 

187 

237 

292 

336 

420 

Per  cent. 
61 
50 

47 
44 

37 
33 
34 
33 
30 
29 

Per  cent. 
76 
65 

57 
51 
46 

39 
36 
33 
32 
30 

In  estimating  the  cut  of  lumber  that  may  be  obtained  from  a  given  area,  there  must,  to  be  sure, 
an  allowance  be  made  iu  addition  for  unserviceable,  crooked,  knotty,  rotten  material,  which  may 
reach  from  15  to  20  per  cent,  and,  furthermore,  an  allowance  for  the  loggers'  risk  in  breakages  and 
other  losses,  which  may  be  figured  at  10  to  12  per  cent. 

To  give,  however,  an  approximate  idea  of  the  lumber  contents  of  trees  of  various  diameters 
and  heights,  these  have  been  calculated  for  a  number  of  trees  and  recorded  in  Table  II,  p.  87, 
in  the  Appendix. 

From  these  measurements,  which  are  based  upon  Doyle's  log  scale,  the  following  tabulation  is 
made,  showing  approximately  the  increase  of  lumber  contents  with  diameter  growth  and  age. 
From  this  it  would  appear  that  the  greatest  per  cent  ofincrea.se  occurs  during  the  period  from  the 
fortieth  to  seventieth  year,  while  in  the  fortieth  year  the  average  annual  growth  in  voiume  has 
been  about  one-third  of  a  cubic  foot,  in  the  seventieth  year  it  is  nearly  2  cubic  feet,  jV  six  times  as 
great,  and  by  the  one  hundredth  year  this  rate  is  doubled,  centenarians  containing  about  '100 
feet  B.  M.  During  the  next  century  the  trees  make  twice  as  much  lumber  wood,  for  now  all  wood 
deposited  makes  lumber : 

Increase  in  Iniiiber  eontents  witk  size. 


Per  cent  of 

Diameter 
breast 
high. 

Height. 

Approxi- 
mate age. 

Lumber. 

^Average 
cretion. 

Pcrioilio  ac- 
cretion. 

increase 

Inchei. 

Feel. 

Teari. 

FeetB.U. 

Cubicfeet. 

Feet  B.  M. 

Per  cent. 

7  to    9 

50  to    70 

40 

.   14 

0.35 

10  to  12 

50  to    80 

55 

50 

.9 

36 

17 

13  to  15 

55  to  115 

70 

1.8 

80 

17 

18  to  18 

75  to  125 

85 

3 

13U 

22  to  24 

85  to  140 

140 

650 

4.6 

210 

1.7 

25  to  27 

83  to  ISO 

185 

940 

290 

28  to  30 

85  to  150 

230 

1,200 

5 

260 

.6 

CONDITIONS    OF    DEVELOPMENT. 
DKMANDS   UPON   CLIMATE  AND   SOIL. 


The  wide  field  of  its  natural  distribution  and  the  thriftiness  with  which  the  White  Pine 
develops  in  climates  outside  of  its  native  home  show  that  it  is  quite  ada])tive  as  far  as  climatic  con- 
ditions are  concerned.    Yet,  from  the  manner  of  its  tl^yelopment  within  the  climatic  range  of  its 


40  THE   WHITE   PINE. 

occurrence,  its  use  for  forestal  purposes  would  seem  to  be  circumscribed  by  conditions  of  humid 
and  cool  atmospheres,  sucih  as  arc  found  in  northern  latitudes  and  high  altitudes.  Its  distribution 
is  manifestly  more  dependent  on  humidity  than  on  temperature,  or  rather,  on  a  low  transpiration 
factor,  that  is,  such  a  relation  of  heat  and  moisture,  both  at  the  foot  and  at  the  top,  that  the  thin 
foliage  can  readily  perform  its  functions;  hence,  its  failure  in  cultivation  in  the  trans-Missouri 
States,  the  contraction  of  its  southern  field  to  the  high  altitudes,  and  its  best  development  in 
quantity  if  not  in  (juality  within  the  influence  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  to  the  northward  and 
eastward. 

While  adapting  itself  readily  to  almost  any  variety  of  soil,  the  White  Pine  manifestly  prefers 
one  with  a  fair  admixture  of  sand,  insuring  a  moderately  rapid  drainage.  The  pine  tribe  in 
general  occupies  the  sandy  soils,  to  which  it  is  better  adapted  than  most  of  the  deciduous  tree 
species;  but  the  White  Pine  is  capable  of  disputing  possession  with  its  competitors  even  of  the 
fresh  medium-heavy  loam  and  clay  soils,  making  here  the  best  individual  growth. 

Its  shallow  root  system,  in  which  it  resembles,  as  in  many  other  respects,  the  spruces,  permits 
it  to  accompany  the  latter  to  the  thinner  soils  of  the  rocky  slopes  in  the  Adirondacks  and  New 
England  States,  although  here  its  development  is  naturally  less  thrifty.  Its  growth  on  the  rocky 
hills  of  Massachusetts  within  the  hardwoods  of  that  region  is,  however,  at  least  for  the  first  sixty 
to  eighty  years  not  much  less  thrifty  than  in  the  better  soils  in  the  valleys.  It  does  not  shun  even 
the  wetter  atid  occasionally  overflowed  and  swampy  ground,  and  is  here  found,  together  with  the 
Fir,  Arborvita^  and  even  Tamarack;  yet,  on  the  dry,  light  sandy,  coarse,  and  gravelly  soil  the 
Bed  Pine  and  Jack  Pine  seem  to  be  able  to  outdo  it. 

ASSOCIATEn   SPECIES. 

The  Wliite  Pine  is  less  gregarious  than  any  other  pines  of  the  Eastern  United  States.  Although 
it  occurs  in  pure  growths  as  true  pinery  on  the  red  clays  and  moister  gravels,  it  more  frequently 
is  an  admixture  in  the  hardwoods,  sharing  with  them  the  compacter,  heavier  soils  from  which  the 
other  pines  are  excluded. 

Spruce,  Hemlock,  and  Arborvitic  (Cedar)  are  most  frequent  concomitants  of  the  White  Pine 
in  Canada;  various  species  of  Birch  and  Maple  with  Beech  and  Spruce  form  the  composition  of 
the  forest  in  the  Adirondacks,  overtowered  by  the  pines,  and  there  is  hardly  any  species  of  the 
Northern  Atlantic  forest  which  in  one  or  the  other  region  of  its  distribution  may  not  be  found  in 
association  with  the  White  Pine. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  hardwoods  as  a  rule  occupy  the  better  soils,  the  best  individual 
development  of  the  White  Pine  is  also  found  in  these  lui.xtures.  In  the  pinery  of  the  northwest 
Ked  Pine  and  Jack  Pine  are  the  associates,  while  the  Pitch  Pine  ( /'.  rujiAa),  and,  in  the  southern 
field,  the  Shortleaf  Pine  (P.  cchinatu)  arc  not  unfrequently  found  in  its  company. 

The  samples  of  "acre  yields"  following  will  serve  to  illustrate  more  iu  detail  the  manner  of 
distribution,  the  associations,  and  the  caiiacity  of  White  Pine  in  the  native  forests  in  different 
parts  of  its  range.     More  extensive  tabulation  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 


CONDITIONS   OF   DEVELOPMENT. 


41 


Table  VI. — Acre  yield  of  ll'hite  Pine  on  sites  in  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maine. 

WISCONSIN. 

Site  a :  ■Washburn  County. 


White  Pine. 

Basswood. 

m 

Elm. 

Yellow  Birch 

Butternut. 

Hornbeam. 

Description  o,"  site. 

1 

69 

In. 
14 
16 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
38 
29 

31 

:!4 
3.^1 

:i6 

37 
38 
39 
40 

w 

Ft. 

i 
i 

Vc 

1 

71 
288 
210 
114 
280 
918 
1,440 

li 

» 

1. 

li 

In. 

t 

i 

1 

a 

•A 
5 

■s 

1. 

P 

In. 
3  to  6 

Ft. 
40 

1 

1 

1. 

if 

In. 
3  to  6 

w 

Ft. 

40 

i 

■s 

1 

1 

12 
lb 
2 
3 

1 

li 

In. 
3  to  10 
6  to  10 
10tol4 
14  to  18 
19 

1 

Ft. 
40 
60 

1 

1 

■s 

1. 
r 

5 

In. 

t 

J 

'I 
1 
1 

1. 

P 

5 

6tol0 

Sample  area,  1  acre,  1,200  feet 
above    sea.     Ase   of    nine, 
200  to  220  years.    Number  of 
trees    132-    White    Pine    '>2 

Ft.  B.  M. 

Ft. 

6fit„"lii 

1          1 

85::;i::::::!;::!::: 

80 i...i... 

per  cent;  hardwoods  48  per 
cent.  (Jlassification  for  White 

Pine:  Dominant,  75per  cent; 
oppre.saed,  22  percent;  sup- 

Two-atory  stand,  upper  story 

1 

1,152 



■•-.-••i 



lower   story   by   hardwoods 
(Yellow    Birch    mixed  with 
Basawood    with     scatfa-ring 

1,155 

1,482 

780 

580 

315 

.:. 

:::::: 

V.X'.'. 

sional   Elm)      Sciintv  UDdir- 



. 

growth   of  the    voun':   li.ird 

347 

1.101 

1,161 

408 

429 

485 

1,521 

-     ... 

underlaid  by  a   liardi>an    of 

clay  and  stone^j,  4-inch  mold 
on  top,  with  a  surface  cover 
of  leaves. 



' 

' 

— : 





'■ 

6 

15,  S41 

95,040 

15 

2 

1 

MICHIGAN. 


Site  d;  Montmorency  County. 


White  Pine. 

Red  Pine 

Hemlock. 

1 
■3 
1 

i 

1 

1 

Volume. 

1 

1 

a 

1* 

5 

Description  of  site. 

Boles. 

Merchantable 
timber. 

1 

Sample  area,  1  acre.    Age  of  pine,  250  to  270 
years.    Number  of  trees,  113:  White  Pine,  54 
percent;  Red  Pine,  35  per  cent;  Hemlock,  U 
per  cent.    Locality   damaged  by  fire  twelve 
years  before ;  15  per  cent  dead  (rees  and  20  per 
cent  injured  by  fire. 

1 

Inches. 
10 
12 
13 
14 
15 

!? 

18 
19 
21 

23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
33 

Feet. 

i 
§ 

o„./r 

Ft.  B.  M. 

2 

3 

3 
3 
6 
S 

8 

Inchen. 

I 
16 

21 
22 
23 

30 

Feet. 

i 

2 

2 
6 

Inchei. 

"* 

159 
60 
207 
231 
86 
96 
315 
280 
906 
855 

''<'«}            40 

11 

12 
15 
20 

White  Pine  miked   with  Red  Pine  and   inter- 

of  a  gray  color,  turning  brown  and  red  under- 
neath with  a  surface  cover  of  brakes  checker- 

berry.    The  subsoil  is  a  brown  sand,  sometimes 
loamy  and  in  spots  clayey.    Density  of  crown 



800 
216 
696 
498 
1,862 
560 
302 
340 



1 

1 

61 

10,154 

60,900 

39 

13 

Total  yield  :  86,100  feet  B.  M.,  of  which  White  Pine  66  per  cent. 

Volume  of  Red  Pine:  Boles,  5,256  cubic  feet;  merchantable  timber,  25,200  feet  li.  M. 
Average  annual  accretion :  White  Pine,  59  cubic  feet. 
331  feet  B.  M. 


42 


Tamlb  VI.— .-lere  i/ield  i,f  IVhitc  I'i 


PENNSYLVANIA. 
Site  /.-  Dtiliois,  Clearfielil  Couuty. 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 
xitex  in  Wisconsin,  Mirhigan,  I'cnnstjlvania,  and  Maim — C'ontiiiii 


MAINE. 
Site  It:  York  County. 


White  Pine. 

i 

1 

£ 

Volume. 

S 

Descriptiou  of  site. 

■o 

% 

n,- 

1 

Boles. 

11 

•a 

o 

s 

Ft. 

In 

f«.«. 

(hi-rt. 

S.M. 

Sample  area,   1  acre,  1,200  to  1,500 

15 

120 

1.360 

feet  above  sea.    Age  of  pine,  240  to 

1      ■"■ 

18 

White  Pine,  37;  Hemlock,  84;  Ma- 

130 

ple,  5;  Beech.  3;  Birch,  3. 

20 

130 

' 

Hemlock   mixed  with  White  Pine. 

21 

with  occa.sional  Maple,  Beech,  anil 

22 

130 

1 

Birch,  on  a  bill  sloping  towards 

23 

)      570 

3.000 

24 

130 

135 

3,690 

row    Creek.       The   undergrowth. 

26 

135 

257 

1,390 

27 

135 

young  Beech,  Hemlock,  and  occa 
BionaT Birch  and  Cucumber.     .Soil. 

2!l 

135 

J 

rellow  clayey  loam  of  a  medium 

30 

145 

IrainianeshLs  in  it,,  deep,  fresh. 

31 

145 

1,220 

7,800 

mold  on  top,  ivith  =..rr:i "--r  of 

34 

145 

•     800 

4.800 

40 

511 

3,300 

scattering  d uli 

41 

145 

511 

east  corner  ;ii,.i  i                         >nl,. 

45 

145 

638 

depth.     Den.-av    ui   ciu.iu  i..vlt. 

37 

9,028 

52,260 

0.7  (in  places  0.8). 

White  Pine. 

Description  of  site. 

n 

4 

32 
60 
84 
8 
36 

52 
8 
12 
12 

8 

328 

Hi 

a 

In. 

i? 


3 
1 

Feet. 
45 
55 
45 
55 
45 
55 
65 
55 
55 
65 
55 
65 
75 



■s 

p 

Sample  area,  one  fourth  acre.    Age  of  pine. 
50'to  60  years.    Number  of  trees :  Mature 
White  Pine.  328;  young  White  Pine.  160; 
mature  Hemlock.  20;  young  Hemlock,  20. 
Classification  for  White  Pine:  Dominant, 
9  per  cent;  codominant,  45  per  cent;  op- 
pressed, 23  per  cent;  suppressed,  23  iH,r 

White'  Pine,  with  scattering  Hemlock  and 

and  young  Hemlock.    Soil,  a  gray  sand, 
sometimes  brown  or  loamy,  with  a  vegeta- 
ble mold  of  3  inches,  deep,  fresh,  with  a 
leafy  surface  cover.    Clayey  subsoil,  prob- 
ably 4  or  5  feet  below  surface.    Dcnsitj  of 

256 
330 
840 
72 
414 
144 
780 
144 
306 
240 
116 
408 

4.070 

MAINE. 
Site  a :  York  Co 


White  Pine. 

,,, 

Dcscriptio.iofeitc. 

11 

m 

i 

£% 

■A 

a 

> 

In. 

Ffel 

Cu./t. 

Sample  area,  one-half  acre.  Age  of  pine.  90  to 
100  years.    Number  of  treel:  White  Pine. 

10 

75 

42 

75 

192 

118;  Red  Oak.  6;  Norway  Pine.  2.    Classi- 

12 

75 

2:13 

lication  for  White  Pine:  Dominant,  26  per 

12 

85 

120 

cent;  codominant,  40  percent;  oppressed, 
18  per  cut;  suppressed,  16  per  cent. 
White  Pine  with  scattering  Red  and  White 

13 

222 

14 

75 

154 

14 

85 

332 

15 

.184 

site.    Theundcrgrowtli.nMi(l,.i:it,-l-,  ,l.-i,a,., 

16 

85 

408 

consists  of  small  Hcml»'k;iii.Ulei>rl,  siiniII 

17 

85 

528 

Maple  and  Oaks  niiiiiLr..ii-..     .'^.jil,  ;.   line 

10 

18 

85 

690 

loamy  sand. gray  or  bn.wii  in  1..I01,  .l.-ip. 

19 

1,323 

fresh,  with  2  or  3  inches  mold  on  top,  anil 
leafy  surface  cover;    clay  lica    proWbly 
some  feel  below  surface.    Density  of  crown 

20 

85 

1:)2 

21 

85 

320 

22 

85 

534 

cover,  O.S. 

85       ma 

95         250 

25 

95         280 

26 

95         560 

118 

White  Pine. 

Descriptiou  of  site. 

4 

28 

?s 

84 
24 
36 
32 
8 
40 

ST 

Ill 
In. 

9 
}» 

16 
17 

i 

Feel. 
65 

55 

55 
C5 
55 
65 
65 
75 
65 
75 
65 
75 
65 
75 
85 
75 
65 

A 

1' 

Sample  area,  one.fourth  acre.    Age  of  pine, 
50  to  60  years.  Number  of  trees:  Mature 
White  Pme.396.    Classification  for  White 
Pine:  Dominant,  18  iier  cent;  codominant. 
27  per  cent ;  oppressed,  24  per  cent ;  sup- 
White  Pine,  with  occasional  Norway  Pine, 
on  a  slopi>  to  north  5°  to  10=.     Scanty 
omler^Towlh   „f    H.-nilcH-k.  Oak.  and   Fir. 

,",l",,  ".p!'"'/     'i'"    '-'.'.  '',,,V  fresh?  Willi 

lil.H  1,  ,,, ,  ,  l„->iontopand 

li-aiv  >,iii.M. |.r..l)ably8  to  12 

feci  duu  u.    Lkn^ii,  ui  ,  iJun  cover,  0.8. 

190 
ItX) 
1.008 
240 
522 
576 
168 
880 
100 
408 
696 
232 
552 
132 
462 
292 
184 
204 

,  131  cubic  feet. 


CONDITIONS    OF    DEVELOPMENT. 


43 


i.iiniT  hkquirements. 
The  capacity  of  the  White  Pine  to  keep  its  place  in  mixture  with  the  hardwoods  is  probably 
mainly  due  to  its  shade  endurance.  In  this  respect  it  excels  all  pines  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 
Pines  are,  as  a  rule,  rather  light-needing  species,  and  are  usually  at  a  disadvantage  in  the  mixed 
forest,  unless  compensating  lulluences  are  in  their  favor.  The  White  Pine  is  an  exception.  As  a 
consequence,  it  is  capable  of  forming  dense  thickets,  supporting  a  larger  number  of  trees  per  acre 
and  producing  a  larger  amount  of  material  than  the  more  light-needing  species.  Also,  as  a  con- 
sequence of  its  shade  endurance,  it  does  not  clean  itself  of  its  branches  as  readily  as  other  pines; 
not  only  do  the  lower  branches  remain  green  for  a  long  period  in  spite  of  the  shade  of  the  superior 
tiers  of  foliage,  but  they  persist  after  they  are  dead  for  many  years. 

As  this  shade  endurance  is,  however,  only  relative,  and  as  many  of  the  associates  possess  it 
in  greater  degree,  the  additional  advantage  of  rapid  height  growth  alone  saves  the  pine  from 
being  after  all  suppressed  by  its  shadier  companions.  Yet,  these  succeed  iu  keeping  the  young 
progeny  of  the  pine  subdued,  and  hence  the  observation  that  in  the  dense  virgin  forest  of  hard- 
woods the  reproduction  of  White  Pine  is  scanty. 

The  difficulty  of  cleaning  itself  of  dead  branches  seems  to  be  overcome  by  association  with 
shadier  companions,  for,  as  a  rule,  the  best  quality,  cleaner  boles,  and  absence  of  black  knots, 
which  denotes  earlier  cleaning,  are  found  in  such  association.  Yet,  iu  these  mixtures  the  trees  are 
apt  to  be  shorter  bodied,  since  the  hardwood  companions  are  shorter  bodied  and  the  stimulus  to 
height  growth  ceases  sooner.  In  the  pinery  proper  the  stimulus  to  height  growth  exerted  by  the 
neighbors  continues  longer;  hence,  longer  shafts  are  found  here,  other  conditions  being  the  same, 
although  the  boles  are  less  clean  and  less  free  of  knots. 

Its  shade  endurance  is  decidedly  less  than  that  of  the  Spruce,  which  maintains  itself,  but 
not  thriving  under  the  dense  shade  of  Maple,  Birch,  and  Beech,  where  White  Pine  seedlings  and 
saplings  are  not  to  be  found,  although  they  sustain  perfectly  the  shade  of  oaks.  To  be  sure,  this 
shade  euduraiice  is  to  some  extent  dependent  on  moisture  conditions  of  soil,  being  less  ou  the 
drier  than  on  the  fresher  soils. 

This  relatively  high  shade  endurance  permits  ready  natural  reproduction  of  the  pine,  espe- 
cially where  the  hardwoods  have  been  thinned  out  to  some  extent,  or  where,  after  clearing,  all 
species  start  their  race  for  reoccupatiou  of  the  soil  with  equal  chance.  The  pine  then  appears  iu 
the  young  hardwood  growth  iu  single  individuals  at  first,  somewhat  behind  in  height,  but  finally, 
when  it  enters  upon  the  period  of  rapid  height  growth,  it  outgrows  its  competitors  and  is  assured 
,of  its  place. 

More  frequently  does  the  reproduction  take  place  in  groups,  smaller  or  larger,  the  many  areas 
of  "second  growth"  of  several  acres  in  extent,  which  are  found  throughout  the  hardwood  coppice 
of  Massachusetts,  showing  that  tendency  toward  gregariousness  so  characteristic  of  the  conifers. 
A  further  discussion  of  the  conditions  of  reproduction  and  the  yield  occurs  in  the  portion  devoted 
to  the  discussion  of  forest  management  and  of  forest  yield. 

In  these  natural  reproductions  the  trees  grow  close  together,  that  is,  close  for  unaided  nat- 
ural reproduction,  as  is  apparent  from  the  following  table  of  acre  yields  of  young  growth  taken 
at  various  places  in  New  England : 


:  yield  of  younij  j)ine  gr 


Soil. 

While  Pine. 

Species  intermixed. 

SUt«. 

A-e. 

Number. 

Biameter 
(breast 
high). 

Length  of  log. 

01°  logs'! 

Niinihei. 

Name  and  remarks. 

Ma.8acl.u3ctta 

Fresli,    well-drained    loam 
and  sandy  loam. 

years. 
35 

128 
284 
75 

Inches. 
14  to  IS 
10  to  14 
6  to  10 
3  to    6 
3 

Uax. 
40 
40 
35 

""■35 

20 
20 

Cu.Mt. 

1,611.2 
3J8.  9 

147 
52 
21 

8hLnut. 
Maple. 
All  other. 

T        1 

490 

2,  014. 1 

228 

"is" 

10 
9 
6 

Dry,    welldraiued     sandy 

NewHampsbiro... 

35 

13 

231 

181 
5 

51? 

18  to  24 
14  to  18 
10  to  14 
li  to  10 
3to    C 

30 
30 

35 

18 
22 
15 

178.9 
372.4 
1,007 

»5e- 



'z:7.'z. 

1,558.3 

Total....,,,, 

38 

44 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 
Taulk  VII. — Acre  yield  of  tjounij  pine  iiroi<ia — Continued. 


Soil. 

White  Pine. 

Species  intermixed. 

State. 

Age. 

Kumher. 

Diameter 
& 

Inchet. 
14  to  18 
10  to  14 
6  to  10 
3  to    6 

Length  of  log. 

Volume 
oflogs. 

Number. 

Name  and  remarks. 

MassachusfltB 

I'lvsh.  wcU-ilrain 
loam. 

eil  sanily 

Tear. 
40 

14 
136 
177 

32 
3 

Max. 

■  IS 

3Iin. 
25 
20 

""■sir,; 

1.870.4 

133 
204 
19 
15 
11 
15 

Oak. 
Maple. 

Cray  Biroh. 
Cherry 



362 

397 

26 
27 

1 

Dry,    w.,ll.,lrain, 
sai.rt. 

Fresb.  welldraii 
loam. 

1    loamy 
c-<l  san.ly 

iT 

15 

SLQ 

diameter. 

KcwUamiishiro... 

40 

46 
65 
1R4 
615 
150 

1.060 

14  to  18 
10  to  14 
6  to  10 
3  to    6 
3 

35 
30 

Hemlock. 
Red  Pine. 
Gray  Birch. 

Total 



1        5tl.2 

54 

Small. 

Massachusetts 

48 

11 
158 
277 

18 

14  to  18 
10  to  14 
6  to  10 
3  to   6 

tS 

30  1        258.2 
15       2,096.9 

h 

Representing  seven 
species. 

Total 

464 

2  355  1 

Dry,    «i-ll. drain, 
.saml. 

1    luaniy 

^to2r 
14  to  18 
10  to  14 
6  to  10 

w 

40 
40 
30 

===== 

1(^12 

902 

1,311.5 

152.2 

— 

JUassacliusett, 

"'"" 

48 
126 
147 

15 

20 
15 
18 

::::::::: 

337 

2,467.7 

19 

It  would  be  possible  to  increase  the  number  of  trees  tbat  could  grow  per  acre  and  develop 
satisfactorily  by  attention  of  tbe  forester,  as  will  appear  from  the  statements  regarding  the  White 
Pine  forest  plantations  in  Germany,  where  pure  White  Pine  growths  showed  at  sixty-eight  years 
still  over  .six  hundred  and  seventy  trees,  and  in  another  place  at  eighty-two  years  seven  hundred 
and  twenty-three  trees,  and  at  one  hundred  and  four  years  over  two  hundred  and  fifty  trees  per 
acre.  Even  in  such  close  stand  the  crown  bf  living  branches  remains  long,  occupying  one-third  of 
the  bole,  and  dry  branches  persist  down  to  over  lialf  tlie  length.  The  stems  are  straight  and 
cylindrical,  in  this  respect  also  reminding  one  of  the  Norway  Spruce,  although  the  tendency  to 
fork  seems  more  frequently  developed. 

YIELD   OF   WHITE    PINE. 

The  (|U(istion  as  to  the  amount  of  material  which  the  White  Pine  is  capable  of  producing  per 
acre  is  difficult  to  answer.  It  can  not,  of  course,  be  deduced  from  a  knowledge  of  the  development 
of  the  individual  tree,  since  there  remains  one  factor  unknown,  namely,  the  number  of  trees  of 
different  classes  that  can  occupy  an  acre.  Nor  can  the  capacity  of  production,  as  a  rule,  be  ascer- 
tained from  the  actual  production  or  acre  yield  of  natural  virgin  growths,  for  these  usually  not 
only  do  not  occur  in  pure  growths,  but  also  are  usually  not  develo])ed  under  most  advantageous 
conditions,  and  do  not,  therefore,  represent  the  possible  or  normal  yield  which  could  be  .secured. 
Only  by  selecrtiiig  smaller,  seemingly  normally  and  favorably  developed  groups  in  the  forest  at 
diltercnt  ages  and  in  various  localities  and  measuring  the  same  may  we  arrive  at  an  approximation 
of  what  the  species  is  capable  of  producing  by  itself. 

Such  measurements  have  not  been  attempted,  but  the  yield  of  virgin  acres  under  vaiying 
conditions  has  been  ascertained  to  give  at  least  a  forecast  of  tbe  possibilities,  although  not  repre 
sentiug  the  normal  or  possible  yield  of  fully  stocked  acres  of  White  Pine.  In  addition  we  may 
utilize  the  results  recorded  from  Germany  (page  69)  of  a  number  of  plantations,  which  have  had 
the  ailvantage  of  at  least  the  i^artial  care  of  forest  management. 

From  these  indications,  we  are  justified  in  the  assertion  that  the  White  Pine  produces  per 
acre  as  well  as  any  species.witli  which  we  are  actpiainted  in  our  northeastern  woods,  and  at  a  rate 
which  is  not  excelled  by  any  of  the  lumber  trees  within  its  range. 

In  this  respect,  again,  it  ai)proaches  the  German  Spruce,  though  it  probably  excels  this  species 
in  persistency,  as  it  does  in  the  dimensions  which  it  can  produce.     We  can,  therefore,  for  the  first 


YIELD.  45 

hundred  years  at  least,  approximate  the  capacity  of  our  Wliite  Pine  by  reference  to  experience 
tables  of  tbe  German  Spruce. 

As  with  all  conifers,  the  rate  of  producjtion  at  first  is  very  slow,  not  more  than  40  to  70  cubic 
feet  in  the  average  per  year  for  the  first  twenty  years.  With  the  better  development  of  crowns 
and  the  assertion  of  individual  superiority  in  the  struggle  of  neighbors,  which  leads  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  dominant  classes,  the  production  increases  rapidly,  and  by  the  fiftieth  year,  in  fully 
stocked  areas,  the  average  rate  of  140  to  1(!0  cubic  feet  per  acre  may  be  attained,  so  that  at  that 
age  we  may,  with  five  hundred  to  six  hundred  trees  to  the  acre,  find  7,000  to  8,000  cubic  feet  of 
wood  stored  up  in  the  boles  of  the  trees.  The  current  annual  accretion,  then,  may  readily  be  at 
the  rate  of  160  to  180  cubic  feet,  keeping  the  average  annual  accretion  of  fully  stocked  acres  very 
nearly  to  those  figures,  so  that  at  one  hundred  years  we  should  find,  under  favorable  conditions, 
as  much  as  15,000  cubic  feet  of  wood,  of  which  at  least  80,000  to  90,000  feet  1>.  M.  is  saw  material. 

The  persistency  of  growth  seems  to  continue  beyond  that  age,  and  the  indications  are  that 
the  decrease  of  the  current  as  well  as  average  accretion  per  acre  during  the  next  century  takes 
place  so  gradually  that  at  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  it  may  still  be  over  100  cubic  feet,  and  not 
much  below  at  two  hundred  years,  when  the  burden  of  the  acre  may  be  near  20,000  cubic  feet, 
with  over  120,000  feet  B.  M.,  and  double  the  amount  in  tlie  oldest  growths  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  or  more  years,  which  may  i)ossibly  be  the  limit  of  production. 

While  these  figures,  which  differ  very  materially  from  those  proposed  in  the  tables  by  Messrs. 
Piuchot  and  Graves,  may  stand  for  the  better  soils,  as  ideally  possible,  practically,  perhaps,  rarely 
attainable,  especially  in  older  stands,  poorer  soil  sites  will  vary  from  them  by  from  20  to  40  per  cent, 
so  that  a  yield  of  9,000  cubic  feet  at  a  hundred  years,  or  50,000  feet  of  lumber,  would  still  be  quite 
reasonable  to  expect  on  the  poorest  soils  on  which  White  Pine  can  be  satisfactorily  grown.  On 
the  sandy  soils  of  Wisconsin  whole  forties  are  found  to  average  50,000  feet  per  acre  of  naturally 
growu  unattended  forests  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  of  age. 

Table  VIII  summarizes  the  measurements  of  sample  areas,  Avhich  are  given  in  detail  in  the 
Appendix.  It  will  serve  to  show  what  our  native  woods,  without  attention,  stocked  with  partly 
useless  trees  and  in  open  stand,  exhibiting  much  wastage  in  unoccupied  ground,  are  capable  of 
producing. 

If  we  assume  that  the  areas  might  have  been  stocked  with  liine  alone,  that  they  would  have 
produced  at  only  the  same  rate  as  they  have  under  their  present  conditions,  even  though  the  acres 
had  been  fully  stocked  and  not  in  the  fractional  manner  which  is  indicated  by  the  decimal  giv- 
ing density  of  cover  (all  assumptions),  and  if  in  connection  with  the  density  factor  we  consider 
the  number  of  all  trees  per  acre  and  the  percentage  which  the  pine  represents,  we  may,  as  a  mere 
matter  of  judgment  not  fit  for  tabulation,  arrive  at  an  indication  as  to  what  the  acre  might 
possibly  have  produced.  Such  indication  of  possibility  has  been  attempted  in  the  last  column  of 
the  table,  and  has  served  in  the  above  discussion  in  connection  with  all  other  data  presented. 
This  is  all  that  can  be  done  in  the  absence  of  the  measurements  above  indicated.  These  figures 
are  of  no  direct  practical  application  except  to  give  a  general  notion  of  the  productivity  of  White 
Pine  and  the  variability  of  yields. 

An  inspection  of  the  table  of  yield  in  Germany,  on  page  69,  will  show  that  these  approxi- 
mations are  not  unreasonable.  The  lumber  contents  in  board  feet  may  be  approximated  by 
multiplying  these  figures  by  4  or  5  in  the  younger  growths  and  by  6  or  7  in  the  older.  Assuming  a 
moderately  careful  practice  of  logger  and  sawyer,  by  no  means  mathematically  tenable,  the  above 
tentative  propositions  for  normal  yields  might  be  even  increased. 

To  assume,  as  is  done  by  certain  authorities,  that  tables  of  normal  yield  could  be  constructed 
by  using  the  density  indicated  by  a  decimal  as  a  mathematical  factor,  using  that  factor  as  a  divisor 
of  tlie  actually  measured  yield  in  order  to  arrive  at  the  normal,  is  to  mistake  the  value  of  the 
density  factor.  Not  only  would  trees  and  whole  acres  have  developed  very  difterently  when  grown 
under  different  density  conditions  during  their  life,  but  the  estimate  of  the  density  is  such  a  vague 
and  uncertain  one,  a  mere  opinion,  that  even  if  the  greatest  care  were  exercised,  its  use  as  a  mathe- 
matical factor  would  not  be  admissible.  It  is  a  mere  indication  of  the  present  condition  of  the 
growth,  and  its  meaning  at  different  periods  of  life  is  very  different  in  its  physiological  effects 
as  expressed  in  volume  accretion. 


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48  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

It  luaj'  be  of  interest  to  record  more  especially  the  data  of  a  small  clump  of  young  White 
Pine  sprung  up  naturally  on  an  abandoned  fleld  of  less  than  three  fourths  of  an  acre  in  extent, 
situated  near  Farmington,  N.  II.,  which  its  owner  (Mr.  J.  D.  Lyman,  of  Exeter)  had  from  time  to 
time  thinned  out  for  the  last  twenty-two  years,  with  a  view  of  accelerating  the  growth  of  the 
trees.  Unfortunately,  no  record  of  previous  conditions  and  frequency  and  extent  of  operations 
was  attainable,  but  the  present  condition  (three  or  four  years  ago)  is  exhibited  in  the  following 
table : 

Data  of  a  clump  of  natiiraUij  grown  yoiiiiy  White  I'hie. 


[Age:  Forty-six  tii  fifty- 


years.     Height:  70  to  80  feet. 


.Niiiul.er  of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast  l.igh). 

Volume. 

CMC  feet. 
85 
84 
6U0 
1,169 
875 
806 
3«U 
96 
20 

1 

1 

10 

27 

25 

31 

18 

6 

2 

Inche, 

21 

lOtoi',* 
14  to  IB 
1II0  14 

10  to  11 
a  to  '0 

121 

... 

4,095 

This  would  indicate  a  yield  per  acre  of  about  6,000  cubic  feet,  from  which,  with  the  dimensions 
attained  under  careful  mill  practice,  some  3(),000  feet  of  lumber  might  be  cut.  To  be  sure,  with 
such  open  stand  much  of  this  must  be  knotty,  even  though  the  trees  were  pruned  as  far  as  possible. 

T>y  comparison  with  the  measurements  of  naturally  grown  unthinned  acres,  we  find  that  two 
to  three  times  the  number  of  trees  of  the  age  indicated  in  the  above  table  might  stand  on  au  acre 
and  make  as  much  total  product  (see  Massachusetts,  .site  c,  which,  with  324  trees,  produced  0,188 
cubic  feet);  and  although  a  few  trees  in  the  thinned  grove  had  reached  larger  dimen.sions,  the 
total  product  of  trees  over  12  inches  in  diameter  is  almost  the  same,  the  diSerence  in  favor  of  the 
thinned  part  being  only  100  cubic  feet.  From  this  comparison  it  would  appear  that  the  thinning 
was  too  severe  to  secure  the  most  desirable  results.  PI.  X  shows  the  condition  of  the  grove  when 
the  measurements  were  taken. 

Allowance,  however,  sliould  be  made  for  the  amount  utilized  in  thinnings.  Whether  this 
inferior  material  would  pay  in  most  cases  the  cost  of  its  removal  is  fjuestionable.  A  very  uncertain 
estimate  by  the  man  who  iierformed  the  thinnings  places  the  amount  of  wood  removed  equal  to 
that  now  standing,  among  which  is  5,000  shingles. 

The  following  table  shows  the  measurements  of  one  of  the  largest  trees  in  the  grove: 

Mecsnnmenh  of  trcr. 
I  Age:  Filly-aix  years.     Height:  81)  feet.] 


Heigl.l 

ofse..Uo.„. 

1  feet. 

Diameter,  in 
incl.es. 

Number  of 
ring^^onsee- 

Slumi, 

1?* 
122 

1 

54 
46 
42 
37 
32 
24 
15 
8 

60 

This  tree,  when  felled  and  cut  into  waney-edged  boards,  made  lumber  to  i 


imoiint  of  .'^(>4feet. 


Fig.  1.— a  thinned  Pine  Grove  in  New  Hampshire  (Trees  d1   Years  Old     185  T'-  tml  /\', 


Fig.  2.— Young  Pine  in  New  Hampshire  (Trees  20  Years  O^c 


DANGERS  AND   DISEASES. 


49 


DANGERS  AXD  DISEASES. 

The  White  Pine  is  subject  to  a  considerable  number  of  destructive  influences  even  when 
growing  si)outaneously,  but  a  hirge  proportion  of  these  might  be  avoided  if  prox)erly  understood 
and  guarded  against,  since  they  are  in  great  part  due  to  human  agency. 

INJURIES  BY  HUMAN  AGENCY. 

The  subject  of  forest  fires  lias  been  so  fully  discussed  that  it  is  iinnecessary  here  to  treat  it 
in  detail,  although  the  pine  forests  of  the  Northern  States  have  suffered  more  irreparable  injury 
Irom  this  than  from  all  other  destructive  agencies  combined.  From  the  numerous  suggestions 
that  have  been  made  respecting  protection  from  fire  and  from  unnecessary  injuries  in  general,  the 
most  important  appear  to  be: 

(1)  That  a  well-digested  code  of  laws,  capable  of  promjit  enforcement,  based  upon  the 
recommendation  of  a  nonpolitical  forest  commission,  is  of  primary  importance. 


-Girillt:d  While  Pine  coutinuiug  to  grow. 


(2)  That  a  correct  public  sentiment,  encouraged  by  a  wider  dissemination  of  information 
concerning  the  value  of  forest  products  and  the  time  required  for  their  growth,  will  have  more 
influence  than  all  other  means  together  in  preventing  unnecessary  destruction. 

Unlike  the  Loblolly  Pine  of  the  Southern  States,  or  the  lied  Pine  with  which  it  is  commonly 
associated,  White  Pine  has  a  thin  bark  during  the  first  thirty  to  fifty  years,  which  affords  but 
slight  protection  from  lire.  Conse(inently,  the  species  suffers  much  in  young  growths  from  surface 
tires,  which  do  little  or  no  harm  to  the  thick-barked  i)ines  and  hardwoods.  In  the  mature  trees 
the  growing  layer  is  much  better  protected,  as  the  bark  with  age  becomes  proportionately  thicker 
than  that  of  Red  Pine. 

Related  to  the  foregoing,  and  properly  placed  under  the  head  of  injuries  to  be  charged  to 

human  responsibility,  are  wounds  occasioned  by  cattle.     A  pine  foi-est  is  less  liable  to  injury 

from  the  browsing  of  cattle  than  one  composed  of  deciduous  trees,  and  in  the  Eastern  States  old 

pastures  commonly  grow  up  to  i)ine,  the  deciduous  species  being  kept  down  by  (he  cattle.     But  in 

20233— No.  22 4 


50  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

any  ease,  wLeii  the  growth  of  timber  is  the  primary  object,  domestic  auimals  should  be  rigorously 
excluded,  as  they  are  certaiu  to  do  more  or  less  injury  to  tlie  growing  trees.  A  pine  forest,  or  a 
forest  of  any  kind,  is  no  more  properly  a  "run"  for  cattle  than  a  lield  of  standing  grain,  and  the 
damage  is  likely  to  be  more  extensive  and  less  capable  of  repair  in  the  former  than  iu  the  latter 
case. 

The  White  Pine  shows  considerable  recui)erative  power,  which  is  exhibited  in  the  ready 
reestablishment  of  broken  leader  and  the  healing  of  wounds,  in  which  the  prolific  resin  exudations 
assist  by  keeping  out  water  and  fungi. 

The  experiences  of  Mr.  Nathaniel  Morton,  of  Plymouth,  Mass.,  in  trimming  i)ines,  recorded 
in  The  Forester  (June,  189S),  show  the  absolute  safety  of  pruning  live  limbs  of  3  to  5  in(;hcs  and 
more  in  diameter,  which  are  covered  in  a  few  years  by  new  growth  (PI.  XI).  An  interesting  case 
of  ])ertiuacity  of  life  and  recuperative  power,  which  at  the  same  time  throws  light  on  the  much- 
debated  (juestion  of  food  and  water  movement  iu  trees,  is  also  reported  from  the  same  source,  and 
represented  in  fig.  4. 

A  young  pine  in  the  forest  was,  two  years  ago,  not  only  girdled,  but  the  bark  peeled  olf  for 
11  inches  all  around  the  tree.  The  tree  has  a  x)erfectly  healthy  appearance,  and  has  continued  to 
grow  iu  length,  although  apparently  about  half  as  fast  as  before.  The  measurements  of  internodes 
of  this  tree  during  the  last  six  years  follow.  The  diameter  growth  above  tiie  wound  has  continued, 
while  below  the  wound  it  has  remained  stationary,  as  will  appear  from  the  measurements  made 
two  years  after  the  removal  of  the  bark. 

C'ircumferonco  near  the  ground 15 

Circumference  just  below  the  wouiid 11 

Circumference  where  hark  is  stripped ",•} 

Circumference  just  above  first  row  of  branches 11 

Circumference  above  second  row  of  branches 11 

The  wound  is  entirely  covered  by  pitch.  The  growth  just  above  the  wound  has  a  baggy 
appearance,  showing  an  accumulation  of  wood  deposit,  which  shows  the  arrest  of  the  food 
materials  duo  to  the  absence  of  the  cambium  layer  and  bark. 

It  would  appear  that  the  roots  could  either  live  without  the  food  supply  from  above  (at  least 
for  two  years),  or  else  that  a  sufficient  amount  can  pass  through  the  dead  wood  of  the  trunk,  and 
at  least  the  water  necessary  for  the  elaboration  of  food  materials  iu  the  foliage  can  be  supplied 
through  the  old  wood.  The  writer  inspected  this  tree,  and  can  vouch  for  the  truthfulness  of  the 
descrijjtioii.  A  similar  case  with  a  southern  pine  (species  undetermined)  came  to  his  attention, 
where  the  tree  was  older  and  had  grown  over  twenty  years  above  the  wound;  but  as  only  a  cut 
was  inspected  the  possibility  of  a  cambial  connection  of  the  upper  and  lower  i^arts  was  not  abso- 
lutely excluded,  as  in  the  present  case. 

INJURIES  BY  STORMS. 

Of  injuries  not  within  human  control  may  be  mentioned,  first,  those  resulting  from  storms, 
snow,  and  ice.  The  soft  texture  of  the  wood  and  tlie  short-lived  branches  of  the  White  Pine 
would  naturally  suggest  its  being  more  liable  to  injury  by  storms  than  are  deciduous  trees.  This, 
however,  is  not  the  case.  The  angle  which  the  branches  make  with  the  trunk  admits  of  their 
readily  bending,  and  under  such  a  weight  it  is  found  that  Maples  and  other  hardwood  trees  break 
down  much  more  frequently.  Mr.  B.  F.  floyt,  of  Maiicliester,  Iowa,  states  that  "  a  whole  summer's 
observation  among  the  White  Pines  of  Tennessee  failed  to  reveal  a  single  case  in  which  a  tree  of 
that  species  was  injured  by  the  wind,"  attributing  the  fact  to  the  mechanical  disposition  and 
structure  of  the  trunk  and  branches.'  Iu  this  respect,  then,  the  White  Pine  stands  at  a  decided 
advantage  as  compared  with  many  deciduous  trees  with  which  it  is  naturally  associated. 

Like  the  shallow-rooted  Spruce,  the  White  Pine  is  liable  to  be  upi-ooted  and  thrown  by  storms, 
although  to  a  less  degree. 

While,  however,  the  mechanicsil  effects  of  tlic  wind  and  of  storms  of  snow  and  ice  arc  not 
sufficient  to  re(iuirc  special  consideration,  the  injurious  consequences  of  diying  wimls  are  such  as 

'American  Naturalist,  December,  1B8G. 


Bulle<in  No.  22,  Dl».  of  Forestry,  U,  S,  Dept.  of  Agriculturi 


DISEASES.  hi 

to  become  au  important  factor  in  iletcrininiug  the  limits  of  tlie  artificial  cultivation  of  this  species. 
At  the  time  of  i)lautiug,  deciduous  trees  are  not  in  leaf,  and  accordingly  there  is  but  little  evap- 
oration of  water,  M'hile  the  leaf  surface  of  conifers  is  exposed  then  as  much  as  ever  to  the  drying 
effects  of  the  atmosphere,  often  resulting  in  their  death  before  they  are  fully  established  in  the  soil. 
It  is  for  this  reason  and  because  of  the  general  lack  of  a  sutlicient  amount  of  atmospheric  mois- 
ture that  comparatively  slight  success  has  attended  the  cultivation  of  the  White  Pine  on  the 
plains  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  raw  winds  from  the  Atlantic  again  have  been  found  to  be 
much  more  injurious  to  this  si)ecies  than  to  the  Pitch  Pine  {rimis  rigkla),  and  the  latter  is  there- 
fore decidedly  preferable  for  planting  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  coast. 

DISEASES 

EFFECiT    OF    HEAT   AND    DROUGUT. 

In  Germany,  plantations  of  White  Pine  thirty-five  to  forty  years  old  have  suffered  much  injury 
from  a  disease  which  api)ears  to  be  occasioned  by  unusual  heat  and  drought,  and  which  was  par- 
ticularly severe  after  the  hot,  dry  summer  of  1876.'  The  disease  manifests  itself  externally  by 
dried  up  patches  on  the  trunks,  the  spots  being  largest  3  to  6  feet  from  the  ground,  gradually 
running  out  above  and  below  this,  and  often  reaching  a  height  of  15  to  18  feet.  The  spots  may  be 
only  an  inch  or  two  wide,  but  frequently  the  bark  is  dead  nearly  around  the  entire  trunk.  As 
a  rule,  these  dead  spots  are  on  the  south  and  west  sides  of  the  tree.  The  wood  is  often  penetrated 
by  larvic  of  insects,  but  these  are  not  the  cause  of  the  disease,  since  iu  many  cases  they  are  not 
present. 

Dr.  K.  Hartig,  from  a  comparison  of  specimens  and  study  of  the  disease  in  question,  concludes 
that  it  is  due  to  extreme  dryness  and  that  the  White  Pine  can  not  be  trusted  to  endure  such 
extremes.     He  further  states  that  it  suffers  greatly  from  dry  air  even  in  the  wiuter  time. 

PAKASITIO   DISEASES. 

The  White  Pine  is  subject  to  a  number  of  parasitic  diseases,  some  of  which  attack  it  when 
growing  spontaneously  in  the  forest,  while  others  are  highly  destructive  to  the  tree  in  cultivation, 
especially  in  Europe  under  changed  climatic  conditions.  A  few  only  of  the  best  known  of  these, 
including  several  due  to  fungi,  will  be  considered  in  detail. 

(1)  Agaricus  melleus  Vahl. — This  fungus,  of  common  occurrence  in  the  United  States  as  well 
as  Europe,  is  exceedingly  destructive  to  coniferous  trees,  the  White  I'ine  in  particular  suffering 
greatly  from  its  attacks.  It  also  fastens  upon  various  deciduous  species  as  a  parasite,  attacking 
living  trees  of  all  ages,  but  living  as  well  ui)on  dead  roots  and  stumps  and  on  wood  that  has 
been  cut  and  worked  up,  occurring  frequently  on  bridges,  railroad  ties,  and  the  like,  and  causing 
l)rompt  decay  wherever  it  has  effected  an  entrance.  The  most  conspicuous  part  of  the  fungus  is 
found  frequently  in  the  summer  and  fall  on  the  diseased  ijarts  of  the  tree  or  timber  infested  by  it. 
It  is  one  of  the  common  toadstools,  this  particular  S])ecies  being  recognized  by  its  yellowish  color, 
gills  extending  downward  upon  the  stem,  which  is  encircled  a  little  lower  down  by  a  ring,  and  by 
its  habit  of  growing  iu  tufts  or  little  clumps  of  several  or  many  individuals  together  (PI.  XII, 
1  and  ,?).  It  is  also  particularly  distinguished  by  the  formation  of  slender,  dark-colored  strings 
(PI.  XII,  2  and  3),  consisting  of  compact  mycelium,  from  which  the  fruiting  parts  just  described 
arise.  These  hard  root-like  strings  (called  rhizomorphs)  extend  along  just  beneath  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  often  for  a  distance  of  several  feet,  and  penetrate  the  roots  of  sound  trees.  By 
carefully  removing  the  bark  from  a  root  thus  invaded  the  fungus  is  seen  in  the  form  of  a  dense, 
nearly  white,  mass  of  mycelium  (PI.  XII,  5,  c),  which,  as  the  parts  arouiul  decay,  gradually  pro- 
duces again  the  rhizomorphs  already  described.  These  rhizoniorphs  are  a  characteristic  part 
of  the  fungus.  Occurring  both  in  the  decayed  wood,  from  which  they  spread  to  the  adjacent 
jiarts,  and  extending  in  the  soil  from  root  to  root,  they  constitute  a  most  effective  agency  in  the 
extension  of  the  disease. 

The  symptoms  of  the  disease  arc  marked,  and,  taken  together,  sutUciently  characteristic  to 
admit  of  its  ready  recognition.     External  symptoms,  to  be  observed  especially  iu  young  specimens 


UiitersucliiiiJgcu  aus  ilem  Forstbotaniscbeu  Iiistitut  zu  Mlinchen, 


52  THE    WHITE    PINK. 

recently  attacked,  consist  in  a  diangc  of  the  leaves  to  a  i>ale  sickly  color  and  often  the  production 
of  short  stunted  shoots.  A  still  more  marked  symptom  is  the  formation  of  great  (luantities  of 
resin,  which  How  downward  through  the  injured  parts  and  out  into  the  ground,  resulting  in  the 
sticking  together  of  the  roots  and  masses  of  dirt  that  have  been  penetrated  by  the  resin.  Passing 
up  a  little  way  into  the  trunk,  the  cause  of  this  is  seen  in  the  active  working  of  the  fungus  in  the 
medullary  rays  and  around  the  resin  canals,  where  apparently  both  cell  walls  and  cell  contents 
undergo  degeneraticm  and  partial  conversion  into  resin.  This  flows  downward,  as  already  stateil, 
and  also  works  laterally  into  the  cambium,  producing  great  blisters  in  the  younger  parts  where 
growth  is  going  on,  and  also  resulting  in  the  formation  of  abnormally  large  resin  canals. 

As  the  disease  advances  the  lungus  continues  to  attack  the  trachcids  of  the  sound  wood  and 
soon  induces  marked  changes.  Under  its  influence  the  walls  lose  their  lignifled  character,  become 
softer,  and  give  the  cellulose  reaction,  while  the  mycelium  of  the  fungus  penetrates  and  fills  the 
enlarged  cavities  of  the  tracheids.     (PI.  XII,  -i,  5,  (1.) 

The  whole  inside  of  the  trunk  may  finally  become  hollow  for  some  distance  above  the  stump, 
its  interior  being  filled  with  a  loose  rotting  mass,  penetrated  by  rhizomorph  strings,  and  only 
becoming  worse  tlie  longer  it  stands.  The  disease  having  once  reached  this  stage,  there  is  of  course 
nothing  to  be  done  for  the  tree  but  to  fell  it  as  soon  as  possible  and  save  whatever  wood  remains 
unaffected. 

(2)  r<)h/ponis  aiiHonKs  Fries  ( Trametes  radicipcrda  R.  Hartig). — Tliis  is  one  of  the  most  dangerous 
parasites  of  coniferous  trees,  causing  "red  rot"  and  the  dying  out  of  plantatioTis  both  of  young 
and  old  pines.  In  (lermany  it  infests  various  species  of  pines,  including  riiinx  strohiiH  and  rinus 
sijlvestria ;  also  Pivea  excelsa,  Juniperus  comvmnis,  and  others.  It  is  more  destructive  to  the  White 
Pine  than  to  the  Scotch  Pine. 

The  disease  appears  in  plantations  of  various  ages,  from  five  to  one  hundred  years  old,  show- 
ing itself  by  single  plants  here  ami  there  becoming  pale,  then  yellow,  and  suddenly  dying.  These 
external  symptoms  are  altogether  similar  to  those  observed  in  trees  infected  by  Af/aricnn  mcUfius. 
Other  trees  are  attacked  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  infected  ones,  nnd  so  the  disease  spreads 
eentrifugally. 

The  fruiting  portioJi  of  the  fungus  (PI.  XIII,  1  to  6)  grows  on  the  roots  near  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  forming  yellowish-white  cushions  (white  on  the  spore-bearing  surface)  that  may 
finally,  though  rarely,  become  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter.  Between  the  wood  and  bark  of  the 
affected  tree  are  extremely  thin  layers  of  mycelium,  distinguished  from  those  of  Ayarivus  nifUciis 
by  their  softness  and  delicacy.  The  tissue  of  the  roots  and  the  inside  of  the  stem  is  decayed  to  a 
considerable  height. 

The  disease  is  spread  by  the  spores,  which  are  carried  away  by  mice  and  other  burrowing 
aTiimals  and  deposited  on  the  roots  of  adjacent  trees,  where  they  germinate  and  penetrate  the 
living  tissues  of  the  bark,  passing  thence  into  the  wood  elements  and  growing  in  them  toward  the 
stem.  It  is  also  communicated  by  the  roots  of  infected  trees  crossing  those  of  sound  ones  in  the 
ground  (PI.  XIII,  /),  the  fungus  growing  directly  from  one  to  the  other. 

A  violet  discoloration  of  the  wood  is  the  external  symptom  of  beginning  decomposition,  in 
which  the  contents  of  the  i>arenchyma  cells  die  and  turn  biown  through  the  action  of  the  mycelium. 
This  color  disappears  with  the  loss  of  the  cell  contents,  and  a  clear  brownish-yellow  takes  its  place, 
with  scattering  black  spots  here  and  there.  These  are  surrounded  at  a  later  period  with  a  white 
zone  (PI.  Xn,<s),  and  at  the  same  time  the  wood  becomes  continually  lighter  and  more  spongy. 
At  last  numerous  openings  arise,  the  wood  is  separated  into  its  constituent  fibers,  and  becomes 
watery  and  of  a  clear  brownish-yellow  color.  The  cell  wall  undergoes  de('om])Osition,  giving  the 
cellulose  reaction  instead  of  remaining  lignified,  and  finally  even  the  entire  middle  lamella  disaji- 
l)ears.  The  process  may  go  on  until  the  wood  elements  are  isolatt'd,  so  that  they  are  easily  jiicked 
apart  like  threads  of  asbestos. 

The  i)arasite  advances  rai)idly  in  the  wood  elements,  decomposition  sometimes  going  on  in  tiiis 
way  to  the  height  of  25  feet.  In  the  bark  it  jtroceeds  more  slowly,  but  is  finally  none  the  less 
dangerous,  since  it  causes  the  death  of  the  cortical  part  of  the  root  in  which  it  originates,  and 
when  after  reaching  the  trunk  it  passes  into  the  other  roots,  their  death  finally  resulting  in  the 
death  of  the  whole  tree. 


In  tlie  Scotch  Pine  a  great  amount  of  resin  is  produced,  and  this,  accumulating  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem,  probably  acts  as  a  barrier  to  the  growth  of  the  mycelium  upward.  In  the  White 
Pine  the  fungus  extends  much  farther  in  the  trunk. 

PI.  XII,  r,  represents  a  stump  of  White  Pine  that  has  been  attacked  by  Polyporm  annosiis. 
The  heart  is  surrounded  by  decayed  wood  and  spots  filled  with  masses  of  resin.  PI.  XII,  9, 
represents  i)arts  of  adjacent  wood  elements  of  Norway  Spruce  after  they  have  been  acted  upon 
by  the  fungus;  the  mycelium  hypha-  and  spores,  highly  magnified,  are  represented  in  10  of  the 
same  plate. 

(3)  Coleosporium  senccionis  Pers. — This  fungus,  under  the  name  of  "pine  blister,"  infests 
various  species  of  pines,  growing  in  the  tccidium  stage  on  both  leaves  and  bark,  and  sometimes 
proving  very  destructive.  When  growing  on  the  leaves  it  affects  but  little  the  vitality  of  the  tree, 
but  is  highly  injurious  when  the  bark  is  the  place  of  attack.  It  penetrates  the  bark,  appareiitly 
through  wounds  occasioned  by  insects,  woodpeckers,  or  other  agencies,  and  its  mycelium  spreads 
through  the  cortical  parenchyma  and  bast,  and  into  the  wood  to  the  depth  of  several  inches, 
passing  through  the  medullary  rays. 

Under  its  iuliueuce  the  starch  and  other  cell  contents  disappear  and  a  resinous  substance 
collects  in  their  stead,  a  mass  of  dead  tissue  soou  taking  the  place  of  the  living  cells.  This  change 
of  the  cell  contents  results  in  a  great  accumulation  of  resin,  which  often  exudes  in  large  quantities 
from  the  diseased  parts  of  the  tree. 

The  mycelium  is  perennial,  extending  itself  through  the  stem  from  year  to  year,  particularly 
in  a  longitudinal  direction.  Where  it  is  present  the  growth  of  the  stem  is  prevented  and  the 
formative  materials  are  diverted  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  stem,  causing  there  a  greatly  stimulated 
and  abnormal  growth.  The  death  of  the  leader  often  results,  especially  in  dry  summers,  for  the 
reason  that  the  wood,  thus  choked  with  resin,  is  unable  to  supply  it  with  sufticient  water. 

The  researches  of  Wolf  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  this  parasite  of  the  pine  lives  in  the  form 
known  as  CoIeosjMriicm  senecioiii.s  on  various  species  of  Senecio,  and  that  it  is  communicated  to 
pine  shoots  from  them.  He  proposes  the  extermination  of  these  hosts  as  a  i)reventive  measure. 
Later  investigations  of  Kleebahu  go  to  show  that  a  blister  rust  which  he  observed  badly  affecting 
the  bark  of  Pinus  strohus,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Bremen,  is  caused  by  a  closely  related  parasite 
form  which  he  names  Peridermium  strohi,  and  considers  to  be  the  lecidium  stage  of  Gronartium 
ribicola. 

All  these  fungi  have  probably  caused  far  more  destruction  of  timber  than  casual  observation 
would  indicate,  but  the  limited  extent  to  which  artificial  cultivation  of  forests  has  thus  far  been 
carried  on  in  this  country  gives  comparatively  few  exact  data  regarding  them.  The  facts,  as  above 
stated,  have  therefore  been  drawn  largely  from  the  works  of  Hartig  and  other  European  authorities. 
With  increasing  cultivation  of  timber  and  probable  increase  of  such  diseases,  their  investigation 
and  the  employment  of  protective  measures  must  necessarily  receive  far  more  attention. 

Several  diseases  attributable  to  the  action  of  fungi,  but  as  yet  imperfectly  investigated,  are  of 
frequent  occurrence  in  this  country.  One  of  these,  known  as  "damping  ofl',"  characterized  by  the 
sudden  decay  of  seedlings  at  the  surface  of  the  ground,  is  common  in  nurseries,  and  attacks  young 
](lants  of  difierent  kinds,  the  White  Pine  among  them. 

The  disease  is  most  prevalent  in  plants  growing  in  a  damp  soil  in  a  warm,  moist  atmosphere. 
As  observed  in  the  Ann  Arbor  (Michigan)  greenhouses  for  several  years  in  various  plants  proi)a- 
gated  from  slips,  the  disease  appears  a  few  days  after  the  slips  are  set,  giving  the  lower  part  of 
the  stem  a  wet,  unhealthy  appearance,  which  extends  to  the  lower  leaves,  i)articularly  where  these 
touch  the  sand  in  which  they  are  growing.  Upon  taking  up  the  specimens,  the  i)arts  affected  are 
found  to  be  in  the  early  stages  of  decay,  and  penetrated  throughout,  even  in  the  interior  of  the 
epidermal  appendages,  by  the  branching  filaments  of  a  fungus.  ■  The  fungus  appears  to  live  in  the 
sand  in  which  the  plants  are  propagated,  and  to  run  in  it  from  one  to  another,  resulting  often  in 
the  rapid  destruction  of  the  i)lants  in  the  bed. 

"Damping  off"  is  due  to  the  action  of  several  different  parasitic  organisms,  of  which  the 
potting-bed  fungus,  Pyihium  de  barynnum  Hesse,  is  one  of  the  most  common,  though  a  number  of 
other  species  have  been  shown  to  be  cai)able  of  producing  the  disease.  The  relief  measures 
recommended  by  those  who  have  studied  the  disease  are  the  use  of  fresh  soil  free  from  decaying 


54  THK    WHITE    PINE. 

matter,  as  iiinch  sniiliglit  as  the  plants  will  endure  without  wilting,  a  fairly  low  temperature,  and 
an  abun<latit  supply  of  fresh  air.  Mr.  J.  Dawson,  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  suggests  watering 
the  young  i)lants  from  below,  so  as  to  avoid  wilting  the  leaves,  as  a  means  of  prevention.  Other 
suggestions  will  be  found  in  recent  literature  of  the  subject,  practically  in  the  reports  of  various 
agricultural  experiment  stations.' 

A  disease  which  attacks  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  at  various  ages,  is  very  prevalent  in  ])ine 
forests,  and  occasions  the  condition  known  among  lumbermen  as  "punky  pine."  A  diseased  tree 
can  frequently  be  recognized  by  its  having  one  or  more  knots  with  a  rough,  irregular  contour,  at 
a  considerable  height  above  the  ground,  commonly  conspicuous  by  a  considerable  outHow  of  resin. 
These  seem  to  result  from  the  breaking  off  of  branches,  followed  by  gradual  decay  at  the  jdace 
where  they  have  separated  from  the  tree,  in  such  a  way  as  to  a<lmit  water  into  the  trunk,  the 
opening  being  afterwards  partially  covered  by  subsequent  growth  of  the  tree  while  d(^cay  is  going 
on  inside. 

Upon  examining  the  wood  of  such  a  tree,  it  is  seen  to  be  discolored  and  in  various  stages  of 
de(!ay,  the  diseased  condition  extending  inward  from  the  knot  hole,  and  both  upward  and 
downward  from  it  in  the  trunk.  By  inspecting  logs  cut  from  such  trees,  it  will  be  noticed  that 
the  decayed  portion  may  have  filled  up  the  center,  making  a  rotten  heart;  or  it  may  follow  the 
rings  of  growth  for  some  distance,  midway  from  the  center  to  the  periphery;  or  it  may  be  still 
nearer  to  the  surface,  its  position  and  extent  being  very  variable  and  following  no  recognizable 
rule.  The  parts  diseased  are  utterly  worthless,  though  boards  containing  a  greater  or  less  amount 
of  wood  thus  affected  are  common  in  the  market.  Microscopic  examination  shows  that  the  wood 
is  i)enetrated  by  the  filaments  of  a  fungus,  and  that  the  elements  of  which  the  wood  is  made  up 
have  been  greatly  altered,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  decomposed  by  its  action. 

Continued  observation  in  the  pine  woods  of  Michigan,  in  difterent  years,  does  not  so  far  Justify 
the  reference  of  this  disease  to  any  single  species  of  the  various  fungi  found  growing  upon  the 
truTiks  and  logs  of  decaying  pine  trees.  But  whatever  the  species,  one  or  several,  concerned  in 
producing  or  hastening  the  condition  described,  the  general  facts,  as  stated  above,  appear  to  be 
that  the  disease  finds  its  way  where  the  separation  and  decay  of  a  branch  presents  a  favorable 
place  for  the  entrance  of  water  and  the  spores  of  fungi,  and  that  it  spreads  so  extensively  in  the 
trunk  as  to  entirely  ruin  large  and  valuable  trees. 

Jn  our  natural  forests  there  is,  of  course,  neither  remedy  nor  prevention,  but  in  artificial  culti- 
vation careful  and  seasonable  pruning  would  doubtless  be  the  most  effectual  preventive,  since,  if 
proi)erly  performed,  the  wounds  left  by  the  removal  of  branches  would  soon  be  grown  over  and 
there  would  be  no  further  danger  from  this  source. 

KXI'I.ANATION    or    PLATK    XH. 

1.  Agarinis  milieus,  olnstor  of  young  sporopliores. 

S.  AgarUuB  miUem,  larger  sporopliore  with  root-like  organ  of  attarhmcnt. 

.1.  Uoot  of  spruce  tree  invaded  l)y  mycelium  of  Jyariciia  melleus;  rhizomorph  of  same  fungus  on  the  right. 

4-C.  Eragnients  of  pine  wood  showing  the  destructive  action  of  Agariciis  melleus. 

7.  Stiinip  of  White  Pine  attacked  hy  Pohjportis  annosus ;  the  heart  is  still  sonnd,  but  is  surrounded   liy  decayed 

wood  and  spots  filled  with  masses  of  resin. 
S.  Wood  of  Norway  Spruce  in  early  stages  of  decay  occ.aaioned  .by  action  ot  Polyportis  annosus:  the  white  areas 

have  become  delignifiod,  and  the  wood  elements  composing  them  .are  soft  and  easily  separable. 
,'*.  Wood  elements  of  Norway  Spruce  isol.ated  and  showing  the  mycelium  of  the  Polyj'oruK  duvusus. 
JO.   Eruiting  hyplne  and  spores  of  I'olyponis  annosus. 

KXI'I.ANATION    OK    IM.ATK    XIII. 

/.  Slnirip  nf  Norway  Spruce,  with  a  Hporophon^  of  Poljiporus  annoxus  Hcver.al  years  old;  tlio  inner  ]M)rtiiins  of  tlie 

stniiip  wholly  d.cayed. 
.'?.  Roots  of  a  diseased  spruce  tree,  with  numerous  small  sporophoros  of  I'olyporus  annosus  attaclied. 

3.  Stump  and  part  of  root  system  of  a  young  pine  tree  killed  by  the  action  of  Polyporus  annosus,  the  sporoplior.s  of 

which  have  grown  on'tirely  around  the  base  of  the  trunk. 

4.  Mature  sporopliore  of  I'olyporus  annosus  seen  from  below,  showing  the  porous  spore-bearing  surface. 

.».  Mature  sporopliore  of  Polyporus  annosus  Ctmn  above,  showing  the  velvety  upper  surface  and  concentric  bands. 
C.  Mature  spoiophore  of  Polyporus  annosus  in  section. 

7.  Mode  of  infection ;  where  the  smaller  diseased  root  crosses  the  larger  one,  the  mycelium  of  the  I'olyporus  annosus 
has  penetrated  the  latter  and  spread  in  both  directions  for  some  distance. 


'Cf.  Atkinson,  Cornell  Univ.,  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bull.  94,  IS!* 


Bullet  n  No    11    D»    of  Fore.ttv    U    S    Dept 


Disease  of  White  Pine:  Agaricus  melleus. 


Bulletin  No.  22,  Div.  of  Forestry,  U.  S.  Dept.  c 


Disease  of  White  Pine  :  Polyporus  annosus. 


INSECT    ENEMIES.  55 

INSECT  ENEMIES  OF  THE  WHITE  PINE, 

Uy  F.  II.  CiiiTTENHF.N,  Divisioti  of  EiitomoJiiiiy. 
INTRODUCTION. 

Of  all  coniferoii.'^  plants,  perhaps  none  are  more  subject  to  insect  attack  than  the  White  Pine. 
Upward  of  a  hundred  species  ar«  reported  to  affect  this  tree,  and  a  careful  compilation  of  all 
known  species  would  probably  add  many  more  to  this  list.  The  more  important  are  found  in  the 
order  Ooleoptera,  and  of  these  the  cylindrical  bark-beetles  of  the  family  Scolytidiv  hold  the  highest 
rank.  Most  of  the  Scolytida'  live  within  the  cambium  of  dead  or  dying  trees,  but  a  few  penetrate 
the  solid  wood,  and  several  forms,  when  excessively  abundant,  do  not  hesitate  to  attack  healthy 
growth.  Numerous  other  Coleoptera  belonging  to  the  families  Cerambycid;i'  and  Buprestido) 
similarly  infest  the  White  Pine,  but  are  for  the  most  part  secondary  in  the  nature  of  their  attack, 
and  will  therefore  require  oidy  passing  mention.  One  species,  however,  the  white-pine  weevil 
(I'issodes  stroU  Peck),  is  a  pest  of  the  most  pernicious  type.  In  addition  to  the  bark-boring  and 
wood-boring  insects,  several  species  infest  the  roots,  some  only  the  branches  or  twigs,  some  the 
cones,  and  others  injure  growing  trees  by  defoliation.  The  leaf-feeding  species  comprise  the  larva; 
of  several  sawflies,  the  caterpillars  of  numerous  moths,  and  a  number  of  beetles.  Various  species 
of  plant-lice  and  scale  insects  also  occur  upon  the  leaves,  and  often  tlie  limbs  and  trunks  of  trees 
are  injured  by  them. 

Most  of  our  injurious  forest  insects  are  native  to  this  country,  in  which  respect  they  differ 
markedly  from  those  which  affect  field  and  garden  crops.  Only  such  species  as  experience  has 
shown  to  be  more  or  less  injurious  either  to  living  trees  or  to  cut  timber  will  be  considered  in 
this  paper.  Some  few  forms  that  have  not  been  recorded  on  White  Pine  are  mentioned,  as  it  is 
more  than  probable  that  they  are  capable  of  injury  to  this  tree.  The  majority,  however,  have 
been  observed  on  White  Pine. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  present  paper  the  writer  has  drawn  freely  from  the  published  works 
of  Packard,  Fitch,  and  Hopkins,  as  well  as  from  personal  experience  in  pine  forests,  particularly 
of  New  York. 

THE  DESTRUCTIVE  PINE  BARK-BEETLE. 

The  last  decade  witnessed  very  extensive  destruction  of  pine  and  spruce  forests  in  portions  of 
the  United  States  east  of  the  Kocky  Mountains.  Tiie  principal  injury,  which  dates  from  about  the 
year  1SS8,  has  been  attributed  to  the  so-called  destructive  pine 
bark-beetle  {Dendroctoniis  frontalis  Zimm.),  one  of  a  genus  of  six 
described  species,  all  of  wide  distribution  and  all  destructive  to 
the  Conifera-.  It  is  quite  possible  that  some  predisposing 
agency  had  first  caused  a  weakened  condition  of  the  trees  in  the 
infested  districts,  but  it  is  fairly  certain  that  this  species  of  beetle 
was  responsible  for  much  injury.  The  infested  area  observed 
comprised  the  pine  and  spruce  forests  from  Maryland  in  tlie 
North  to  and  including  North  Carolina  in  the  South,  an  area  j,,,,g  __r)mri™»«on,« /««(«;«■  a, rtoraai view 
estimated  at  upward  of  10,000  stjuare  miles  in  extent.     In  some     of  becuci  fc,  lateral  view-ouiargea  about  six 

,  .,,     ,  times;  canteuiia—grratlyeiilargMl  (author's 

sections  entire  forests  were  killed.  illustration). 

The  accompanying  illustration  of  this  species  (tig.  5)  will 
enable  its  recognition.  It  ranges  from  reddisli  to  dark  brown  in  color,  and  measures  about  one 
eighth  of  an  inch  in  length,  being  the  smallest  species  of  its  genus.  Its  credited  distribution 
includes  Lake  Superior  to  Crcorgia,  and  it  is  recorded  also  from  Arizona  and  California.  The 
adult  beetle  appears  some  time  in  May,  the  date  deiiending  upon  season  and  locality,  bores  into 
living  trees  and  its  larvtc  develop  under  the  green  sappy  bark.  Copious  quantities  of  turpentine 
exude  from  the  holes  made  by  the  beetles  and  dry  in  masses  ujion  the  bark.  The  manner  of  work 
of  the  larvfe  in  great  numbers  beneath  the  bark  produces  about  the  same  effect  as  that  of  girdling, 
thus  cutting  oft"  the  fiow  of  saj),  the  natural  supply  of  plant  food  and  moisture,  greatly  weaken- 
ing and  eventu.ally  killing  the  trees.  The  first  outward  manifestation  of  injury  is  the  accumu- 
lated masses  of  pitch,  followed  by  the  leaves  turning  yellow  and  then  red,  as  though  scorched 
by  fire. 


56 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


A  siufiular  feature  in  connection  with  the  irruption  of  this  si)ecies  is  that  it  was  practically 
unknown  save  in  the  collections  of  specialists  until  its  sudden  appearance  in  1888,  but  still  more 
remarkable  is  its  unaccountable,  but  almost  entire,  disappearance  in  1893,  not,  however,  before  it 
had  done  a  great  amount  of  damage,  which  has  been  estimated  at  upward  of  a  million  dollars. 
The  apparent  extermination  of  this  bark-beetle  in  the  district  where  it  was  most  destructive  is 
believed  to  have  been  due  to  a  fungoid  disease. 

KEMEDIES. 


After  boring  insects  of  this  class  once  gain  access  to  a  tree  it  is  practically  impossible  to  eject 
them,  and  to  save  the  tree  recourse  must  be  had  to  preventive  measures.  For  this  purpose 
various  protective  washes  are  in  use.  One  of  these  consists  of  lime,  to  which  has  been  added  a 
sufficient  quantity  of  Paris  green  to  give  it  a  slight  green  color  and  enough  glue  to  cause  it  to  be 
adhesive.  Another  wash  consists  of  soft  soap  reduced  to  the  consistency  of  a  thick  paint  by  the 
addition  of  washing  soda  in  water.  A  thick  wash  of  soap,  plaster  of  Pa. is,  and  Paris  green  is 
also  of  value.  A  carbolated  wash',  which  is  in  successful  use  against  the  peach  tree  borer,  is  pre- 
pared by  mixing  a  pint  of  crude  carbolic  acid  with  a  gallon  of  soft  soap  in  eight  gallons  of  soft 
water.  Fish  or  train  oil  is  valuable  as  a  deterrent,  but  shouhl 
not  be  used  except  M'ith  the  greatest  caution  upon  young 
trees.  Whatever  wash  is  employed  should  be  applied  to  tlie 
trees  on  the  first  appearance  of  the  beetles  in  May,  and  should 
be  renewed  if  found  necessary. 

Better  than  any  other  measure,  however,  is  the  observ- 
ance of  clean  cultural  method^,.  Owners  of  pine  forests  or 
groves  will  do  well  to  cut  down  all  dead  and  trim  all  injured 
trees.  For  the  protection  of  pines,  dead  spruces  and  other 
coniferous  trees,  and  such  as  are  infested  and  too  much  weak- 
ened to  recuperate,  should  be  cut  down  and  destroyed  by 
burning.  A  great  deal  of  good  can  be  accomplished  inerely 
by  removing  the  bark  of  dead  timber.  The  progeny  of  the 
insects  that  have  deposited  their  eggs  in  one  season  so 
loosen  the  bark  that  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  remove  and  burn 
it  before  the  following  spring.     By  pursuing  this  method  mil- 

¥]<i.e.-~TomicKS  cacoiiraphui :  beetle,  showiEg dor-  „  .  .■,%■,■,,,,     ^         ., 

sal  view  at  left,  in  profile  at  right-enlarged  lioiis  of  the  lusccts  Will  be  destroyed  bcforc  they  have  an 
ligbiy  mag-  opportunity  to  issue  and  lay  their  eggs  for  the  destruction  of 
other  valuable  trees.  A  practice  known  as  "rossing"  is  in 
use  on  borer-infested  lumber  in  Canada.  It  consists  in  cutting  a  strip  of  bark  along  the  full 
leiigtii  of  the  upper  side  of  a  log,  which  causes  the  bark  to  dry  up  and  eventually  drop  away. 


about  ten    timea 
uified  (original). 


OTHER   INJURIOUS   BARK-BEETLES. 


Of  the  other  species  of  Dendroctonus,  one  has  recently  been  reported  as  ravaging  the  spruce 
forests  of  New  Hampshire.  It  is  the  species  at  present  known  as  i>.  rufipennis  Kby.,  and 
although  not  known  to  aflect  White  Pine,  it  is  not  impossible  that  it  might  attack  this  tree  in  case 
it  extends  its  present  depredations.  The  species  of  Dendroctonus  are  peculiarly  periodical  in 
their  attacks.  There  is,  however,  one  ex(!eption,  />.  terebrans  Ol.,  which  is  usually  common  at  all 
times  over  a  very  wide  area  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  infesting  all  the  ])ines.  According 
to  information  received  in  May,  1898,  this  or  a  related  si)ecies  is  now  ravaging  the  pine  forests  of 
a  portion  of  southern  New  Jersey. 

The  genus  Tomicus  contains  perhaps  quite  as  dangerous  forms  as  those  which  have  just  been 
mentioned.  The  appearance  of  the  beetles  is  somewhat  similar,  as  is  also  their  method  of  life.  A 
species  tiiat  has  been  associated  with  the  mortality  of  pines  in  the  region  about  and  south  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  is  7'.  ific(>f/rti2)hii,i  Lee,  or  southern  pine  bark-beetle,  which  is  illustrated  mn(rli 
enlarged  at  lig.  0.     It  is  reddisli  in  color  and  may  be  readily  separated  from  any  of  the  preceding 


TIMRER-BEETLES    AND    PINE    SAWYERS. 


species  by  the  structure  of  its  auteuuiP.  and  by  the  toothed  apex  of  the  elytra  or  wiug-covers.     Its 
mine  is  shown  as  it  appears  on  the  under  side  of  the  bark  of  a  tree  at  fig.  7. 

Tomicus  inni  Say,  the  northern  pine  bark-beetle,  is  destrnctive  to  pine  forests  in  the  North  in 
a  very  similar  manner  to  the  preceding  species,  which  it  much  resembles  in  structure  as  in  habit, 
but  is  less  injurious  farther  South.  T.  callif/raphus  Germ.,  a 
similar  species  to  the  two  preceding  and  about  equally  destruc 
tive,  abounds  in  the  pine  woods  of  both  tlie  North  and  South, 
and  T.  cwlatus  Zinim.  and  T.  arnlms  Eicli.  also  infest  White  Pine. 

Among  other  well-known  white-pine  bark-beetles  may  be 
mentioned  Crypturgus  imsUhiH  Gyll.,  Hylimjops  glabratus  Zett., 
and  several  species  of  Hylastes  and  Dryocmtes. 

The  remedies  to  be  employed  against  these  insects  are  prac- 
tically the  same  as  for  the  destructive  pine  bark-beetle. 

TIMBER-BEETLES   AND   OTHER   SCOLYTID^Si. 

While  the  majority  of  the  pine-infesting  Scolytida'  breed 

between  the  bark  and  the  wood,  a  considerable  number,  called 

timber-beetles,    live     entirely    within    the     sapwood;     others, 

the  twig-beetles  in  the  small  twigs  and  branches,  and  a  third 

group,  represented  by  Pityo2)hthorus  coniperiht  Sz.,  inhabits  the 

cones. 

The  chief  danger  from  the  bark-beetles,  as  has  been  shown, 

is  from  their  attacks  on   living  trees.    They  do  comparatively 

little  damage  to  timber,  except  as  they  loosen  the  bark  and  thus 

afford  ready  access  to  water  and  mold  and  to  other  destructive 

insects.    The  timber-beetles,   or  ambrosia  beetles,  as  they  are 

sometimes    called,   live   almost  exclusively  in  greenwood,  pre- 
ferring that  which  is  slightly  injured,  of  impaired  vitality,  or 

such  as  has  been  newly  felled,  but  they  often  attack  and  kill 

healthy  growth,  and  in  the  process  of  their  work  in  timber  cause 

a  staining  or  "bluing"  which  entails  a  still  greater  loss  than 

results  from  their  direct  attack  to  living  trees.    The  presence  of 

these  beetles  in  a  tree  is  manifested  by  the  little  piles  of  white 

sawdust  which  they  eject  from  the  "  pin-hole"  entrance  to  their 

galleries.     The  pine  timber-beetles  are  found  in  the  genera  Gnathotrichus,  Xyloterus,  Xylebo 

rus,  and  Platypus.  Gnathotrichus  materia r ins  Fitch  is  the  commonest  of  three  species  of  the 
genus,  all  of  which  attack  pine.  This  species  is  shown  greatly  enlarged 
at  flg.  S,  and  its  characteristic  galleries  in  the  wood  of  pine  are  well  illus- 
trated at  fig.  9. 

The  same  remedies  advised  against  bark-beetles  will  prove  valuable 
against  the  timber  beetles.  Kerosene  emulsion  or  a  carbolated  wash  would 
accomplish  the  destruction  of  the  timber-beetles  even  after  they  have 
attained  entrance  to  a  tree,  provided  the  application  be  made  in  time. 

The  twig  beetles  are  represented  by  the  genera  Pityophthorus  and 
Hypothenemus.  Of  the  former  genus,  /'.  S2)arsus  Lee,  cariniceps  Lee,  pullus 
Lee,  lautus  Eich.,2)la{/iatus  Lee,  are  all  well-known  pine  species.  The  genus 
Hypothenemus  inhabits  alike  deciduous  and  coniferous  trees. 

Remedies  are  the  same  as  for  bark-beetles.  Pruning  and  burning 
infested  twigs  and  branches  and  the  clearing  away  and  burning  of  brush 
heaps  during  winter  are  indicated.    For  choice  ornamental  trees  in  private 

grounds  and  in  parks  plugging  the  "pin  holes"  with  wire  and  stimulating  the  trees  with  manures 

and  fertilizers  to  assist  them  to  recuperate  from  attack  are  advisable. 

PINE  SAWYERS  AND  OTHER  BORERS. 
Of  all  the  insects  that  occur  in  pine  timber  the  Oerambycid,  or  long-horned  beetles,  of  the 
genus  Monohammus,  are  the  best  known,  and  are  credited  with  being  the  most  destructive.    If 


-Gnathotrichus  ma. 
beetle,  enlarged ; 
antenna,  still  more  en- 
larged at  left  (Marx  del.). 


58 


THE    WHITE   PINE. 


we  except  the  losses  occasioned  by  tlie  more  or  less  sporadic  attacks  of  certain  species  of  the 
Scolytidiv.  already  nienf  ioncd,  probably  this  opinion  is  about  correct.  Five  of  these  species  have 
been  described,  all  i)ine  feeders  and  beetles  of  the  largest  size,  with  elongate  cylindrical  bodies 
and  extremely  long  antenna',  those  of  the  male  being  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  the  remainder 
of  the  insect.  The  pine  sawyers  are  nio.st  troublesome  in  the  mill  yard,  and  their  large  white  larvae 
often  do  much  damage  to  logs  by  eating  great  holes  thi-ough  their  solid  interior.  While  burrowing 
in  the  wood  the  larvae  make  a  peculiar  grating  sound  that  may  be  heard  on  quiet  nights  at  a  consid- 
erable distance.    This  is  a  familiar  sound  in  the  lumber  camps  of  the  North,  and  has  probably 


given  rise  to  the  name  of  pine  sawyers,  by  which  these  insects  are  known.  jMouoliammus  ran- 
fiisor  Kby.  is  a  large  gray  species  destructive  in  the  lumbering  districts  of  the  Northern  United 
States  and  Canaila;  M.  litlUiilor  Fab.;  a  mottled  brov/n  beetle,  replaces  the  above  species  in  the 
South,  aM<l  M.  maculoNus  Ilald.  occurs  in  the  West;  ^1/.  sciiielhitus  Say.  is  widely  distributed  an<l 


id  M.  vuirmordlor  Kby. 


•athi 


abundant  I'roni  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacilic, 
form. 

Among  other  boicrs  l)eloii.uiiig  to  the  same  family  as  tlie  sawyers,  the  majority  of  which  infest 
White  Tine,  may  be  mentioned  Crini-rplinl us  ({(jrcxiis  Kby.,  C.  oh.solctiis  \l:un\.,  Asrmiim  maxlum 
Hald.,  Orihosoma  hriinnenin   J<'oist.,  I'rioiiKs  pivularh  Dalm.,  llylotrupvn  Ixijiiliis  Linn.. 

fantemuUum  Newm.,  Jlkayitim  lineatum  Ol.,  Graphisnrus^nmUus  Kby.,  A  ( 
ohnolctus  Ol.,  A.  nodosus  Tab.,  and  Weoclytus  muricatulus  Kby. 
In  the  Coleopterous  family  Buprestidaj  are  many  borers  which  i 
These  include  five  species  of  Ghalcophora,  one  of  which,  G,  viryinicns 
figured  (fig.  10);  IJiccrca  punctulata  Sch.,  J),  tenehrosa  Kby.,  JUiprc 
Fab.,  MelanopliUa  fulvogvttnta  Harr.,  M.  lotu/ipen  Say.,  Chrysohothris  ilcntijics 
Germ.,  C.  floricola  Gory,  and  C.  sealiHpennis  Lap.  aud  Gory.  These  beetles  are 
graceful  in  form,  hard  of  texture,  and  many  are  brilliantly  metallic.  Their  larva' 
are  slender,  white  grubs  with  very  large,  round  Hat  heads.  Some  of  this  family 
attack  living  trees  and  do  injury  to  the  sapwood  and  to  felhul  timber  in  the  same  maimer  as  the 
sawyers,  but  the  majority  of  them  ])refer  devitalized  material,  and  their  attacks  are  usually 
secondary  to  some  more  injurious  species. 


northeri 


,  Culliillum 
■(niihiichnix 

nfest  i)ine. 
:/.v  Drii.,  is 
.S//.V  xlriata 


Fifi.  in.— f'halcoplio 
size  (Marx  ilel). 


THE  WHITE-PINE  "WEEVIL. 


Ill  the  White  Pine  forests  of  the  Northern  States,  particularly  in  those  of  a  second  growth, 
one's  attention  is  often  drawn  to  the  great  number  of  deformed  trees.  They  sometimes  occur 
singly,  but  more  often  in  groups.  The  insect  that  is  responsible  for  this  damage  is  the  white-pine 
weevil  {rissnilrfi  strohi  Peck).  This  beetle  is  a  memhi^r  of  the  family  Ourculionida',  and  is  about  a 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  length,  of  oval  form,  red  ;ind  hiowii  in  color,  with  its  elytra  marked  with  white 


JIOTII    f'ATERPILLAUS    AND    PI>ANT-LirE. 


59 


n.  n.—Piesodes  stroU:  beetle  at  left; 
arva;  ft,  pupa — enlarged  about  tUn 
:ime3  (from  Packard). 


spots,  as  shown  in  the  accompanjing  illustration  (fig.  11).  It  is  provided  with  a  latlK-r  long 
rostrum  or  snout  to  which  are  attached  its  elbowed  antenna>.  The  larva,  wliich  is  white  aiid  loot- 
less,  is  illustrated  at  «,  and  the  pupa,  also  white,  is  figured  at  h. 

This  weevil  is  one  of  the  iirst  spring  visitants  in  the  North,  occurring  as  early  as  March  about 
Washington  City  and  in  April  or  May  farther  north.  Its  eggs  are  deposited  on  the  terminal  shoots 
of  pine,  particularly  of  young  trees,  bnt  sometimes  also  in  the  bark  of  old  trees.  The  larva,  when 
hatched,  bores  into  the  pith  or  mines  the  sapwood.  Toward  tlio 
end  of  summer  it  attains  full  growth,  when  it  goes  into  hiberna- 
tion until  the  next  spring,  transforming  to  pupa  and  soon  after- 
ward to  the  mature  or  beetle  form.  The  presence  of  this  insect  in 
a  tree  is  first  manifested  by  the  wilting  of  the  leading  shoots,which 
becomes  most  evitlent  toward  the  close  of  summer.  The  identity 
of  the  species  at  work  may  be  established  at  once  from  its  peculiar 
cells  beneath  the  bark.  (See  fig.  12.)  These  cells,  which  are 
destined  for  its  winter  nest  and  for  further  transformation,  are 
sunk  into  the  pith  and  covered  over  with  long  fibers  of  chipped 
wood.  When  a  terminal  shoot  of  a  small  tree  becomes  filled  in  the  summer  with  these  larv.T,  to 
the  number  sometimes  of  a  score  or  more,  the  shoot,  with  its  lateral  branches,  as  well  as  the  stock 
below,  wilt  and  gradually  die,  the  bark  becomes  loosened,  pitch  oozes  out,  and  by  autumn  the 
shoot  turns  black,  and  the  bark  is  covered  with  mas.ses  of  pitch.  A  tree  thus  damaged  will  fail 
sometimes  for  several  successive  seasons  to  send  out  a  new  terminal  shoot,  with  the  result  that 
the  lateral  shoots  continue  to  grow,  and  the  tree  becomes  more  or  less 
distorted. 

Owners  and  overseers  of  pine  groves  will  do  well  to  make  a  practice 
of  examining  the  young  trees  each  year,  say  in  August,  and  when  one 
with  a  wilting  terminal  shoot  is  found  to  cut  or  break  it  off  and  commit 
it  to  the  flames.  With  every  blighted  twig  thus  treated  from  a  do/.en  to 
fifty  or  more  weevils  will  be  destroyed,  and  thus  the  numbers  of  the 
insects  for  the  coming  year  will  be  greatly  lessened.  All  dead  growth 
or  such  trees  as  have  from  any  cause  been  injured  beyond  recovery 
and  which  might  serve  as  centers  of  infestation  by  harboring  this  weevil 
or  other  injurious  species  should  be  similarly  treated.  What  is  most 
needed  is  a  preventive,  and  for  this  purpose  a  good  thick  fish-oil  soap 
mixed  with  Taris  green  and  carbolic  acid,  in  the  proportion  of  about  a 
pound  of  the  former  and  a  quart  of  the  latter  to  100  gallons  of  the  wash, 
is  recommended.  It  should  be  sprayed  in  April  and  May  on  the  terminal 
shoots  of  the  trees  and  repeated  at  the  end  of  a  month  if  necessary. 


MOTH  CATERPILLARS  AND  PLANT-LICE  ON  TRUNKS  AND  LIMBS. 


The  trunks  and  limbs  of  pine  are  also  subject  to  the  attack  of  sev- 
eral insects  besides  those  in  the  order  Coleoptera  that  have  been  men- 
tioned. Of  these  are  three  tortricid  moths  of  the  genus  Eetinia,  which 
affect  the  pitch  and  other  pines.  Two  other  moths  of  similar  habits  to 
the  above  occur  on  White  Pine,  wounding  the  trunk  below  the  insertion 
of  the  branches  and  causing  the  resinous  sap  to  exude.  These  are 
the  pitch-drop  worm  {Pinipestis  zimmermanni  Grote)  and  Harmonia 
2)ini  Kell. 

The  same  remedies  advised  for  other  boring  species,  and  particularly 
tho.se  specified  to  be  used  against  the  white-pine  weevil,  are  indicated  for  the  present  class  of 
insects. 

Several  species  of  plant-lice  affect  the  White  Pine.  The  white-pine  aphis  (Lachnus  strohi 
Fitch)  is  very  abundant  in  the  Northern  States,  living  in  colonies  on  the  branches  of  trees  and 
puncturing  and  extracting  their  juices.  The  so-called  " pine  blight,"  Gliermes  jnnicorUcis  Fitch,  is 
sometimes  very  destructive,  its  presence  being  manifested  by  large  patches  of  a  white,  floccnlent 


—rissodet  itrtih 
-natural  ai/.e  (fr 


no 


THE   WHITE    PINE. 


Sell izont'iira  pinicola 


secretion,  beneath  which  covering  are  concealed  myriads  of  niinuto 
Thos.,  feeds  on  tlie  lender  shoots  of  young  White  Tine. 

Kerosene  emulsion  applied  as  a  si)ray  is  the  appropriate  remedy  for  these  jjlaut-lice. 

LEAF-FEEDING  INSECTS. 

Tli<^  most  deslructivo  insects  of  the  foliage  of  i)ine  are  several  species  of  sawllies  of  the  genera 
Lojihynis  and  Lyda,  one  of  which  is  represented  in  its  several  stages  at  lig.  1:?.     It  is  called 


Fin.  14. 


Fio.  13, — Lophitrus  ahhotii :  1  foni.ile,  onlar;::iMl ,  2,  3, 
impil,  onljil;^i'iI;  4,  4,  l:irv;i',  natuial  si/i';  .'>,  i  (irodii, 
natural  Hj/e;  6,  lualo  antenna,?,  i'i'n»aleanti*nn.i, <'nlai-<;ed 
(from  Kiloj).  (from 

Abbot's  white-pine  sawfly  {LopJii/rus  ahhotii  Leach.),  and  is  periiaps  the  most  injurious  foliage 
feeder  which  infests  the  pine  woods  of  the  North. 

The  caterpillar  of  a  single  species  of  butterfly,  Tkcela  niphon  Ilbn.,  is  known  to  feed  uiion  the 
foliage  of  White  Tine,  but  among  the  larviB  of  moths  of  dilferent  lamilies  are  innumerable  ])ine- 


feeding  species.  Prominent  among  them  is  the  magnificent  sulphur-yellow  imperial  moth  (Eaoles 
imperialin  l)ru.),  Avhose  larva  attacks  the  leaves  of  various  forest  trees.  Of  other  moths  whose 
cateipilhirs  devour  the  foliage  of  Wiiite' Pine  may  be  mentioned:  Harris's  \iuw  hawk  moth  {FAlnna 
han-isii  Clem. I,  A',  ctnii/criirina  S.  and  A.,  E.  piminii  i>inl.,  'I'oli/itc.  ha-icis  ViU-h,  the  white-pine 
tufted  caterpillar  (I'latyccruraJ'urcilla  Pack.),  the  rediiead  inchwomi  {SiMiotliisK  hix'ujnaia  Walk.), 


FOREST    MANAGEMENT.  61 

tbe  sulphur  k'af-rollur  moth  (J)ick<;lia  sulphureana  Clem.),  Teras  J'crrugana  S.  V.,  and  Amorhia 
liumerotiana  Glem.  Au  interesting  8i)ucies  is  the  pine  tnhQ-hn'Mm-  {Lophoder us  politana  Haw.), 
which,  iu  its  larval  stage,  lives  within  a  tube  formed  by  webbing  together  a  number  of  pine  needles 
as  shown  in  fig.  14. 

A  number  of  species  of  adult  Coleoptera,  whose  larval  habits  are  imperfectly  understood,  sub- 
sist upon  the  leaves  of  White  Pine.  Of  these  are  the  Scarabseid,  Diohelonyvha  alhicoUis  Burm., 
and  the  Chrysomelid,  GlyptoHccUs  puhcscvns  Fab. 

The  best  remedy  for  the  sawfly  larvuj,  caterpillars,  and  beetles  is  a  spray  of  Paris  green, 
applied  upon  the  first  appearance  of  these  insects  on  the  trees. 

The  consideration  of  the  insect  enemies  of  the  White  Pine  may  conclude  with  the  mention  of ' 
th(i  pine-leaf  scale  insect  (Chionaspis  pinifoliw  Fitch),  which  forms  its  scales  upon  the  leaves, 
exhausting  them  of  their  juices  and  causing  them  to  turn  yellow.    This  species  is  illustrated  at 
fig.  15. 

A  sti-oug  spray  of  kerosene  emulsion  will  be  found  an  efficient  remedy  against  these  scale 
insects. 

FOREST  MANAGEMENT. 

As  regards  forest  management,  we  have,  unfortunately,  in  this  country  no  experiences  which 
would  permit  its  to  form  very  positive  opinions  based  on  actual  observation  regarding  this  species 
or  any  other.  The  study  of  the  natural  history  of  the  species  in  its  native  occurrence  permits  us, 
nevertheless,  to  draw  conclusions  which  may  at  least  serve  as  a  basis  for  its  future  sylvicultural 
treatment. 

In  the  first  place,  it  may  be  declared  that  the  White  Pine  is  the  most  important  and  promising 
species  upon  which  to  expend  attention  in  our  coming  forestry  operations  within  the  limits  of  its 
natural  occurrence.  Its  adai)tation  to  a  variety  of  soils  and  situations  within  these  limits,  its  rapid 
growth,  its  excellent  form,  its  remarkable  mass  development  per  acre,  its  shade  endurance,  its 
all-round  useful  wood  product,  and  its  propagation,  both  by  natural  and  artificial  reproduction, 
give  it  a  position  among  our  timber  trees  hardly  approached  by  any  other. 

There  are  certain  general  principles  which  are  the  result  of  experience  in  forest  management 
in  I']urope  and  elsewhere,  a|iplying  to  this  as  to  most  species.  The  first  is,  that  mixed  growth  isin~/ 
every  respect  superior  to  jiure  growth;  it  will  therefore  be  proper  policy  to  grow  White  I'ine  pref-_) 
erably,  if  not  altogether,  in  mixture  with  other  species.  This  advice  is  given  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  the  White  Pino  grows  rather  well  in  pure  stand,  and  that,  owing  to  its  sliady  crown  during  a 
long  period  of  its  life  and  the  density  of  stand  in  which  it  can  develop,  and  the  large  (juantity  of 
foliage  which  it  sheds,  the  soil  conditions  are  not  iu  danger  of  deteriorating,  as  would  be  the  case 
with  more  light-needing  species.  But,  as  has  been  observed  in  its  natural  occurrence,  its  develop- 
ment is  more  favorable  in  companionship,  and  especially  is  this  the  case  with  regard  to  the 
cleaning  of  the  bole  of  its  branches,  which  are  peculiarly  persistent.  Whether  it  would  pay  to 
substitute  an  artificial  cleaning  by  pruning  the  young  grov.'ths  is  still  doubtful;  meanwhile  the 
self-pruning  performed  by  mixture  with  shady  companions  will  have  to  bo  encouraged,  especially 
as  thereby  other  valuable  advantages  are  secured  which  attach  to  the  mixed  forest  iu  general. 

Unfortunately,  our  irrational  exploitation  has  reduced  the  White  Pine  in  the  natural  forest  areas 
often  to  such  an  extent  that  its  reestablishment  is  possible  only  by  artificial  means.  Wherever 
the  culling  has  not  been  too  severe,  and  either  young  growth  has  developed  or  seedling  trees  have 
been  left,  the  natural  reproduction  should  be  encouraged  by  favoring  the  young  growth  and  by 
removing  or  thinning  out  other  species  Avhich  interfere  with  the  starting  of  a  young  growth. 
Fortunately,  the  White  Pine,  owing  to  its  shade  endurance,  is  specially  fitted  for  natural  repro- 
duction from  the  seed  of  mother  trees,  more  so  than  most  other  pines,  and  the  rai)idity  of  its 
growth,  in  which  it  excels  most  other  shade-enduring  species,  is  also  favorable  in  this  respect. 

We  are  not  yet  prepared  to  determine  the  most  profitable  rotation  in  which  tlie  species  is  to 
be  managed  under  varying  conditions.  The  fact  that  it  is  not  only  a  very  rapid  but  one  of  the 
most  persistent  growers,  trees  making  wood  at  the  rate  of  lA  to  2  cubic  feet  per  year  up  to  the 
one  hundred  and  fortieth  year,  permits  a  wide  range  of  choice  for  rotations,  and  since  its  wood, 
being  rapidly  changed  into  heartwood,  becomes  serviceable  very  early,  the  rotations  may  be  either 
low  or  high,  varying  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  years,  according  to  local  economic  and 
soil  conditions. 


THE    WHITE    PIN! 


NATURAL    REPRODUCTION. 


Tlie  VVIiiLc.  i'iiie  leprodiices  itself  readily  iu  the  virgin  forest  on  all  sandy  and  loamy  sand 
soils  where  the  hardwoods  do  not  interfere.  On  these  areas  thickets  of  younj;  growth,  sapling- 
timber,  and  dense  groves  of  mature  trees  are  scattered  without  regularity,  and  there  is  no  indica- 
tion that  this  pine  forest  has  undergone  material  change  for  centuries.  In  the  hardwood  districts 
of  the  heavier  soils  of  the  Lake  region,  where  the  pine  is  met  with  chietly  as  old,  overripe  timber, 
the  reproduction  of  the  pine  seems,  temporarily  at  least,  to  be  interfered  with  by  the  associated 
growth.  Large,  old  trees  occur,  thinly  scattered  or  in  clusters,  but  sapling  timber  and  young 
■  growth  is  often  entirely  wanting  over  considerable  areas.  Similar  conditions  prevail,  or  have  pre- 
vailed, iu  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  and  also  in  New  England  and  in  the  Adirondacks. 
Where  the  pine  is  cut  and  some  seed  trees  are  left  the  ground  soon  covers  itself  with  young  growth. 
This,  contrary  to  the  common  notion,  is  true  even  where  fire  has  run  over  the  slashings  and  the 
ground  for  a  time  is  stocked  with  Poplar  and  other  brush.  Such  groves  or  thickets  of  young  pine 
occur  in  all  parts  of  the  pinery  of  the  Lake  region,  and  in  the  aggregate  cover  several  hundred 
thousand  acres.  (Jenerally,  however,  the  tire  returns  from  time  to  time,  the  young  seedlings,  as 
well  as  the  mother  trees,  are  finally  all  destroyed,  and  thus  the  reproduction  is  completely  pre- 
vented. On  such  lands,  impoverished  by  fire  and  exposure  to  sun  and  wind,  not  even  the  Poplar 
returns.  In  the  hardwood,  Spruce,  and  Hemlock  regions  the  cutting  of  the  pine  in  the  usual 
manner  simply  assists  its  competitors,  and  its  reproduction  is  seriously  hampered  and  frequently 
prevented  altogether.  Where  these  clay  and  loam  lands  are  completely  cleared  and  then  aban- 
doned, as  has  been  the  case  with  thousands  of  acres  of  New  England  forests,  the  White  Pine  is 
one  of  the  first  to  return  if  any  seed  trees  exist  iu  the  vicinity.  Hundreds  of  groves  have  sprung 
up  in  New  England  iu  this  way. 

NOTES  ON  NATURAL  REPRODUCTION. 

A  case  of  the  kind  above  referred  to  was  observed  in  1S8G  in  York  (Jounty,  Me.,  and  the 
following  notes  on  the  subject  will,  no  doubt,  prove  of  interest: 

In  ooiiipuiiy  with  Mr.  Jcilin  E.  Hobbs,  who  is  thoroughly  faiiiiUar  with  the  history  of  the  various  j)ieces  of 
loreBtiexaiiiined,  a  visit  was  made  to  a  imiuber  of  i)laces  on  which  White  Piue  was  growing,  others  ou  which  yimng 
pine  seedlings  wore  coming  in,  and  slill  others  iu  the  immediate  vicinity  where  none  were  to  be  seen,  although  the 
general  conditions  of  soil  and  situation  were  practically  identical.  The  soil,  much  of  it,  was  light  and  sandy,  with 
a  growth  of  Comptonia,  Pterin,  (liiiillluria,  and  other  iilants  common  ou  piue  laud. 

A  largo  number  of  trees  had  a  crop  of  cones,  the  last  year  before  this  visit  in  which  there  was  a  good  crop 
having  been  1879,  according  to  Mr.  Hobbs.  Going  first  to  an  open  lield  that  was  formerly  covered  with  piue  trees, 
it  was  found  to  be  very  thickly  covered  with  young  seedliugs,  from  a  few  inches  to  2  feet  or  more  in  height, 
that  had  sprung  up  in  such  abundance  that  a  bare  8i)ot  was  hardly  to  be  soeu  over  the  whole  tract.  This  piece  was 
cut  over  in  the  winter  of  1879-80,  the  ground  was  not  burned  over,  and  there  being  a  good  crop  of  seeds,  these 
had  grown  promptly  and  a  young  forest  was  rapidly  coming  ou  to  take  the  place  of  the  one  removed. 

On  going  to  other  ]>ieces  in  the  vicinity,  from  which  the  pine  had  been  cut  at  difl'erent  times  since  1879,  a  most 
striking  contrast  was  observed.  On  these  pieces  that  seemed  otherwise  just  like  the  iirst,  and  with  the  conditions 
just  as  favorable  for  a  secimd  growth,  only  a  very  few  pine  seedlings  were  to  be  seen.  These  few  may  have  come 
from  seeds  carried  by  wind  from  the  neighboring  forests,  but  evidently  the  ground  had  not  been  seeded  as  the  first 
piece  had,  and  it  was  impossible  not  to  draw  the  conclusion  that  the  difterence  was  due  simply  to  the  fact  that  the 
Iirst  piece  was  fully  seeded,  while  the  others  were  not.  Repeated  observations  of  similar  pieces  of  laud  led  further 
to  the  couclusiou  that  no  dependence  can  be  placed  upon  the  springing  up  of  seeds  that  have  lain  dormant  in  the 
ground  for  a  term  of  years;  or,  in  other  words,  although  the  seeds  of  the  White  Pine  n^tain  their  vitality  for  a  long 
time  if  kept  in  a  dry  place,  there  is  a  lack  of  evidence  to  show  that  this  is  the  case  in  the  natural  forest,  where  they 
are  alternately  dry  and  wet. 

Other  interesting  conditions  of  growth  were  noticed  iu  the  same  region.  In  the  vicinily  of  standing  piue 
forests,  particularly  ou  their  leeward  side,  seedliugs  of  diticrent  ages  were  coming  up,  often  vi  ly  thickly,  but  ujion 
entering  the  forest,  after  the  Iirst  2  or  3  rods,  no  more  of  these  were  to  be  seen,  their  growtli  having  evidently  been 
prevented  by  the  dense  shade  of  tlio  standing  trees.  In  hardwoods,  on  the  other  hand,  where  the  surroundings  were 
a  little  more  favorable,  some  young  pines  were  growiug  here  and  there. 

All  observations  recnforcod  the  truth  that  there  is  no  mysterious  succession  of  forest  growth,  involving  uecessary 
alternations,  and  that  the  White  Pine  does  actually  grow  and  flourish  for  an  indefinite  number  of  generations  on 
the  same  land,  if  only  the  necessary  seeding  has  beou  insured. 

In  such  regions  as  have  .just  been  described  reforesting  with  the  White  Pine  is  a  comparatively  simple  matter. 
Whore  nothing  more  is  done  than  to  t:ike  advantage  of  natural  conditions  by  felling  the  trees  in  seed  years,  or  by 
leaving  seed  trees  here  and  there,  an  abundant  crop  of  youug  pines  may  often  be  secured.     As  a  matter  of  fact,  large 


ARTIFICIAL    REPRODUCTION.  63 

tracts  ill  Maine  and  Massachusetts  aro  coining  up  in  this  way  to  second-growth  pine,  and  as  the  profit  arising  from 
the  protection  of  these  young  forests  is  better  understood,  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  whole  matter  will  in 
a  great  measure  regulate  itself. 

In  the  Adirondack  region  and  in  the  pine  belt  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Minnesota  the  case  is  far  different. 
Under  the  present  system  forest  iiros  are  an  almost  necessary  result  of  all  lumbering  operations.  To  start  with,  all 
trees  that  are  large  enough  are  cut,  and  if  by  chance  here  and  there  one  has  escaped  that  might  produce  a  crop 
of  seeds,  it  perishes  in  the  lires  that  soon  sweep  over  the  ground,  leaving  hardly  a  living  thing  behind  them,  and 
burning  the  seeds  that  under  other  conditions  might  have  sprung  up  to  form  a  second  growth  of  pine.  On  all 
such  burned  tracts  pine  seedlings  are  rarely  found  in  any  number,  and  yet  here  and  there  they  are  seen  growing 
where  the  fire  had  left  a  seed  tree  by  the  side  of  a  stream  or  a  piece  of  unburued  ground,  thus  giving  the  seed  a 
chance  to  grow. 

After  making  a  careful  study  of  the  pine  lands  of  Michigan  for  several  years  the  conclusion  seems  plain  that 
here,  exactly  as  in  New  England,  everything  practically  depends  upon  reseediug.  Here  in  the  Northwest  the  seed 
trees  have  been  destroyiul,  th(:  seeds  in  the  ground  have  been  burned,  and,  as  an  inevitable  consequence,  the  land 
remains  a  wilderness  and  must  remain  so  until  scmie  means  are  found  of  restoring  the  forests  by  artificial  sowing  or 
planting.  There  is  nothing  in  the  soil  itself  that  prevents  reforesting  the  pine  lands  of  Michigan  at  once.  It  is 
because  seeds  are,  to  a  great  extent,  wanting,  and  the  seedlings  that  do  start  are  nut  protected,  that  these  pine  lands 
are  left  in  their  desolate  and  unproductive  condition.' 

The  experience  with  White  Pine  iu  Europe  fully  confirms  the  correctness  of  the  observations 
above  recited.  White  Pine  abroad  reproduces  well,  seeds  abundantly,  and  is  so  particularly  well 
suited  to  natural  reproduction  that  the  most  experienced  and  competent  recent  writers  claim  that 
this  tree  fairly  "  demands"  this  form  of  regeneration. 

ARTIFICIAL  REPRODUCTION. 

Ooncerning  the  artificial  reproduction  by  seeding  or  planting,  the  experience,  both  in  this 
country  and  Europe,  is  quite  extensive.  Not  only  has  this  species  been  planted  frequently  and 
for  a  long  time  in  New  England  and  in  other  parts  of  its  natural  range,  even  for  forest  purposes, 
but  thrifty  groves  have  been  established  also  in  the  Western  prairies  beyond  the  limits  of  natural 
distribution.  In  Germany  larger  or  smaller  plantations  were  made  in  many  localities  near  the 
beginning  of  the  century. 

The  planting  in  this  country  has,  however,  not  usually  proceeded  with  a  knowledge  of  proper 
forestry  practice.  As  a  rule,  plants  have  been  set  out  too  old,  and  hence  the  planting  has  proved 
expensive;  usually,  also,  it  has  been  too  wide  spaced  to  secure  the  most  desirable  result  in  form 
development.  Another  point  also  usually  neglected  is  the  admixture  of  other  species  to  stimulate 
the  growth  of  the  pines  aiul  possibly  to  reduce  the  expense  of  covering  the  ground. 

In  Europe  the  majority  of  pine  plantations  made  with  Scotch  Pine  {Pinus  xilvestris)  is  made 
with  one-year-old  seedlings,  which  is  done  very  cheaply  and  expeditiously,  often  on  unprepared 
ground,  when  one  man  may  set  1,000  to  1,500  plants  in  a  day. 

Eor  White  Pine,  especially  under  our  conditions,  where  the  young  plants  have  much  to  contend 
with  in  the  way  of  climatic  ills,  weed  growth,  etc.,  this  method  is  probably  not  applicable. 

Two-year  and  even  three-year  old  plants,  grown  in  seed  beds  and  once  transplanted  in  nursery 
rows,  to  produce  a  stocky  root  system  and  growth,  will  probably  be  more  successful,  being  better 
prepared  to  overcome  adversities. 

The  seedlings,  grown  from  seed  sown  either  broadcast  or  in  drills  iu  the  seed  beds,  must  be 
shaded  during  the  first  two  years,  as  is  usual  with  conifers  in  this  country.  After  the  second  year 
they  will  endure  the  hottest  sun.  The  shade  must  be  graduated  according  to  the  weather,  as  the 
seedlings  are  liable  to  damp  ott'  the  first  season  if  too  much  shaded  and  to  burn  off  if  not  shaded 
enough. 

As  there  are  about  1,800  seeds  to  the  ounce,  it  will  take  about  5  to  G  ounces  to  the  100  feet  of 
drill,  unless  the  seed  be  specially  poor,  when  greater  allowance  will  have  to  be  made  in  proiiortion 


'  We  are  likely  to  repeat  in  the  Northwest,  on  an  extensive  scale,  the  history  of  several  of  the  Eastern  States. 
Under  inducements  held  ont  to  enconr;ige  immigration,  many  settlers  have  been  led  to  tuki^  up  land  all  through  the 
worst  part  of  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  including  the  "barrens."  They  clear  the  land,  seed  it,  if  they  can,  with 
clover,  and  put  in  other  crops,  work  in  the  adjacent  pine  woods  for  a  living,  and  "  develop  the  country,"  thus  doing 
for  the  State  exactly  what  needs  to  be  done  and  what  the  State  has  neglected  to  do  for  itself;  but  it  is  a  disastrous 
experiment  for  the  settlers.  The  many  farms  kept  up  in  this  way  for  a  while  may  finally  bo  abandoned,  but  the 
whole  region  will  then  be  in  a  great  measure  secured  against  extensive  fires,  and  the  lands  that  have  been  plowed 
and  worked  over  will  be  in  a  better  condition  for  reforesting. 


CA  THE   WHITE   PINE. 

to  the  perneiitiige  of  gcnniiiiitiou.  In  oidiuary  collecting  the  percentage  of  giiminating  seeds 
may  not  exceed  75  per  cent,  and,  as  is  indicated  in  the  discussion  ou  seed  supply  (page  133),  it  may 
fall  far  below  this  figure  in  some  years.  Even  if  :iO,0(M)  to  25,000  seeds  should  germinate  per 
pound,  it  would  not  be  safe  to  count  on  more  than  5,000  to  8,000  seedlings  th;it  will  grow  to  use, 
and  in  the  transplanting  to  iiursery  rows  an  allowance  of  at  least  5  to  10  per  cent  should  be  made 
for  losses,  so  that  to  secure  10,000  transplants  at  least  lA  pounds  of  seed  is  needed,  to  secure 
which  it  may  take  from  :^  to  4  bushels  of  cones. 

Close  planting  is  indicated  on  account  of  the  ditliculty  with  which  tliis  pine  cleans  itself  of  its 
branches.  It  should  be  planted  not  more  than  4  feet  apart  or,  preferably,  set  out  in  mixture  with 
a  shady,  slower  growing  companion,  the  Black  Spruce  (Picca  nigra)  being  an  ideal  choice  within 
its  habitat,  and  of  broad-leafed  trees  the  Sugar  Maple  (Acer  saccharinum),  which,  for  the  sake  of 
economy,  may  be  sown  between  the  wider  spaced  (8  feet  or  more)  plants  of  White  Pine.  The 
mixture  should  not  stop  here,  but  other  kinds  chosen  with  circumspection  from  the  many  that  are 
found  associated  with  the  White  Pine  in  its  natural  habitat  should  be  added,  as  Chestnut,  Yellow, 
and  Eed  Birch,  Basswood,  Hickories,  and  Oaks,  and  of  conifers,  the  Ked  Pine,  Hemlock,  and 
occasionally  in  some  localities  Arborvitu'. 

Dr.  Fernow  has  for  some  time  (since  1887)  advocated  a  method  of  forest  planting  in  which  the 
main  or  "final  harvest  crop"  is  distinguished  from  the  mere  "nurse  crop"  or  "filler,"  when  only 
500  or  COO  trees  per  acre,  or  even  less,  of  the  better  kinds  are  set  out  with  care  as  the  main  croj), 
receiving  due  attention  in  their  further  development,  and  the  nurse  crop  is  introduced  of  the 
cheapest  kinds  and  in  the  cheapest  manner  to  act  as  soil  cover  to  check  weed  growth  and  stimu- 
late height  growth,  straight  form,  and  cleaning  of  the  main  crop.  The  White  Pine  would,  of 
course,  bo  a  most  excellent  main  crop. 

By  the  fiftieth  year  or  so  the  pines,  if  set  out  at  the  rate  of  500,  will  have  overtopped  the 
nurse  crop,  except  where  trees  of  the  latter  have  taken  the  place  of  a  failing  pine,  and  their 
crowns  will  have  closed  up,  their  boles  straight  and  clean,  furnishing  clear  lumber,  if  the  nurse 
crop  was  properly  chosen  and  has  done  its  duty.  The  further  management  then  would  concern 
itself  mostly  with  gradual  thinning  out  of  the  main  crop  to  secure  the  diameter  accretion  due  to 
increased  crown  development  and  light.  By  the  one  hundredth  year  it  will  be  reasoiuible 
to  exi)ect  at  least  half  the  trees  set  out  to  have  reached  their  highest  value  in  maturity  and  size, 
with  15,000  to  20,000  cubic  feet  to  the  acre,  for  the  White  Pine  is  not  only  a  rapid  j^rnwer,  but  a 
large  producer,  its  shade  endurance  permitting  as  large  a  number  of  trees  to  develop  satisfactorily 
per  acre  as  the  Spruce,  which  it  outgrows  in  height  and  diameter. 

While  planting  nursery-grown  seedlings  as  a  rule  furnishes  better  results,  sowing  the  seeds 
into  permanent  sites  may,  under  certain  conditions,  especially  on  soils  not  too  prone  to  weed  growth 
and  in  the  more  humid  climate  of  the  Northeastern  States,  jirove  satisfactory  and  cheaper. 

Various  methods  can  be  employed  according  to  circumstances.  On  light  soils  sowing  broad- 
cast on  snow  may  furnish  satisfactory  results ;  ou  heavier  soils  preparation  of  the  ground  to  receive 
the  seed  will  prove  indispensable.  This  may  be  done  by  plowing  furrows  or  by  hoeing  plats  of  2 
or  3  feet  s(]uare  (the  larger  size  where  overgrowing  by  brushwood  is  to  be  feared)  and  sowing  into 
these  in  drills  or  broadcast.  Dr.  Fernow  devised  such  a  method  for  reclothing  cut-over  lands  on 
slopes  in  Pennsylvania  grown  up  with  brush,  where  it  would  be  too  expensive  to  prepare  the  entire 
ground.  Here  the  plats  were  made  larger,  4  or  even  G  feet  stjuare,  and  into  these  not  only  pines  were 
either  planted  or  sown  but  also  a  nurse  crop  surrounding  the  pines,  expectation  being  that  this 
nurse  croj)  will  protect  the  pines  against  the  encroachment  of  the  surrounding  brush  growth  until 
the  pines  are  tall  enough  to  fight  their  own  battle  and  finally  kill  out  the  brush.  A  fuller  descrip- 
tion of  these  plantings  is  to  be  found  in  Bulletin  17,  "Check  list  of  the  forest  trees  of  the  United 
States,"  etc.,  of  the  Division  of  Forestry. 

PLANTING  NOTES. 

Tlie  following  notes  on  planted  groves,  their  condition,  growth,  and  results  are  given  a  place 
h(!re  as  recroiding  individual  experiences  in  various  i)arts  of  the  country,  withcmt  intending  to 
recommend  I  he  practices  of  tlie  planters,  which,  from  the  forester's  point  of  view,  are  faulty  in  some 
directions,  especially  in  the  open  stand,  which  is  advocated : 

In  P^astem  Massachusetts,  particularly  in  Plymouth  and  Bristol  (iiuntles,  there  are  luimonius  small  borlies  of 
White  Piuc  th:(t  were  set  out  from  forty  to  fifty  years  ago,  and  whose  rapid  growth  and  liealthy  conditions  show  that, 


PLANTING   NOTES.  65 

there  the  work  of  planting  at  least  has  been  successful.  The  trees  composing  them  averaged  at  thirty  to  thirty-five 
years  from  the  time  of  planting,  not  far  from  45  feet  in  height,  and  measuri'd  approximately  2  feet  6  inches  in  circum- 
ference, breast  high.  These  nieaaurements  vary  for  different  bodies  of  pine,  but  are  believed  to  represent  very  closely 
the  average  size  at  the  age  indicated,  and  in  many  cases  the  trees  are  considerably  larger  (see  measurements  of 
growth  on  page  88).  This  growth  of  pine  is  of  such  value  that  according  to  competent  judges  of  property  in  that 
region,  much  of  the  land  that  without  the  pine  would  be  worth  only  $3  to  $10  per  acre,  is  worth  with  the  standing 
pine  $50  to  $75  or  more  per  a<re  according  to  location. 

Upon  visiting  these  different  groves  and  conversing  with  men  who  had  pl.anted  some  of  them,  it  was  found 
that  opinions  and  practice  were  quite  variable,  both  as  to  time  and  manner  of  planting.  Mr.  S.  E.  Hall,  of  Rayn- 
ham,  who  has  had  long  experience,  states  that  he  has  set  the  White  Pine  successfully  every  month  in  the  year. 
The  young  trees,  4  to  6  inches,  or  even  a  foot  high,  are  taken  up  with  a  piece  of  sod  on  their  roots  and  set  out  in  a 
wet  time.  These  two  conditions  were  particularly  emphasized  by  Mr.  Hall,  who  says  that  if  they  are  observed  the 
trees  "will  grow  anywhere."  He  plants  10  feet  apart  each  way  and  recommends  this  as  the  best  distance,  which 
is,  however,  not  good  forestry  practice.  In  a  grove  set  by  him  forty  years  ago  the  trees  were  set  in  rows  at  the 
above  distance  and  had  mjide  a  vigorous  and  healthy  growth.  In  another  grove,  planted  about  the  same  time, 
the  trees  stood  8  feet  apart  each  way  and  were  apparently  doing  quite  as  well  as  in  the  first  one.  On  the  other 
hand,  Mr.  Spencer  Leiuiard,  of  Bridgewater,  after  many  years  of  practical  trial  and  observation,  states  that  having 
formerly  set  out  jiine  trees  10  feet  apart,  he  is  now  setting  them  at  a  distance  of  15  feet,  with  a  view  to  reduce  the 
expense  of  planting  and  bccau-'^e  they  .soon  became  crowded  if  planted  closer.  He,  too,  sets  out  the  trees  with  a 
sod,  simply  plowing  a  furrow  and  setting  the  seedlings  at  the  right  distance.  Mr.  Hall  digs  a  hole  for  each  tree, 
but  says  that  the  work  can  be  done  very  rapidly,  and  that  he  has  himself  set  an  aen-e  a  day. 

One  of  the  many  plantations  in  southeastern  Massachusetts  known  as  "Leb.  Pratt's  grove,"  is  within  less 
than  a  mile  of  the  village  of  North  Middleboro.  It  was  set  out  forty-two  years  ago.  The  trees  were  set  in  rows 
10  feet  apart  each  way.  The  grove  twelve  years  ago  even  was  practically  impenetrable  by  reason  of  the  dead 
interlocking  branches  that  had  never  been  removed. 

Four  trees  of  average  size  were  measured  in  1886  and  showed  diameters  of  7  to  9  inches.  Some  were  of  larger 
and  others  of  smaller  size,  though  the  growth  was  fairly  even.  The  average  height  was  estimated  at  40  feet;  the 
branches  were  dead  thiee-ciuarters  of  the  way  to  the  top,  the  remaining  one-fourth,  say  10  feet,  constituting  the 
crown,  was  green  and  healthy.  The  soil  was  poor,  that  passed  over  from  the  road  in  reaching  the  grove  being  light 
sand  with  some  gravel. 

Another  grove,  some  3  miles  noithward  of  North  Middleboro,  was  visited  in  1886,  and  a  greater  number  of 
measurements  made.  According  to  Mr.  !S.  Hay  w.ard,  near  whose  farm  it  stands,  this  grove  was  set  out  rather  more 
than  thirty,  not  more  than  thirty-five,  years  ago,  but  had  not  made  (|uite  as  good  a  growth  as  some  others  have. 
The  trees  are  in  rows,  7i  to  8  feet  apart  each  way,  and  are  quite  uniform  in  size.  Beginning  with  the  third  from 
the  north  side,  a  fair  average  row,  the  following  measurements  were  made  of  the  trees  t.aken  in  order  as  they  stood. 
The  circumference,  breast  high,  was: 


?t. 

Ins.   j 
10 
Gi 

■'- 
6 

Ft. 

lD.S. 

No  10  a 

|1 

5 

'i 

No.  11 

lo 

2 

10 
0 

No.l 

No.2 

No. 3 

No.l 

No.5 

No.6 

aT«„  himIji  .stems  .-iiiil  li.iil  li.sl  a  lliii-cl. 

The  largest  trc-e  measured  in  the  grove  was  3  feet  1  inch  in  circumCerence  or  1  foot  in  di.ameter,  breast  high. 
A  very  few  have  been  choked  out  anil  have  died  after  living  fifteen  or  twenty  years.  An  average  tree  on  the  south 
side  measured  45  feet  in  height.  All  the  trees  of  the  grove  that  were  still  living  seemed  healthy  and  vigorous.  The 
lower  branches  had  died  at  an  earlier  age  than  in  the  preceding  grove  and  the  trunks  were  free  from  them  for  some 
8  feet  or  more.  Above  this  line  the  dead  branches  still  remained  on  the  trees,  only  those  of  the  crowns  being  green 
and  living. 

Near  Bridgewater,  Mass.,  a  piece  of  land  had  been  sown  with  pine  seeds  some  thirty-five  years  before,  the  seeds 
being  sown  broadcast  and  dragged  in.  The  trees  were  slender  and  too  much  crowded,  the  smallest  ones  dying  out. 
They  seemed  much  in  need  of  proper  thinning.  Some  of  the  best  siiecimens  measured  2  fc^et  7  inches  in  circumfer- 
ence breast  hio'h,  but  they  were  very  uneven  in  size,  and  did  not  impress  one  nearly  as  favorably  as  those  in  the 
groves  that  had  been  regularly  planted  at  a  distance  of  8  or  10  feet  apart. 

This  second  growth  pine  finds  a  ready  market  at  the  box  factories  of  Bridgewater,  Halifax,  Tannton,  and 
various  other  towns  in  this  part  of  the  State.  Six  dollars  per  cord  is  the  price  paid  at  present  (1886;  now  $8  to  .$9) 
for  logs  delivered  at  the  factory.  Logs  are  accepted  down  to  8  inches  in  diameter,  and  in  est.iblishments  where 
staves  are  made  a  smaller  size  is  taken.  There  is  no  trouble  in  ol)taining  all  that  is  wanted,  there  being  an 
abundant  supply  of  i)ine  for  box  boards,  staves,  and  the  like  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  towns  where  they  are 
manufactured. 

A  few  notes  on  plantations  made  on  the  Western  border  and  outside  of  the  natural  range  of 
the  White  Pine  will  show  the  adaptability  of  the  species  in  those  regions: 

There  is  an  instructive  plat  of  White  Pines  in  the  forest  plantation  of  the  State  University  of  Illinois.  This 
institution  is  located  at  Champaign,  about  200  miles  south  of  Chicago  and  much  beyond  the  natural  range  of  the 
20233— No.  22 5 


C,C,  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

pine.  The  history  of  the  jilat,  as  givcu  in  Biilletin  No.  26  of  the  University  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  is  as 
follows : 

White  Pino  seedlings  were  collected  in  th(i  spring  of  1809,  put  in  close  nursery  rows  and  shaded  with  lath 
frames.  About  8  per  cent  died  the  first  year.  Of  a  few  hnTidrcil  trees,  purposely  left  without  shading,  32  per  cent 
died.  Aftrrbaving  grown  in  the  nursery  three  years,  tluv  \mtc  d..  nied  in  good  condition  for  transplanting.  They 
wore  at  this  timi-  12  to  15  inches  high,  well-formed,  lie:ilili>  tu.^. 

The  land,  1  acre,  wliere  the  AVhite  Pines  are  pliiutnl.  is  .|iiii<  lUit,  what  slope  there  is  being  to  the  south;  and 
at  least  one-half  of  it  is  too  wet  in  spring,  and  often  in  thu  early  part  of  sununer,  for  the  best  results  in  tillage. 
The  soil  is  black,  part  of  it  mucky,  1  to  2  foet  in  depth,  and  underlaid,  for  the  most  part,  with  a  rather  stitl',  blue 
clay.  The  trees  were  planted  May  4,  1872,  4  feet  apart  each  way.  The  White  Pine  is  a  comparatively  h;ird  tree  to 
transplant  successfully  (  ?).  The  roots  are  soft,  long  and  naked,  with  very  few  small  or  fibrous  roots  ni^ar  the  tree. 
Knowing  the  necessity  of  careful  handling,  no  efi'ort  was  spared,  from  digging  in  the  nursery  to  setting  in  permanent 
place,  to  secure  successful  results. 

■■"iroughout  the  season  the  ground  was  kept  in  a  good  state  of  tillage  liy  fre<iuent  cultivation,  but  it  was 
'     "        -'     three  thousand  trees  planted,  two-thirds  died  during  the  .summer.     Of  Norway 


exceedingly  dry ;    and  of  nearly  three  thousand  trees  planted,  two-thirds  died  during  tli< 

S|ii  iici-,  ]ilanted  the  same  day,  in  the  same  manner,  and  on  very  similar  soil,  not  more  than  2  per  cent  died.  It  is 
ililliciilt  to  explain  this  greater  per  cent  of  loss  in  the  pines,  except  as  we  take  into  account  the  (ujmparative  method 
of  ilevelopniont  of  the  roots  of  the  two  species  [and  its  high  transpiration  factor.— 15.  E.  F.]. 

In  tlie  spring  of  187.S  the  vacant  spaces  were  filled  from  the  nursery,  and  again  in  1874  trees  were  sot  where 
needed.  The  result  of  the  three  pl.-mtings  was  an  almost  perfect  stand  of  trees.  The  cultivation  with  horse  aud 
hoe  wa.s  kept  up  thoroughly  for  three  years.  During  the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  years  the  weeds  were  nxowed.  But 
little  cultivating  was  done,  because  the  ground  was  too  wet  in  the  early  part  of  the  season. 

For  a  number  of  years  after  the  White  I'ines  were  fairly  started  they  made  admirable  growth,  and  promised  to 
furnish  very  valuable  timber  for  the  prairie  soil  here,  as  wt^ll  as  for  their  native  regions.  In  a  report  made  in  1886 
the  following  statement  is  made ;  "  From  the  first  the  living  trees  have  done  exceedingly  well.  Very  few  trees  have 
died  from  any  cause  since  they  began  their  growth  in  their  present  position.  They  are  now  remarkably  healthy  and 
vigorous,  and  the  plantation  vies  with  that  of  the  European  Larch  In  beauty  and  prospective  value."  At  present 
they  are  not  maintaining  the  early  promise. 

No  thinning  or  pruning  of  any  kind  was  done,  except  what  nature  does,  until  the  winter  of  1889-90.  During 
that  winter  and  the  next  the  dead  branches,  to  an  average  height  of  al)Out  10  feet,  were  trimmed  off,  and  the  dead 
trees  (some  more  than  three  hundred  and  fifty)  were  cut  out.  During  the  winter  of  1891-92  sixty-eight  more  dead 
trees  were  cut  out,  and  there  are  at  present  fifty-two  still  standing  tliat  have  died  since  the  last  were  cut.  Tlie  trees 
cut  out  the  first  time  had  not  all  died  recently.  Some  of  them  gave  evidence  of  having  been  de;id  for  a  number  of 
years,  while  others  bad  died  so  lately  that  they  still  carried  dcnd  leaves.  Most  of  the  trees  that  have  died  were  the 
smaller  one.s,  such  as  were  overgrown  or  badly  crowded.  A  few  only  of  the  larger  trees  have  died.  Of  the  trees 
still  alive,  very  few  have  any  live  branches  lower  than  20  feet.  Many  of  them  have  an  unthrifty  look,  either  in  the 
top  or  on  the  trunk,  and  the  prospect  is  that  there  will  be  a  very  considerable  number  of  trees  to  cut  out  year  by 
year  for  some  time. 

The  princii)al  reason  for  so  many  trees  dying  is  proliably  overcrowding  [more  likely  owing  to  the  stitf  subsoil. — 
15.  E.  F.].  As  the  trees  now  stand  they  occupy  a  space  of  less  tliau  7  feet  square  each.  The  trees  have  been  damaged 
in  other  ways  than  crowding,  but  not,  so  far  as  can  be  jiMli;ecl.  until  after  they  had  already  begun  to  die.  There  is 
continually  a  thick  mat  of  leaves  on  the  ground,  and  tlnse  have  heen  jiartially  binned  ott'  twice,  both  times  injuring 
the  trees  more  or  less  from  tlie  ground  up  2  or  3  feet,  Imt  apparently  not  any  higher.  Boys  seem  to  delight  to  cut 
their  names  or  designs  in  the  smooth  bark  of  the  trees.  Occasionally  a  tree  is  entirely  girdled.  The  girdling  soon 
kills  the  trees,  but  most  of  the  smaller  damage  to  bark  soon  grows  over.  A  woolly  plant  louse  {Churiiiis  pivicorlida 
Fitch)  has  been  very  abundant  on  many  of  the  trees,  attacking  the  trunks  and  larger  branches  for  several  years. 
They  are  sometimes  so  abundant  that  the  w  hole  trunk  has  from  a  little  distance  a  white  or  grayish-white  appearance. 

Tlie  White  Pines  do  not  cast  so  dense  a  shade  now  as  they  did  ten  years  ago.  At  that  time  there  was  no 
undergrowth  among  them.  At  present  there  are  small  wooded  plants,  such  as  (Jrape,  Raspberry,  Cherry,  Box  Elder, 
i-tc,  besides  weeds,  coming  in,  aud  there  would  likely  be  more  of  these  were  it  not  for  the  heavy  mulch  of  leaves 
that  covers  the  ground. 

In  18K6  the  average  size  of  the  better  trees  was:  Height,  24  feet  9  inches,  and  a  little  less  than  6  inches  in 
diameter.  At  ])re8ent,  1895,  the  better  trees  are  38  to  40  feet  high,  and  8  to  9  inches  in  diameter.  During  the  winter 
of  18><2-83  the  loaders  of  a  considerable  jiroportion  of  the  trees  were  broken  down  by  the  w<5ight  of  sleet.  This 
was  the  cause  of  many  trees  being  crooked  at  that  point,  and  of  others  having  more  than  one  leader.  Except  for  the 
trees  deformed  in  this  way  nearly  all  have  almost  perfectly  straight  trunks.  The  trees  are  much  more  nearly  uniform 
in  height  than  in  diameter.  The  sizes  of  the  trees  in  the  plat  are  as  follows:  Fifty-eight  are  3  inches  in  diameter; 
(uie  hundred  and  ninety-four,  4  inches;  two  hundred  and  fifty-six,  5  inches;  two  hundred  and  thirty-six,  0  inches; 
<me  hundred  and  forty-four,  7  inches;  seventy,  8  inches;  eleven,  9  inches;  five,  10  inches. 

In  the  autumn  of  1895  the  thirty-nine  trees  constituting  the  central  row  of  the  plantation  were  measured,  and 
the  average  diameter,  breast  high,  was  5.9  inches,  the  range  being  from  4.1  inches  to  8.6  inches. 

At  the  old  Elgin  nurseries,  planted  in  open  prairie  about  U  miles  west  of  the  Fox  Uiver,  bhick  loam  soil,  from 
4  to  5  feet  to  gravel.  White  Pines,  forty  ti)  forty-live  years  old,  with  Norway  Spruce  and  Scotch  Pine  as  neighbors, 
measure  22  inches  in  diameter,  breast  high,  and  are  52  feet  high.  In  a  neighboring  grove,  twenty-five  years  from 
seed,  planted  exclusively  to  White  Pine,  the  trees  avi^rage  11  inches  in  diameter  and  45  feet  high.  When  planted 
alternately  with  European  Larch  5  to  6  feet  apart,  the  White  Pines,  thirty-five  to  thirty-six  years  old,  are  perfectly 
straight  and  average  13  inches  in  diameter  and  75  feet  in  height.  The  European  Larch  proves  to  be  the  best  tree  to 
plant  with  White  Pine  as  a  nurse.  When  planted  with  Box  Elder  and  Ash  the  growth  of  the  pines  is  not  so  satis- 
factory. Where  Scotch  Pino  has  been  planted  alternately  with  White  Pine  the  latter  has  outgrown  tho  Scotch, 
nearly  all  of  which  are  killed  out.  In  the  groves  where  Larch  is  planted  with  White  Pine  the  ground  is  completely 
nuilched  from  the  foliage  of  the  Larch;  drought  has  never  affected  the  trees,  and  no  grass  or  weeds  can  grow 
among  them. 

Mr.  Thomas  Hunt,  of  llidott,  III.,  set  out  White  Pine  iu  a  plantation  of  10  acres  twenty-two  years  ago.  The 
trees  were  10  to  18  inches  high  when  set,  making  their  age  at  time  of  measurement  about  twenty-seven  years. 

The  grove  is  planted  on  a  ridge  with  thin  clay  loam  umlc^rlaid  with  broken  laminated  limestone.  Mr.  Hunt  found 
the  land  unprofitable  under  tillage  ;iftor  several  years'  trial.  The  trees  of  each  variety  arc  planted  in  solid  rows, 
hardwoods  and  ecmifers  alternating.  In  a  plat  of  White  and  Scotch  Pine,  Norway  Sjiruce,  Arborvitie,  European 
Larch,  White  Elm,  Box  Elder,  (Jrecn  Ash,  :ind  Willow,  the  conifers  have  almost  shaded  out  the  hardwoods.     The 


AS  A  FOREST  TREE  IN  GERMANY.  67 

Larch  are  tlie  tallest  and  the  Arl>orvit;i'  the  lowest,  the  remainiug  conifers  being  of  about  oqual  height,  averaging 
35  feet.  Seventy  White  Pines  were  measured,  takiug  all  the  trees  as  they  came  in  the  rows,  and  including  the  center 
of  the  plantation.  The  average  diameter,  breast  high,  was  6.2  inches.  The  branches  were  dead,  but  still  persistent 
to  a  height  of  18  to  20  feet. 

At  the  Bryant  nurseries,  Princetou,  111.,  somewhat  south  of  the  natural  limit  of  the  White  Pine,  trees  that  were 
grown  as  ornamental  nursery  stocli  have  been  permitted  to  stand,  giving  some  notion  of  the  growth  of  the  species 
in  the  ricli  prairie  loam  of  that  region.  The  oldest  specimens  were  set  in  1858  and  were  imported  seedliugs.  They 
are  now  about  forty-two  years  of  age,  and  average  about  65  feet  in  height.  Measured  trees  range  from  9  inches  to 
26  inches  in  diameter.  Norway  Spruce  of  the  same  planting  equal  the  pines  in  height,  but  the  average  diameter  is 
less.  These  trees  stand  about  30  feet  apart.  On  the  margin  of  a  natural  hardwood  grove  an  acre  of  the  richest 
prairie  land  was  planted  to  White  and  Scotch  Pine  seedliugs  about  twenty-two  years  ago.  The  trees  were  set  3  by 
4  feet,  and  have  never  been  thinned.  Each  species  was  planted  pure,  and  one  of  the  tallest  White  Pines  measured 
33  feet  high,  the  aver.age  height  being  estimated  at  2G  feet.  Fifty  White  Pines,  taken  as  they  came  in  the  rows,  were 
measured,  breast  high,  the  average  diameter  being  4i  inches.     Scotch  Pine  showed  about  equal  growth. 

At  the  Iowa  Agriiultnral  College,  Ames,  Iowa,  in  the  center  county  of  the  State,  a  piece  of  waste  land  of  about 
3  acres  was  planted  to  White  Pine,  European  Larch,  Box  Elder,  Green  Ash,  and  Cottonwood  in  1875.  The  plat 
oi'cupies  a  gravelly  knoll  sloping  to  the  north.  The  soil  is  a  yellow  clay,  with  much  gravel,  and  of  unknown  depth. 
The  top  of  the  knoll  forming  the  south  side  of  the  plantation  is  set  with  pure  Larch.  The  Pine,  Box  Elder,  and  Ash 
are  mixed,  evidently  without  order.  The  original  planting  was  3J  by  3i  feet  apart,  and  the  trees  now  average 
about  10  feet  apart  each  way.  The  White  Pines  are  estimated  to  average  30  feet  high,  and  twenty-six  measured 
trees,  taken  iis  they  came,  ranged  from  5  to  14  inches  in  diameter,  the  average  being  8.7  inches.  The  pines  are  now 
the  dominant  trees  of  the  mixture  and  are  fully  10  feet  higher  than  the  Box  Elder,  which  exceed  the  Ash  5  feet.  The 
following  diameter  measurements  will  serve  as  an  additional  basis  of  comparison: 

White  Pine,  as  aboTe  (26  trees) 8.7 

Box  Elder,  as  above  (23  trees) 4.7 

Green  Ash,  as  above  (21  trees) 3.6 

European  Larch  (planted  pure  on  crest,  26  trees) 6 

Cottonwood  (same  plat,  base  of  knoll,  14  trees)  10.  5 

It  should  be  added  that  the  Cottonwoods  stand  wider  apart  than  the  mixture  of  Pine,  Box  Elder,  and  Ash, 
while  the  Larch  stand  closer  together.  All  were  set  originally  3|  by  3.}  feet,  anil  the  alternate  rows  have  been 
removed  througliout  the  plantation. 

At  Windom,  Miun.,  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  State,  Mr.  E.  Sevatson  has  included  two  rows  of  White  Pine 
in  a  plantation  covering  10  acres.  These  trees  were  set  about  thirteen  years  ago,  when  8  to  12  inches  high,  and 
are  jiresumably  not  over  eighteen  years  old.  The  two  rows  of  pine  are  between  rows  of  Arborvifce  and  Balsam  Fir. 
They  are  about  25  feet  in  height,  and  tlie  average  diameter,  breast  high,  of  seventeen  trees,  taken  as  they  came  in  the 
rows,  was  5  inelies.  Tlie  soil  is  a  stiff  clay  loam,  and  the  plantation  is  about  100  feet  above  tlie  surface  of  a  lake 
which  joins  the  farm.  The  entire  country  is  treeless,  except  for  groups  of  trees  on  the  lake  shore  and  groves  along 
the  Des  Moines  River,  3  miles  distant.  The  White  Pine  in  this  location  is  less  vigorous  than  Scotch  Pine,  European 
Larch,  or  Norway  Spruce. 

Fine  trees  of  White  Pine,  set  in  single  specimens  about  thirty  years  ago,  are  growing  at  Arbor  Lodge,  Nebraska 
City,  Nebr.,  the  home  of  lion.  J.  Sterling  Morton,  ex- Secretary  of  Agriculture.  These  stand  in  bluff  soil  (a  fine  loam) 
about  2  miles  west  of  the  Missouri  River.  A  few  fine  specimens  may  also  be  seen  in  the  lawn  at  the  homestead  of 
Hon.  A.  H.  Whiting,  at  Whiting,  Monona  County,  Iowa,  in  the  deep  black  loam  of  the  Missouri  bottoms.  At  Brookings, 
S.  Dak.,  within  17  miles  of  the  Minnesota  line,  repeated  plantings  of  the  White  Piue  have  resulted  in  failure.  At 
Franklin,  Nebr.,  aljout  halfway  across  the  State,  near  the  Kansas  line,  tliis  species  has  failed  after  extended  trial. 
Very  few  trees  can  be  seen  in  Lincoln,  Nebr.,  though  it  has  been  repeatedly  tested  there  as  an  ornamental  tree.  The 
diminished  .amount  of  atmospheric  moisture  will  necessarily  prevent  general  satisfactory  cultivation  beyond  the 
western  boundary  of  Missouri,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota. 

A  number  of  fine  specimens  of  White  Pine  stand  in  the  lawn  of  the  Rollins  homestead  at  Columbia,  Mo.,  about 
10  miles  north  of  tlie  Missouri  River  and  halfway  between  the  east  and  west  boundaries  of  the  State.  The  soil  is  a 
clay  loam,  underlaiil  with  limestone,  which  outcrops  at  many  places  in  the  vicinity.  These  trees  were  planted  in 
18.55,  when  two  or  three  years  old,  by  Col.  .1.  II.  Rollins.  The  largest  is  now  (1897)  29  inches  in  diameter,  breast  high, 
and  64  feet  9  inches  in  height.     One  of  the  smallest  is  about  56  feet  high  and  16  inches  in  diameter. 

Additional  notes  of  plantations  in  the  West  might  be  given,  but  the  above  is  sufficient  to  show  the  White  Pine 
can  be  successfully  grown  somewliat  beyond  its  natural  range,  Ijut  does  not  well  endure  the  dry  conditions  of  soil 
and  atmosphere  which  it  must  meet  in  the  region  west  of  the  Missouri  River. 

THE  ■WHITE  PINE  AS  A  FOREST  TREE  IN  GERMANY. 

As  has  been  stated,  the  White  Pine  was  intiodnced  qnite  early  into  England,  and  from  there 
it  found  its  way  into  various  parts  ol'  the  Continent.  In  England  it  remained  largely  a  park  tree. 
In  Germany  it  has  been  a  forest  tree  proper  for  over  a  century,  being  used  quite  frequently,  on 
account  of  its  hardiness  and  shade  endurance,  as  "  gap  cover"  to  fill  fail  places.  It  has  also  been 
planted  in  many  places  on  small  areas  as  pure  growth  or  mixture  with  the  common  European  or 
Scotch  Pine  {Pimis  silvestris)  and  Spruce.     For  a  long  time  this  "  newcomer  "  was  regarded  with  a 


68  THK    WHITE    PINK. 

feelinfj  of  doubt  and  even  suspicion,  and  long  before  anything  definite  could  possibly  be  said  about 
the  matter  the  merits  and  faults  of  the  White  Pine  were  extensively  discussed.  The  "  practical" 
man,  and  with  him  some  scientific  men,  were  satisfied  that  such  a  light  colored  softwood  could  not 
possibly  be  durable  or  otherwise  desirable,  and  the  small  quantities  ottered  from  time  to  time  did 
not  always  find  ready  market.  Of  late  years  this  condition  has  changed.  In  a  series  of  excel- 
lent articles,  Dr.  L.  Wappes,  a  Bavarian  forester,  records  the  experience  had  in  one  of  the  oldest 
bodies  of  White  Pine  in  (Jermany,  in  which  he  shows  that  the  tree  in  pure  growth,  and  also  as 
mixture  with  pine,  spruce,  or  hardwoods,  has  proven  a  most  excellent  factor  of  the  German  forest; 
that  it  seeds  early  and  heavily,  and  as  plant  material  is  easily  and  cheaply  secured ;  that  it  is  readily 
and  even  preferably  reproduced  by  natural  seeding,  a  rapid  grower,  capable  to  withstand  crowd- 
ing and  shading,  and  that  it  is  a  tree  especially  capable  of  i)roducing  a  large  amount  of  timber 
even  on  poor  soils,  all  of  which  coincides  with  the  observations  on  its  native  habitat  laid  down  in 
this  monograph.  He  shows  that  besides  the  Fir  ( Balsam),  the  White  Pine  is  the  only  tree  which,  in 
the  Palatinate  and  on  poor  soils  will,  at  the  age  of  one  hundred  and  ten  years,  make  timber  of  Class  I 
(according  to  (rerman  notation,  diameter  at  half  length,  22  inches  and  better);  that  while  the  com- 
mon pine  at  that  age  furnishes  only  l.i  per  cent  of  Class  III  and  better  (diameter  12  inches  and 
over),  the  White  Pine  furnishes  27  per  cent,  or  more  than  double  this  amount  of  these  and  more 
valuable  diameter  classes.  Dr.  Wappes  emphatically  states  that  White  Pine,  wherever  known,  is 
eagerly  bought,  and  that  the  opinion  of  the  consumers  has  radically  changed.  He  proves  by  the 
figures  of  large  sales  from  the  State  forests,  that  since  1882  the  value  of  White  Pine  has  nearly 
doubled,  while  that  of  Spruce  and  common  Scotch  Pine  has  increased  by  only  20  per  cent,  and  that 
of  Fir  and  Larch  has  actually  declined  during  this  period.  The  following  figures  give  an  idea  of 
the  growth  of  White  Pine  abroad.  The  groves  of  the  Palatinate  are  stocked  on  very  inferior  soil, 
nearly  all  other  groves  cited  being  on  loamy  sand.  The  figures  for  total  volume  are  somewhat 
misleading,  since  they  do  not  include  the  timber  which  has  been  removed  from  the  older  groves  in 
thinnings,  which  would  add  probably  from  10  to  15  per  cent  to  make  up  whole  production. 

It  will  be  of  interest  to  give  more  in  detail  the  conditions  of  the  last-mentioned  plantation, 
reported  this  year  in  Dr.  Lorey's  Allgemeine  Forst  und  Jagdzeitung: 

The  plantation  of  about  9  acres,  on  fresh  loamy  sand,  situated  at  an  elevation  of  2,200  feet 
above  sea  level  in  Wurtemberg,  consists  of  White  Pine  mixed  with  Scotch  Pine,  Spruce,  and  J''ir 
in  single  individuals  or  groups.  The  White  Pine  represents,  numerically,  two-thirds  of  the  total 
number,  Scotch  Pine  is  found  among  the  dominant  growth  in  part,  but  the  Sjiruce  and  the  snuill 
number  of  Firs  show  only  codominant  and  oppressed  trees. 

The  density  of  the  growth  was  reported  as  satisfactory  until  in  1875,  when  a  snowstorm  broke 
down  much  material,  so  that  at  present  the  density  does  not  average  over  0.7. 

The  stand,  originating  from  seed,  was  several  times  thinned,  and  the  last  time,  octcasioned  by 
the  snowstorm,  400  White  Pines  were  removed,  with  over  10,000  cubic  feet  of  wood.  The  number 
of  trees  averaged  183  per  acre,  of  which  142  White  Pines,  with  diameters  varying  from  7  to  24 
inches,  and  10  inches  in  the  average,  yielded  altogether  9,510  ciubic  feet,  while  the  other  species 
added  only  1,290  cubic  feet.  Comparison  with  the  other  acre  yields  recorded  shows  that  under 
these  conditions  the  product  was  less  than  in  more  favored  situations,  either  the  site  or  light 
conditions  reducing  the  growth. 

The  diameters  represented  on  a  sample  area  were  distributed  as  follows: 

Diameters inches . . 

Number  of  trees 


10  to  12 
20 


12  to  14     14  to  1() 


16  to  18 
33 


Of  the  Scotch  Pines  only  four  had  reached  diameters  over  10  inches,  and  of  the  Spruces  none 
over  14  inches.  The  superiority  of  the  White  Pine  also  appears  from  the  comparison  of  height 
growth,  which  was  established  for  every  five  years  by  the  measurement  of  average  sample  trees, 
as  follows: 

Height  growth  of  White  Fine,  Scotch  Pine,  and  Spruce,  hy  years. 


Sample  trees. 

Age  (years)  and  height  growth  (in  feet). 

5 

2.1 

4 

2 

10    16 

9     18 
12     20 

30 

29 
29 
24 

26 

It 
35 

80 

45 
42 

36 

!i2 
49 
48 

40 

59 
54 
54 

46    60 

65     ,7 
60      05 
59|0. 

66 

76 
69 
68 

60 

81 
7.1 

72 

05 

75 

70    76    SO    86 

89     92     95     97 

80     82     84  '  87 
78|80|82|81 

90 

100 

88 

_86_| 

White  Pine  height  growth 

Scotch  Piue  height  growth 

AS  A  FOREST  TREE  IN  GERMANY.  (>'.) 

The  preceding  table  shows  how  the  slow  growth  of  the  first  five  years  which  the  White  Piue 
has  in  common  with  the  Norway  Spruce  is  overcome  before  the  fifteenth  year,  and  by  the  twen- 
tieth year  the  White  Pine  lias  distanced  the  Scotch  Pine,  gaining  on  it  constantly  until,  by  the 
ninetieth  year,  it  has  outgrown  it  1'2  per  cent. 


IHmensiung  and  yklds  of  JVhile  Pi 


iermiin  fin 


Localit.y. 

Character  of  forest. 

Age. 

Number 
of  trees 
per  acre. 

Average 
diameter 

Height. 

Volume  of 
wood,  es 
elusive  of 
limbs  and 
stumps. 

Palatinate  I 

Years. 
104 
68 
68 
58 
46 
25 

(75  to  SO) 

<75.„80, 
82 

250 
660 
550 
330 
600 
2,  200 
452 

410 

333 
723 
415 
183 

Inches. 
15.6 
9.1 
10.4 
10,3 

Feet. 

92 
66 
79 
04 
49 

Cubicfeet. 
13, 300 
JO,  000 

\z 

4,000 
3,200 
13,224 

13,  000 
H.298 
12,024 
13,  027 
10,  800 

White  I'ine  and  Scotch  Pine 

Prussia  (Grafinrode) 

White  Pine  mixed  with  Scotch  Pine 
and  Spruce. 

(6  to  28)        (72  to  87) 

'^'is"*''     ""'"sT 

9.  7  i                  72 

Frankfort  on  the  Main 

—  ]]" 

Thuringia 

Wurtemberg 

■"^;;;ii::';;,:rn;'."-''''^^'^'-"°''' 

78 
93 

11.7 
16 

(79  to  89) 

From  these  figures  the  capacity  of  the  White  Pine  to  produce  large  amounts  of  valuable  stem- 
wood  is  apparent.  Thus,  on  soil  on  which  the  lOOyear-old  trees  developed  only  a  height  of  92 
Jeet,  over  13,000  cubic  feet  of  stemwood,  corresponding  to  about  60,000  to  70,000  feet  B.  M., 
American  scale,  were  cut  per  acre  over  and  above  about  1,200  cubic  feet  of  material  removed  in 
previous  thinnings.  In  every  case  the  White  Pine  excels  the  common  pine,  and  even  the  Spruce 
in  this  respect.  It  should  be  added  that  most  of  these  plantations,  made  in  the  early  part  of  this 
century,  were  not  executed  according  to  present  superior  methods,  the  species  being  an  exotic  and 
expensive  was  set  out  more  in  orchard  fashion,  as  most  planters  in  our  country  have  been  apt 
to  do,  at  distances  of  8,  12,  and  more  feet  apart.  Owing  to  this  fact  the  development  was  prob- 
ably not  as  satisfactory  in  the  earlier  years  as  it  might  have  been  had  the  method  of  close  planting, 
either  pure  or  in  mixture,  prevailed. 

The  superiority  of  growth  over  the  German  Spruce  and  Pine  is  more  fully  illustrated  in  the 
following  table,  which  shows  the  distribution  and  proportion  of  trees  of  White  Pine  and  Spruce 
and  of  White  Piue  and  Scotch  Pine  that  are  found  in  given  diameter  classes  in  two  mixed  planted 
growths  of  these  species: 


Disiribulion  aud proportion  of  ff'hUi'  Pine  and  Sprncr.  and  IVIiih:  /'i 


sixtyeight  years  old. 

[65  per  cent  Tine ;  35  per  cent 

Spruce.] 

White  Fine  and  Scotch  Pine,  fifty- 
eight  years  old. 
[50  plr  cent  of  each.] 

Diameter  1     White 
of  trees.    |      Pine. 

Norway 
Spruce^ 

Diameter 
of  trees. 

White 
Pine. 

^P«r 

Inches.         Per  cent. 
4  to    6                   0 
6  to    8                 15 
8  to  10                 30 
10  to  12                22 
12  to  14                20.  r. 

Per  cent. 

9.5 
30 
27 
26 

6.8 

Inches. 
4  to   6 
6  to  8 
8  to  10 
10  to  12 
12  to  14 
14  to  16 
16  to  18 
18  to  20 

Per  cent. 

19.5 
18.7 
26 
23.5 

Per  cent. 

2.4 
32 
35 
24 

4.9 

2.4  :....' 



It  appears  that  nearly  32  per  cent  of  the  White  Pine  is  over  12  inches  in  diameter,  as  against 
less  than  7  per  cent  of  the  Spruce,  while  35  per  cent  of  White  Pine,  as  against  6.5  per  cent  of 
Scotch  Pine,  developed  over  12  inches  in  the  mixture  of  these  two,  and  over  11  per  cent  of  the 
former  belongs  to  sizes  above  14  inches,  which  is  hardly  reached  at  that  age  by  its  competitor. 
These  figures  prove  clearly  that  the  White  Pine  excels  the  Scotch  Pine  even  during  the  age  of 


70  THE   WHITE    PINE. 

most  rapid  growth,  so  that  the  ditt'erence.  in  view  of  the  sti^ady  growtli  of  White  Pine  ami  the 
marked  decrease  in  rate  of  growth  in  the  Scotch  Pine,  wonld  be  markedly  greater  if  okler  timber 
had  been  compared. 

Just  as  in  its  native  range,  the  White  Pine  is  decidedly  a  heart  pine,  the  sapwood  changing 
early  into  the  durable  and  more  valuable  heartwood.  In  timber  one  hundred  years  old  grown  in 
the  Palatinate  the  sap  in  many  cases  is  less  than  1  inch  thick,  so  that  75  per  cent  and  more  of 
the  entire  stem  is  composed  of  heartwood. 

In  view  of  these  facts  it  is  quite  safe  to  say  that  the  White  Pine  in  the  future  will  be  one 
of  the  ])rominent  forest  trees  of  (iermany,  and  perhaps  of  Europe,  as  it  will  always  be  the  king  of 
woods  in  our  Northern  and  Eastern  States. 


THE  WOOD  OF  THE  WHlTE  PINE. 


THE  \VOOD  OF  THE  V^HITE  PINE. 

I?y  FiLiiiERT  KoTii,  Division  of  Forestry. 


White  Pine  is  a  favorite  material  with  the  wood  cousumer  in  the  Northeastern  States  on 
account  of  the  combiuatiou  of  qualities  it  possesses.  It  is  a  light,  soft,  uniform,  straight-grained 
timber,  to  be  had  in  all  markets  in  any  quantity  and  in  all  dimensions,  from  fhe  ship's  mast  to  the 
clapboard.  It  seasons  well,  shrinks  and  warps  but  little,  is  quite  durable,  insect-proof,  and  takes 
oil  and  paint  and  has  a  good  color,  is  light  to  handle,  easy  to  saw  and  plane,  takes  nails  without 
splitting,  and  is,  in  short,  the  ideal  material  for  the  carpenter  and  joiner,  who  handles  the  bulk 
of  the  30  to  40  billion  feet  of  sawed  timber  and  lumber  annually  used  in  this  country,  of  which 
White  Pine  furnishes  over  30  per  cent. 

CHAEACTER  AND  PHYSICAL  PROPERTIES  OF  THE  WOOD. 

The  structure  of  White  I'ine,  like  that  of  other  pines,  is  simple.  Ninety  per  cent  and  more 
of  the  weight  of  the  dry  wood  is  formed  by  the  common  wood  fibers,  or  tracheids,  0.12  to  0.20 
inches  long,  well  suited  for  pulp  material.  The  spring  wood  of  each  annual  ring  passes  gradually 
into  the  summer  wood  and  thus  the  sharply  defined  bands  of  hard,  dark  and  soft,  light-colored 
material  so  conspicuous  in  the  rings  of  all  hard  pine,  especially  Longleaf  and  Ouban  Pine,  are 
absent  in  White  Pine,  making  the  cutting  of  the  wood  by  either  plane  or  saw  much  easier 
than  is  the  case  with  hard  ])incs.  Sapwood  and  heartwood  are  quite  distinct — the  former  white, 
the  latter  with  a  slightly  brownish  cast.  The  change  from  sapwood  to  heartwood  takes  place  earlier 
in  the  young  tree  and  the  younger  portions  of  old  trees  than  in  older  timber.  Thus,  in  a  thrifty 
sapling  thirty  years  old  the  sapwood  shows  about  eighteen  rings  on  the  stump,  but  only  ten  rings 
35  feet  from  the  ground.  In  trees  over  one  hundred  years  old  the  number  of  rings  in  the  sapwood 
is  generally  over  thirty  at  the  stump,  decreasing  often  to  fifteen  or  twenty  near  the  top.  The 
number  of  rings  in  the  sap,  as  in  other  pines,  is  smaller  in  thrifty  and  greater  in  slow-growing 
trees,  while  the  width  of  the  sapwood  is  generally  least  in  slow  growing  timber.  Compared  to 
other  |)ines,  White  Pine  has  a  narrow  sap  at  all  periods  of  its  growth.  While  in  the  hard  pines, 
like  the  Longleaf  Pine,  and  still  more  in  Loblolly  and  Shortleaf  Pines,  the  sap  forms  generally 
from  50  to  75  per  cent  of  the  log,  it  is  generally  less  than  35  per  cent  of  mill-sized  timber  in  White 
Pine.  This  highly  valuable  property  of  the  White  Pine  is  found  in  all  localities,  even  in  Europe, 
where  the  tree  has  been  widely  planted. 

SPECIFIC  WEIGHT. 

To  determine  specific  the  weight  of  the  wood  and  other  physical  i)roperties  a  collection  of 
seventy-three  trees  was  made,  including  material  from  the  New  England  States,  Michigan,  and 
Wisconsin,  and  also  from  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

The  specific  weight  of  the  greenwood  varies  chiefly  with  the  amount  of  sapwood  and  conse- 
quent abundance  of  moisture,  since  the  heartwood  contains  but  little  water  outside  of  its  cell 
walls  (except  in  some  cases  where  the  heartwood  near  the  stump  also  contains  liquid  water). 
Generally  the  weight  of  the  greenwood  varies  from  about  40  to  50  pounds  per  cubic  foot,  and  is 
greater  in  young  poles  than  in  old  timber,  which  latter  on  this  account  floats  readily,  rarely  sink- 
ing, even  after  years  of  immersion. 

The  specific  weight  of  the  kiln  dry  wood  varies,  generally  from  0.33  to  0.40  (20  to  25  pounds 
per  cubic  foot),  is  greater  iu  the  old  tree  than  in  the  young  sapling,  is  greater  at  the  stump  than 

73 


74  THE   WHITE    PINE. 

f'artlu'i  lip  ill  tilt'  same  stoni,  is  indepLMident  of  orientation  (as  great  on  the  north  side  as  on  the 
Konth  side),  is  no  greater  on  clay  land  than  on  the  sandy  soils,  and  seems  in  these  particnlars 
quite  independent  of  locality.  The  wood  from  the  swamp  trees  is  no  heavier  nor  lighter  than  the 
wood  from  the  upland  trees,  the  trees  from  New  England  differing  apparently  in  no  way  from  those 
of  either  the  Lake  region  or  North  Carolina. 

Leaving  out  of  consideration  the  specific,  weight  of  the  limbs  and  knots  (these  being  always 
heavy,  as  in  all  pines),  the  average  specific  weight  of  the  dry  wood  of  the  stem  was  found  to  be  for — 

S|„.,inr, 

l-'i ve  trees  200  to  250  years  old 0. 386 

Five  trees  125  to  160  years  old 388 

Five  trees  100  to  125  years  old 383 

Ten  tr.  (-8  75  to  0!)  years  old 378 

Ten  trees  50  lo  71  yctars  old 366 

Nineteen  trees  40  to  49  years  old 3.53 

Nineteen  trees  30  to  39  years  old 351 

From  the  above,  and  still  more  from  the  table  following,  in  which  the  trees  are  grouped 
according  to  age,  it  will  be  seen  that  \Yhite  Pine  displays  a  uniformity  of  specific  weight,  and  other 
properties  dependent  on  weight,  such  as  is  entirely  unknown  in  any  other  pine  of  the  Eastern 
United  States. 

Average  iicight  (kiln  dry  and  green),  moisture  content,  and  Hhrinkagc  per  cent  nf  ll'hile  Vine. 
I.— TREES  200  TO  250  YEAKS  OLD. 


Locality. 

Original 

number  or 

trees. 

of  trees. 

Diameter 

breast  high 

without 

bark. 

Width  of 

rings. 

Specific  gravity  X  100. 

Moisture  as 

Kiln  dry. 

Green. 

'"ofMhr      Shrinltage 
dry  wood. 

5 

16 
3 

1 
2 
3 

Year.. 
225 
250 
205 
209 
202 
202 

Inche,. 
23.0 
22.0 
19.0 
27.0 
19.4 
20.5 

mm. 
1.1 
.8 
1.3 
1.6 
1.0 
1.2 

38.1 
38.5 
36.0 
39.0 
38.5 
39.2 

69 
62 
64 
66 
60 
07 

Per  cent. 
93 
73 
95 
85 
100 
81 

Per  cent. 
7.6 
8.6 
8.5 
8.1 
8.0 
7.9 

Do  •                        ... 

38.6 

65 

8 

S   1 

II.-TREES  125  TO  160  YEARS  OLD. 

3 

t 

146 
140 
141 
140 
158 

19.0 
22.0 
12.0 
15.0 
33.0 

1.6 

1.9 
1.0 
1.2 
2.1 

42.0 
36.4 
38.4 
40.5 
37.1 

74 
72 
85 
72 
72 

92 
113 
92 
87 

lie 

9.0 
8.7 
9.1 
9.8 
7.7 

LinviUcN.C 

38.8 

71 

95 

8.9 

III.-TREES  100  TO  122  YEARS  OLD. 

1 
2 

\ 

7 
g 
9 
10 

110 
122 
114 

!?^ 

10» 
112 

ni 

17.5 

17.7 

.    9.5 

7.5 

7.8 

\.l 
5.0 

2.2 
1.2 

36.0 
35.0 
39.8 
38.3 
40.8 
38.9 
38.0 
36.7 

64 
04 
7!) 
76 
100 
78 
85 
71 

06                 0. 

bo...' .■.■.■."!:":.■.■.■.■.■"" 

99 
120 
121 
138 
122 
147 
109 

9.0 
9.8 
8.5 
10.5 
8.8 
8.8 
8.5 

Do 

Uo 

Do 

^ 

38.3 

74 

119 

8.9 

IV.— TREES  75  TO  100  YEARS  OLD. 

Lincoln  CoDnty  Wis     

6 

12 

15 

75 
«4 
90 
81 
9.1 
93 
83 
94 
K4 
78 

4.0 
14.0 
12.0 
15.0 

7.0 
7.0 
6.3 
10.4 
10,2 

0.8 
2.0 

2.1 

36.3 
39.4 
37.0 
3fi.  0 
40.4 
40.1 
36.3 
37.0 
37.1 
38.5 

68 

85 

72 
90 
76 
74 
76 
76 

111 

148 
121 

149 
132 
115 
128 
119 

8.4 
9.0 
9.8 
9.0 
9.4 
8.7 
9.8 
8.0 
9.8 
8.7 

Do 

Chippewa  County  Wis 

Do 

37.8 

9.0 

SPECIFIC    WEIGHT    OF    WOOD. 

Averaije  wiighl  (kitii  dry  and  ijreen),  moisture  coiihiil,  und  Hhrinkaye per 
v.— TREES  50  TO  74  YEAKS  OLD. 


75 


f  of  White:  fine  -ContiuiKHl. 


Locality. 

i 

Diameter 

breast  high 

without 

bark. 

Width  of 
rings. 

Speciflc  gravity  X  100. 

Moisture  as 
per  cent 

dry  wood. 

' 

niimferof!   mate  age 
trees.         of  trees. 

Kiln  dry. 

Green. 

i^i'^srj 

Lincoln  County  Wis      

7 
8 
11 

1 

16 

17 

Years. 
60 
50 

52 
65 
73 
67 
50 
52 
.54 
65 

Inches. 
4.5 
2.0 
5.5 
8.0 
7.0 
4.2 
13.0 
11.0 
14.0 
10.0 
10.0 

34.3 
39.3 
33.8 
38.7 

35^7 
35.3 
38.5 

36!  .5 
35.5 

80 
70 
86 

78 
64 
72 

73 

yer  cent. 
148 

P.«,.. 

li 

6 

0 
6 

3 

122 
84 
121 
112 

93 
105 

Plymouth  County  Mass 

36.8 

74 

115 

8.0 

''™"^' 1 

VI.— TREES  40  TO  49  TEARS  OLD. 

10 
17 
18 

20 
21 

25 
26 
27 
32 
33 

48 
47 
40 
40 
40 
■12 
44 
46 
45 
49 
47 
48 

46 
46 
45 
45 
41 

2.3 
6.0 
6.0 
6.0 

2^8 
4.0 
8.5 
9.2 
13.7 
9.5 
12.5 
10.3 
10.2 
10.0 
12.8 
9.1 
10.3 
8.6 

0.0 
2.0 
2.2 
2.3 

LO 
1.4 
2.6 
3.0 
3.9 
2.8 
3.6 
3.1 
2.9 
2.7 
3.8 
2.6 
3.4 
3.1 

43.3 
31.3 
33.5 
34.5 
33.7 
35.  0 
33.  K 
36.2 
36.2 
35.0 
38.  0 
34.5 
39.0 
_     37.2 
35.0 
35.5 
37.7 

3L7 

81 

85 
81 
71 

82 

58 

64 
65 
67 
70 
66 

75 
61 
64 

102 
162 
173 
149 
124 
105 
158 
76 
95 
93 
81 
108 

104 
103 
106 
118 
98 
122 

8.5 
8.9 
9.0 
8.6 
8.3 

l\ 
8.4 
8.5 
8.4 
8.1 
9.3 
9.3 
7.0 
8.1 
8.6 
9.4 

8!4 

Marathon  County  Wis 

Do 

Do 

Merrimack  County,  N.  H 

Do                    ... 

35.3 

.     70 

113 

8.4 



VII.— TREES  30  TO  39  TEAKS  OLD. 

22                     38 

40                    lJ 

77 
64 

66 

74 
74 
83 
61 
65 
63 
72 
68 
66 
66 
67 
71 

71 
74 
64 

162 

105 
100 
131 
147 
146 

85 
108 

99 
143 
111 

89 
108 
111 

99 
129 
123 
147 

8.2 
8.3 
».2 
7.7 
9.1 
8.2 
7.5 

l\ 
9.5 
9.3 
8.7 

8.3 
9.1 
12.0 
11.0 
10.8 
10.8 
9.2 

n.2 

6.5 
10.5 
9.2 
7.0 
0.8 

8^2 
9.5 
7.5 
9.3 

3.5 
3.4 
4.7 
3.4 
3.6 
3.7 
3.6 
4.8 
2.9 
4.4 
3.6 
2.9 

i's 

3.0 
3.2 

3.' 7 

36.5 
35.2 
35.7 
35.2 
33.7 
36.0 
36.1 
33.6 
35.2 
33.0 
35.2 
34.5 
38.6 
36.  7 
36.7 
37.7 
32.7 
34.5 
30.0 

8 

13 

14 
15 

34 
35 
38 

•An 

Do 

Do 

Worcester  County,  Mass 

19  35 

20  33 

Do 

Do 

28 

30 
31 

35 
36 

35 
38 
37 
37 
39 
34 
35 
35 

Merrimack  County,  N.  II  

9 

1 

8 
2 
5 

5 

2 

Do 

Do 

35.1 

68 

104 

8.5 

^ 

VIII.— TREES  20  TO  3U  TEARS  OLD. 

459  1                  22                   4.0                   2.7                 34.7 

460  1                  26  1                7.0                   2.8                 36.9 

83 

85 

164 
156 

9.4 
10.2 

Do              

35.5 

84 

165 

" 

1 

7fi 


THE   WHITE    PINE. 


From  the  table  it  appears  that  the  specific  weight  of  tlic  timber  is  (juite  iudepculeut  of  the 
rate  of  growth,  ami  tliat  the  individual  variation  generally  moves  within  very  narrow  limits.  The 
diagrams  (figs.  16  and  17)  show  the  relation  of  weight  for  the  different  .sections  from  the  stump 


--•^ 

^ 

\ 

-=^ 

bt--.- 

"^ 

C?=s= 

==4^ 

"^rs= 

l-i= 

— ^ 

^^^ 

^^ 

P^ 

u--== 

S 

^ 

^ 

~ 

• 

Position  .  of  discs,  feet  from  ground . 


FlK.  10.  — I)iaf;niMi  showioj;  Hpocilic  weight  of  wood  at  differeut  cross  aoitioiis  of  ( 
upward,  and  the  similarity  of  the  wood  of  difiorent  trees.     (Five  trees,  over  20C 


i  old.     Dotted  line  iudieales  the  average.) 


ipward;  the  slightly  greater  weight  of  the  older  timber,  as  compared  to  sapling  material,  the 
ini(oriii  decrease  in  weight  from  stump  u|)ward,  and  also  the  uniformity  of  the  several  individuals 
)f  Miiy  group  of  trees  is  clearly  ai)parent  from  the  line.';.     The  same  tlecrease  in  weight  from  below 


^ 

^Ni 

\ 

\ 

^ 

\ 

k 

^ 

^ 

— 

h 

K 

^^ 

^=^ 

-d 

— 

p^ 

>=- 

"^ 

2 

V::: 

=— 

f 

' 

Position    nf  ilisi-s.  r,-rl    from    c/rc 
'.— UiaRrain  showing  apecifle  weiglit  of  kiln-dry  wood  al  .liii.i.ni  ],c.iiii^  in  the  st 


■irl. 


upward  i.s  oliserved  in  tiie  wood  of  any  given  ])eriod 
rings  (next  to  the  haik)  was  lound  to  b(>  as  follows: 


tlins,  lli<>,  wood  of  tlie  last  forty 


reuse  in  wriijlil  of  Ihr 


.</  Ilie  liixl  {outer)  fiirtii  , 


■al  dishHjiom  ntunip  iipu 


msk  nnioher. 

Tree  No. 
458. 

'^l '""■ 

Tree  No.  1. 

„'ravity. 
Tree  No.  2. 

Tree  No.  3. 

1                    

0.37 
.31 
.30 
.295 
.31 

0.42 
.39 
.36 

-.11 

0.44 

!36 
.36 

0.45 
.405 
.39 

IV 

SHRINKAGE   AND    STRENGTH   OF    WOOD.  77 

As  in  other  pines,  tliere  is  usually  an  increase  of  weight  in  the  crown,  apparently  due  to  an 
intiueuce  of  the  limbs,  but  as  thiy  intluenco  is  local,  so  the  apparent  result  is  local,  and  the  weight 
is  very  irregular  for  the  crown  part  of  the  stem;  the  pronounced  increase  is  apparent  only  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  limbs.  The  absence  of  a  pronounced  or  shai'J)ly  defined  summer  wood 
makes  it  difficult  and  iini)racticable  to  apply  the  microscopic  methods  to  determine  the  variation 
of  weight  from  pith  to  bark  on  any  cross  section.  From  the  actual  determinations  of  weight,  it 
appears  that  for  tlie  lower  portions  of  any  normally  grown  tree  there  is  usually  at  first  an  increase 
of  weight  from  the  pith  outward,  reaching  a  maximum  somewhere  between  the  fiftieth  and  eightieth 
ring,  maintained  for  a  long  period  and  usually  followed  by  a  very  slow  decrease  in  weight  from 
there  on  outward.  This  variation  is  generally  small,  and  never  reaches  the  proportions  met  in 
sections  of  hard  pine,  such  as  Longleaf  Pine,  where  it  commonly  amounts  to  75  to  100  per  cent  of 
the  weight  of  the  lightest  jiortion. 

Usually  about  half  the  weight  of  a  green  log  is  water.  The  amount  of  moisture  generally 
varies  in  the  sapwood  from  about  li'O  to  100  per  cent  and  from  40  to  60  per  cent  in  the  heartwood, 
the  amount  for  the  entire  log,  therefore,  varying  with  the  proportion  of  sap  and  heart  is  greatest 
in  saplings  and  least  in  large  mature  trees,  in  the  latter  from  about  00  to  120  per  cent  of  the 
weight  of  the  timber  after  it  is  kiln-dried.  The  wood  parts  with  its  moisture  as  easily  as  any 
wood  in  the  market,  dries  rapidly,  with  little  injury,  and  may  safely  be  kiln-dried  fresh  from  the 
saw,  though  in  actual  practice  this  method  is  almost  unknown  in  the  White  Pine  regions,  tlie 
usual  way  of  drying  by  carefully  piling  in  immense  piles,  being  the  universal  way  of  seasoning. 
Well  air  dried  White  Pine,  as  in  an  ordinary  room,  still  retains  8  to  0  per  cent  moisture,  and  if 
unprote<!ted  by  oil,  paint,  etc.,  is  quite  susceptible  to  changes  of  humi<lity,  absorbing  and  giving 
off  moisture  at  every  change  of  temperature  and  humidity  of  the  air. 

SHRINKAGE. 

In  keeping  with  its  smaller  specific  weight,  the  shrinkage  of  White  Pine  is  less  than  that  of 
other  pines.  It  is  greater  for  sap  than  heart,  and  therefore  greater  for  sapling  timber  than  for 
older  trees.  From  the  table  on  page  71  it  appears  that  the  slirinkage  in  volume  varies  for  the 
several  groups  of  trees  from  8  to  9  ))er  cent,  and,  like  the  weight,  is  quite  uniform  for  the  different 
individuals  of  each  group. 

The  ease  and  rapidity  with  which  White  Pine  seasons,  and  the  manner  of  distribution  of 
White  Pine  lumber,  encouraging  proper  seasoning  before  use,  have  done  much  to  earn  for  White 
Pine  the  fame  of  being  one  of  the  woods  which  do  "not  shrink"  nor  "work,"  a  virtue  which  is  not 
only  in  part  due  to  the  small  weight  and  consequent  small  shrinkage,  but  is  largely  the  result  of 
proper  handling. 

STRENGTH. 

P.eing  the  lightest.  White  Pine  is  also  the  weakest  among  the  pines  of  the  Eastern  I Tnited 
States,  as  appears  from  the  following  general  average: 

Sirengtii  of  Jriiiti-  Pine  at  1 .'  jxr  cent  moixture. 

I'nnnds  per 

Compression  oiuUvise  and  in  bendin;?  to  tine  cliistii-  limit 5,200 

Hendinjf  to  niptnre 7,  900 

Modnlns  of  clasticits' 1,  410,  000 

Compressicm  across  the  grain  (3  per  cent  deformation) 720 

Shearing  parallel  to  liber 380 

Out  of  about  seven  hundred  tests  made  by  the  Division  of  Forestry,  about  5.5  per  cent  fall 
within  10  per  cent  of  this  general  average,  and  90  per  cent  within  25  i)er  cent  of  the  same.  Tliough 
the  test  series  for  White  Pine  was  by  no  means  as  full  as  is  desirable,  the  above  average  results 
will  probably  be  found  fairly  accurate  and  sufficient  for  general  purposes.  The  table  on  the  ne.xt 
page  presents  the  average  results  for  the  several  trees. 


78 


THE    AVHITE    riNE. 
Average  ulrviujlh  nf  the  wood  of  llhUe  I'lm  of  different  trees  at  1:3 per  cent  moisture. 


Locality. 

trees. 

Modulus  of 
ulasticity 

(1,000 
pounds). 

Bending  to— 

wise. 

Compros- 
siou  across 
grain  to  3 
per  cent  de- 
formation. 

Shearing 
paxallel  to 

A  verage 
specilTc 
weight. 

Rupture. 

Relative 
elastic 
limit. 

Wiacimain  

101 
102 
104 
112 
114 
116 
601 
602 
603 
637 
608 
609 

1,360 
1,520 
1,350 
1,330 
1,190 
1,350 
1,370 
1,470 
1,470 
1,380 

1;^?S 

Pounds  per 

sq.in. 

l\Z 

7,800 
8,300 
a  0,800 
8,300 
7,400 

7;  850 
8,000 
8,900 
8,200 

Pounds  per 
sq.  in. 
0,200 
6  300 
6,000 
6,300 
5,  UOO 
5,900 
0,  300 
6,700 

iz 

7,450 
0,700 

Pounds  per 
sq.  in. 
4,600 
4,200 
4,800 
5,000 
4,250 
5,  000 
5,500 
5,700 
5,400 
5,700 
5,700 
0,200 

Pounds  per 

•"•t90 
560 
620 
650 
030 
660 
810 
860 
790 
910 
670 
880 

Pounds  per 

'"■% 
320 
430 

400 
470 
350 
420 
320 
340 
330 
340 

0.42 
.30 
.40 
.39 
.36 
.38.-i 
.38 
.37 
.38 
.39 
.385 
.392 

Uo 

^'-iir ::::: 

Do 

Average 



1,410 

7,900 

6,300 

5,200 

720     1              380 

.384 

— 

i,4fl0 

8,000 

0,760 

5,700 

38.3J 

I  a  Inauffioieut  data  for  a  fair  average. 

In  tlie  iibove  table  the  lUitii  for  trees  101  to  IIG  are  insufficient.  Both  material  and  tests  for 
trees  (>01  to  GO'J  were  satisfactory  in  every  respect,  and  the  results,  therefore,  of  iar  j;reater  value 
than  those  for  trees  101  to  IIG. 

lu  keeping  with  its  greater  weight,  the  wood  of  the  butt  logs  is  slightly  stronger  than  that  of 
the  top  logs,  and  there  is  generally  a  regular  ditterence  between  different  parts  of  the  same  cross 
section,  the  center,  as  appears  usual  in  pine,  being  the  weakest,  the  heavier  intermediate  portion 
the  strongest,  and  the  peripheral  part  lying  between  the  two. 

For  a  more  careful  study  of  this  relation,  tests  were  made  of  a  set  of  2  by  2  inch  sticks  cut  out 
of  one  log  from  each  of  three  trees,  in  such  a  manner  that  the  centers  of  the  logs  formed  one  set, 
the  part  midway  from  center  to  bark  another  set,  and  the  outer  portion  of  the  logs  a  third  or  outer 
set,  the  latter  two  being  all  quarter-sawed  pieces.  The  tests  furnished  the  following  average 
results : 

fllreufjlh  of  2  by  S pieces  at  1:'J  per  cent  moisture. 


Ivindof  test. 

Tree  No.  601. 

Tree  No.  602. 

Tree  No.  603. 

Pounds  per 

'"■r7-io 

7,900 

Pounds  per 

7,970 
9,030 
1,291 

Pounds  per 

'"ft: 

9!340 
1,-JH5 

It  is  apparent  from  the  above  that  tlie  perfect  (iiiarter-sawed  material  confirmed  the  other 
test  results  in  showing  tlie  great  similarity  of  tlie  wooil  of  these  three  trees.  It  also  shows,  how- 
ever, that  the  effect  of  defects  in  an  unselected  lot  reduces  the  strength  values  markedly  in  this 
species. 

Arranging  the  results  according  to  the  position  of  the  test  pieces  in  the  log,  it  is  found  that  in 
compression  endwise  the  strength  was:  Center  piece.s,  r),.".20  pounds,  or  78  per  cent;  intermediate, 
7,000  pounds,  or  100  per  cent;  outside  pieces,  0,(i80  pounds,  or  9.1  per  cent;  showing  that  the 
heart  pieces,  as  has  been  found  in  other  conifers,  are  always  the  weakest,  thus  verifying  the  results 
of  the  general  series.  Tlie  slight  de(;rease  from  the  intermediate  to  the  outside  pieces  is  in  keeping 
with  the  smaller  weight  of  the  latter  and  ueed  not  be  ascribed  to  the  fact  that  these  pieces  con- 
tained small  proportions  of  sapwood.  As  might  be  e.xpected,  the  uniformity  of  results  in  this 
jiroperly  selected  and  prepared  material  was  greater  than  in  tlie  ordinary  series.  Of  58  tests,  all 
fell  within  2r.  per  cent  of  the  average  strength  and  7(i  per  cent  within  10  per  cent  of  the  average. 

In  connection  with  a  general  study  into  the  maxinuiin  uniformity  of  wood,  three  scantlings  of 
White  Pine,  with  an  average  specific  gravity  of  about  0.;54  and  an  average  compressive  strength 
at  8  per  cent  moisture  of  4,900  pounds,  were  examined,  two  being  tested  air-dry  (8  per  cent)  and 


tlNKAGE    AND    STRENGTH    OF    WOOD, 


79 


the  other  after  being  .so.iked  for  three  mouths  in  cold  water.     The  results  of  these  tests  on  White 
Piue  are  embodied  in  the  following  table: 


Strength  of  contigu 


1(8  blocks  of  the  same  scaiitUng  of  IFIiile  I'l 
[Dimensions  generally,  2.76  by  2.70  li 


select  material,  in  compression  endwise. 


Number  iif  block. 

Dry  scantlmfT. 

Soaked 
scantling. 

NnnibiT  of  block. 

Dry  scantling. 

Soaked 
scantling. 

1 

2 

Potmds  per 

tq.in. 
5,070 
5,150 
5:020 
4,770 
4,770 
4,920 
4,950 
4,840 
4,860 

a  6,  460 
4,860 
5.  010 

3 

Pounds  per 

sq.iu. 
2,270 
2,390 
2,300 
2,200 

2:390 
2,300 
2,310 
2:290 
2,310 
2,340 
2,210 
2,370 
2,340 
2,340 
2,340 
2,330 
o5,710 
2,310 
2,200 
2,180 
2,130 

1          1          2 

« 

Pounds  per 

sq.  in. 

4,850 

4,860 

4!  840 

I'M 

4,730 
4,760 

t-M 

4,730 
4,760 
4,770 
4,670 
4,6C0 
4,660 
4.590 
4.600 
4.610 
4,880 
4,920 
4,870 
4,970 
4,940 

Pounds  per 

'"Cm 

4,940 
5,020 
5,110 

lf£ 
4,820 
4,950 
4,900 
.1,  040 
5,160 
6, 120 
5,100 
5,230 

i:iS 

,S280 

i:^?S 

5,  360 
5,510 

Pounds  per 
sq.in. 
4,860 
4,940 
5,010 
4,  950 

Po^mds  per 
sq.in. 

2                                    

27 



3 

28 

:::::; 

6                    

31 



7 

32 

4,690 

4:670 
4,630 
4,800 
4,730 
4,660 
.   a  6,  000 
4,840 

4,  780 
4,840 
4,870 

5,  040 
5,150 
5,340 
5,300 
6,200 

10 

35 

13 

38 

4,960 

16 

41 

17 

42 

4.910 
a  6,  600 
4,600 
4,650 
4.720 
4,800 

20 

45 

48 

24 

ft  Dried  at  180^  F.  (to  about  2  jut  cent  moisture)  before  testing. 

It  appears  that  in  the  teats  on  dry  material  the  greatest  difference  between  any  two  contiguous 
blocks  of  select  quarter-sawed  White  Pine  was  190  pounds  per  square  inch,  or  3.8  per  cent  of  the 
total  strength;  that  generally  it  was  less  than  2  per  cent,  and  several  times  only  about  0.2  per 
cent,  but  that  in  tests  of  this  kind  les.s  then  200  pounds  in  the  results  can  not  be  regarded  as  any 
dift'erence  at  all,  this  amount  being  due  to  indeterminable  differences  found  even  in  the  best 
material,  and  partly  due  also  to  imperfections  in  the  means  and  methods  of  testing.  It  is  also 
clear  tliat  in  the  same  scantling,  though  select  and  of  small  dimension  (only  fi  feet  long)  a 
diti'ei-ence  of  nearly  000  i>ounds  i»er  square  inch,  or  IS  per  cent  of  the  strength,  in  comiiression 
endwise  may  be  found,  so  that  any  inferences  from  scantling  to  .scantling  must  be  taken  with 
great  caution,  and  any  accurate  relations,  such  as  the  influence  of  seasoning,  etc.,  can  be  made 
only  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  employed  in  these  uniformity  tests. 

From  the  general  series  of  tests,  also  from  the  tests  on  the  select  2  by  2.inch  jtieces,  and  in 
way  of  indication  also  from  some  of  the  tests  in  maximum  uniformity,  it  appears  that  seasoning 
aff'eets  the  wood  of  White  Pine  to  about  the  same  degree  as  that  of  other  pines.  The  strength  of 
greenwood,  or  wood  soaked  to  a  point  where  additional  immersion  no  longer  changes  the  volume, 
is  independent  of  differences  in  moisture.  This  is  quite  clear  from  the  test  in  niiilbrmity  of  the 
scantling  immersed  for  three  months.  Though  the  blocks  differed  (especially  near  the  ends) 
within  wide  limits  as  to  the  amount  of  moisture  tltey  contained,  yet  the  strength  was  found  to  be 
as  uniforiii  as  in  evenly  dried  timber.  By  drying  green  or  fully  saturated  wood  to  about  2  ])cr  cent 
moisture  (kiln-drying  at  SO'^  C),  the  strength  is  more  than  doubled;  and  even  if  pieces  well  air- 
dried  are  kiln-dried  the  strength  is  still  increased  by  over  40  per  cent.  For  timber  to  be  used 
under  cover  and  kept  properly  ventilated,  it  is  safe  to  presume  that  the  strength,  once  seasoned, 
will  be  50  per  cent  greater  than  when  green,  and  if  used  in  heated  rooms,  an  increase  of  100  per 
cent  on  the  strength  of  the  green  timber  may  reasonably  be  exi)ected.  The  diagram  (fig.  18)  well 
illustrates  this  feature. 


80 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


s 


^ 


so 

60 

■W 

\ 

\ 

20 

V 

\ 

\ 

\ 

X. 

Compression  Streiujlli  pci:  ,s(r.incli    in  pounds. 


.  Iti Uiugiaia  tiLij 


DURABILITY. 


With  regard  to  its  durability,  White  J^iiio  is  geuer;illy  niulerrated.  The  soft,  light-colored 
wood  suggests  general  frailty  and  a  lack  of  resistance,  in  which  resistance  to  decay  is  included. 
In  the  region  where  it  grows  the  unusual  great  durability  of  the  heartwood  of  White  Pine  is 
well  known;  " the  stumps  of  White  I'ine  last  a  lifetime;"  old  logs,  covered  with  moss  and  often 
with  young  Poplars  and  l^iirch  growing  from  their  surface  are  uncovered  and  utilized  as  shingle 
bolts.  White  Pine  shingles  wear  out,  but  rarely  decay,  and  a  good  sidewalk  of  White  Pine  is 
considered  the  best  to  be  had.  As  in  other  pines,  the  sapwood  decays  readily,  but  this  being 
narrow  in  good  logs,  more  than  half  of  all  White  Pine  sawed  is  good  durable  heart,  a  wood  which 
is  neither  subject  to  decay  iK)r  to  the  boring  insects  any  more  than  the  heavy  resinous  heart  of 
the  Ked  Pine  or  of  the  Southern  ])ines. 

COMPARISON  WITH  OTHER  WOODS. 


Generally  White  Pine  is  logged  and  milled  on  a  largo  scale,  cut  mostly  into  boards  iind  i>lank, 
and  there  is  to-day  no  common  wood  which  is  more  economically  handled  and  more  caiefully 
selected. 

Compared  to  other  pines,  the  White  I'ine  is  ottered  more  extensively  and  has  a  greater 
influence  on  lumber  markets  than  any  other  wood   used.     It  is  more  uniform,  lighter,  softer,  and 


USES   OF    WOOD. 


81 


shrinks  less  than  any  other  pine;   it  is  durable,  insect  proof,  and   suited  to  a  much   greater 
number  of  uses  than  the  wood  of  other  pine.,. 

The  following  table  exhibits  the  position  of  White  Pine  as  to  weight  and  strength : 

Weiyht  and  utrrngth  of  White  Pine  compared  with  other  pines. 


Name  of  pines. 

Bending. 

Compress! 

n  endwise. 

fepec,f.cg.a>,tj. 

Rupture. 

To  relative  elastic  limit. 

Actual. 

Relative. 

Pounds 
persqua™ 

Relative. 

Pounds 
persquare 

Relative. 

Pounds 
persquare 

Relative. 

81 
53 
51 

48 

UIO 
87 
84 
78 
62 

12,  800 
11,800 
10,  400 
3,100 
7,900 

100 
92 
81 
71 

10,300 
9,500 
7,800 
7,700 
6,400 

100 
92 
76 
75 
62 

8,300 

6  700 
5,200 

100 
94 
78 
81 
62 

Lobloliv 

Shortleaf 

ReSorNorway:::;:::::::-::;;:: 

Of  the  several  columns,  that  on  specific  weight  being  at  once  the  simplest  and  most  truly 
representative  of  the  entire  stem  of  mature  timber,  illu.strates  probably  the  relative  position  of 
these  five  pines  most  perfectly.  The  Southern  pines,  if  only  the  saw  timber  is  considered,  will 
prove  even  heavier  and  stronger  by  several  per  cent  than  appears  from  this  table. 


USES  OF  WHITE  PINE. 

There  is  no  wood  in  the  United  States,  perhaps  in  tlic  world,  of  which  there  is  a  greater 
quantity  used,  nor  one  which  is  put  to  a  greater  variety  of  uses  than  that  of  the  White  Pine.  At 
present  the  great  mass  of  White  Pine,  probably  not  less  than  95  per  cent  of  the  entire  output,  is 
cut  into  even  lengths,  usually  12  to  IS  feet  long,  jireferably  10  feet  (full  75  per  cent  lieing  10  feet), 
and  is  converted  principally  into  boards,  plank,  and  "dimension  stuff,"  1  to  4  inches  thick  and 
4  inches  and  upward  in  width,  the  widths  varying  always  by  an  even  number  of  inches. 

In  all  the  better  mills  the  slabs  are  cut  into  laths,  pickets,  etc.,  while  tlie  thickest  slabs  and 
the  .sound  portions  of  very  defective  logs  are  cut  into  shingles.  These  "  shingle  cants"  are  of 
variable  sizes,  usually  containing  knots  and  decayed  portions;  these  defects  in  the  shingle  are 
cut  out  subse(iuently  by  the  knot  sawyers.  Shingles  of  regular  widths  are  rarely  made.  In  the 
sawing  of  the  great  mass  of  lumber  the  main  saw  merely  cuts  slices  of  various  thicknesses  from 
the  logs,  and  their  conversion  into  certain  widths,  as  well  as  the  removal  of  uneven  edges,  is  left 
to  the  edger,  on  whose  knowledge  and  skill  much  of  tlie  success  of  the  mill  depends.  Usually 
the  clear  stuff,  whenever  possible,  is  left  in  broad  and  thick  planks;  the  rest  is  cut  into  different 
widths  so  as  to  insure  the  greatest  value,  in  most  cases  boards  of  e.xtra  width  and  select  boards, 
for  siding,  etc.,  receiving  preference  and  determining  the  conversion.  The  clear  stuff,  or  "uppers," 
rarely  forming  over  15  per  cent  of  the  cut  in  our  times,  are  used  by  manufacturers  of  sash,  doors, 
and  blinds,  and  by  furniture  men,  and  the  most  select  portions  by  model  makers  and  other  s]>ecial 
manufacturers  where  the  price  of  the  material  is  of  secondary  consideration.  For  material  of  this 
kind  the  consumer  generally  pays  over  $50  per  1,000  feet  B.  M.,  and  in  some  cases  it  is  retailed  at 
over  -1 100.  Of  the  remainder,  the  great  mass  is  used  in  the  construction  of  frame  houses,  where 
commonly  everything  of  wood,  from  cellar  to  roof,  is  made  of  this  material.  Of  the  inferior 
grades,  enormous  quantities  are  used  for  boxes,  and  much  also  is  used  as  fencing  and  barn  lumber. 

For  box  shooks,  straight- stave  cooperage,  pails,  tubs,  etc.,  a  great  deal  of  small  sapling  pine 
is  employed.  Smaller  quantities  of  better-grade  White  Pine  are  used  in  mill  constructions  (for 
chutes,  elevators,  etc.) ;  also  in  the  manufacture  of  farm  implements,  for  large  surfaces,  panelwork, 
etc.,  and  in  boat  and  ship  building  for  decking,  in  fitting  up  cabins,  for  all  kinds  of  spars,  where 
its  lightness,  stiffness,  and  durability,  together  with  its  fine  form  and  dimeusiou.s,  render  it  a 
special  favorite. 

Considerable  quantities  of  hewn  and  round  timbers  are  still  brought  to  market  for  export, 
but  on  the  whole  this  trade  is  insignificant  when  compared  to  the  entire  output. 

White  Pine  is  universally  seasoned  in  the  yard ;  most  of  the  lumber  does  not  reach  the  consumer 
until  a  year  after  manufacture.  The  ea.se  of  working  induces  the  consumers  to  do  a  great  deal  of 
20233— No.  22 6 


82  THE    WHITE   PINE. 

resawing.  The  llooring,  and  even  siding  for  the  smaller  markets,  and  for  cheap  construction  are 
commonly  the  selected  parts  of  sheathing  and  other  inferior  grades,  as  classed  at  the  mill,  and  it 
is  rare  to  find,  in  recent  years,  the  best  grades  of  White  Pine  in  the  smaller  retailers'  yards. 

In  the  classification  of  White  Pine  a  great  degree  of  finesse  has  been  introduced,  and  the 
closest  attention  is  paid  here,  as  well  as  in  edging  and  trimming,  to  the  probable  future  use  of  a 
given  piece  of  material. 

From  the  enormous  consumption  of  White  Pine  alone,  and  also  from  the  great  variety  of  uses 
to  which  it  is  put,  it  is  clear  that  any  material  diminution  of  supplies  must  affect  extensively  and 
intimately  the  wood  market  and  wood  industries  of  this  country.  The  common  claim  of  substi- 
tution of  some  other  pine  or  conifer,  and  still  more  the  belief  in  the  use  of  hardwoods  in  the  place  of 
White  Pine,  have  but  little  in  their  favor.  A  shipping  case  of  White  Pine  recpiires  about  half  the 
effort  to  make  and  only  .50  to  65  per  cent  of  the  eflbrt  to  haul  or  handle  as  one  made  of  Southern 
Pine,  its  most  natural  substitute.  Similarly,  a  White  Pine  lath  nails  with  half  the  effort,  shrinks 
less,  and  thus  is  far  more  satisfactory  than  one  made  of  hard  pine.  For  a  good  door  or  for  satis- 
factory sash  and  blinds  only  the  Cypress  and  White  Cedar  can  enter  as  a  substitute,  and  both 
are  too  restricted  in  their  occurrence,  and  the  Cypress  has  too  little  chance  of  future  regeneration 
to  deserve  consideration  as  a  general  substitute.  The  transportation  of  Pacific  coast  timbers, 
a  small  portion  of  which  have  the  properties  of  White  Pine,  to  tiie  densely  populated  Eastern 
TTuited  States  is  not  likely  to  occur  on  a  large  scale,  for  the  cost  of  hauling  alone  equals  the 
value  of  good  grades  of  Eastern  lumber. 


APPENDIX. 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


APPENDIX. 


TABLES  OF  MEASUKEMENTS. 

The  following  tables  reccird  the  detail  investigations,  measnrements,  and  tabulations  which 
have  served  as  a  basis  for  the  discussion  of  the  growth  of  the  White  Tine.  The  measurements 
in  the  field  were  made  by  Mr.  Austin  Cary,  of  Bangor,  Me.,  and  by  Mr.  A.  K.  Mlodziansky,  of 
the  Division  of  Forestry.  Mr,  Mlodziansky  has  also  executed  the  laborious  calculations,  and  is 
responsible  for  their  accuracy. 

The  methods  employed  in  this  investigation  have  been  described  in  general  in  Bulletin  No,  20, 
"Measuring  the  forest  crop,"  of  the  Division  of  Forestry.  They  are  in  the  main  similar  to  those 
practiced  by  European  foresters,  with  some  minor  and  one  important  modification,  which  latter 
Mr.  Mlodziansky  has  developed  during  the  course  of  his  work  iu  collating  the  data.  This  modifi- 
cation, which  refers  to  the  analyzing  of  trees  for  ascertaining  the  rate  of  growth,  consists  in 
grouping  by  age  classes,  and  instead  of  analyzing  each  single-measured  tree,  as  is  usually  done 
in  European  practice,  averages  the  data  of  measurement  from  a  nuinber  of  trees  grouped  and 
then  analyzes  the  growth  of  the  average  tree  thus  constructed  of  each  age  class  or  group.  In 
this  way  the  work  of  collating  is  very  considerably  reduced  and  the  measurements  of  a  very  much 
larger  number  of  trees  can  be  expeditiously  utilized  for  average  statement.  It  is  needful, 
however,  in  order  to  be  quite  satisftictory,  that  the  classification  or  grouping  of  trees  be  made 
in  the  woods  while  measuring,  a  task  which  requires  considerable  judgment.  When  the  classi- 
fication is  so  done  in  the  woods,  the  mechanical  work  is  further  simplified  by  entering  the 
measurements  for  each  group  in  sets,  the  measurements  of  cross  sections  taken  at  the  same  height 
being  entered  on  the  same  sheet  for  all  trees  of  the  group,  when  the  averaging  of  the  measurements 
can  at  once  be  performed  on  the  same  sheets. 

The  forms  used  in  the  investigation  are  also  appended,  and  will  serve  to  further  elucidate  the 
methods  pursued. 

Since  it  was  not  expedient  to  fell  trees  specially  for  these  measurements,  it  was  not  always 
possible  to  secure  all  measnrements  in  the  most  desirable  form;  for  instance,  the  desirable  meas- 
urement and  correlation  to  age  of  diameters  at  breast  height,  and  at  short  intervals  of  the  height, 
could  not  be  obtained,  because  the  work  was  performed  on  trees  cut  in  regular  lumbering  opera- 
tions; hence,  the  data  had  to  be  manixmlated  and  interpolations  used  so  as  to  secure  satisfactory 
approximations  for  the  periodic  growth.  The  number  of  trees  analyzed  (some  700)  is  so  large 
that  any  deficiency  of  method  may  be  considered  as  neutralized. 

TABLES  OF  CUBIC  AND  BOARD  CONTENTS  OF  WHITE  PINE. 

The  tables  of  cubic  and  board  contents  of  White  Tine  are  based  upon  the  measurements  of 
pine  taken  for  analysis  from  the  various  sites  described  in  the  tabulations  of  acre  yields. 

The  stem  of  each  individual  tree  was  calipered  at  intervals  of  4  or  8  feet,  and  the  volumes  of 
the  portions  between  two  successive  diameter  measurements  were  calculated  separately,  considering 
them  as  frustrums  of  cones.  From  the  volumes  of  steins  of  similar  height  and  diameter,  breast 
high,  the  average  volume  was  noted.  The  volumes  of  stems  of  missing  dimensions  was  calculated 
by  employing  the  corresponding  factors  of  shape.  The  factor  of  shape  is  determined  by  dividing 
the  volume  of  a  tree  by  that  of  a  cylinder  of  the  same  height  and  diameter,  breast  high;  it  shows 
the  tai)er  of  the  stem  and  is  usually  expressed  in  decimals,  thus  representing  arithmetically  the 
form  of  the  stem.  For  determining  the  volume  of  a  tree  by  means  of  the  factor  of  shape,  it  is 
necessary  only  to  measure  the  diameter  and  height  of  the  tree,  find  the  volume  of  a  cylinder  of  the 
corresponding  height  and  diameter,  and  multiply  that  volume  by  the  factor  of  shape. 

The  lumber  of  stems  in  board  feet  was  determined  by  eniploying  Scribner's  rule, 

85 


86  THE   WHITE   PINE. 

rs  S  S  3  2  S  S  2  S  ?rs  Sis  S  S  S  S  S  S  g  «  S  S?  3^SSl  g^^liWW^ 


1      1 


isoajq)  a 

JBJOOMtJn   I     ^ 


■(q3!q 
■)«E8jq) 


3S'g£=^:;-g??!g£ 


iSsilissiiiii^ 


'nmmmm 


SS§£i2SSJSS2SSg.;,- 


52S2?iS^Sc§5 


»SSS2Si 


Srt"23122^22?i?3wMcSMSwS^«Sr'Mj$«rtnrtw^5^555^ 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


87 


II. — Actual  lapering  and  hoard  conUnla  of  stems  of  White  Pine  from  '>  to  511,  inches  in  diameter,  breast  high. 


10.6        8.2 


•>:>.. » 

21.2 

■f:f  ti 

20.4 

23.  H 

22.2 

23,  1 

21.0 

24.2 

21.0 

22.  H 

20.6 

23,  () 

21.0 

22.7 

24.  H 

23.1 

•ih  3 

24.2 

23.7 

21.2 

20.0 

2.1,  () 

22.8 

24.  R 

24.  (i 

•/.f,.  1 

23.2 

23.6 

26.2 

24.  R 

30.5 


31.  S  '  30.  5 

20. 8  I  26. 5 

30.0  25.0 

31.5  28.5 

31.5  '  23.5 

28.8  I  27.7 

33.0  '  30.0 
31.2 


31.8 


111.  1 

20.9 

13.  9 
16,2 

19.1 

16.5 

22.1 

19,9 

23.9 

21.3 

18.2 
21.3 

11,0 
16,7 

21,7 

22.6 

20.0 

16.5 

10.0 

18.5 

13.9 

21.0 

22.2 

19.1 

23.4 

20.4 

23.7 

22.0 

20.8 

17.2 

23.0 

23.7 

27.0 

24.0 

19.6 

10,0 

14.3 

19.2 

15.0 

10,0 

25,  0 

22.8 

2(1,  5 

24.2 

23.7 

24.0 

13.0 

18.5 

20.0 

14.8 

26.0 

23.0 

2.5.3 

22.0 

25.5 

26.2 

23.0 

29.7 

26.2 

28.7 

24.4 

23.8 

20.0 

19.0 

32.4 

29.1 

29.6 

27.0 

31.5 

23.0 

■|t,'2' 



14,0 

18,9 

15.0 

13  1 

6.0 

14.2 

8.0 

12.5 

21.5 

18.0 

17  3 

10.2 

20.7 

15.7 

14.3 

9.1 

19  5 

20  0 

18.3 

13.2 

25,9 

20.9 

21   5 

13.0 

18.5 

15.5 

88  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

Tablk  III. — Measurements  of  White  Pine  grown  under  similar  conditions,  yroupcd  in  age  classes  for  averaging. 
(The  groups  of  trees  measured  .■jre  sample  trees  recorded  in  Table  VI.] 


Tree 
her. 

Age. 

Diameter 

n-ith  bark 

(breast 

high). 

Total 
height. 

Factor  of 
8hai«. 

Ratio  of 

Volnmo 
of  boles. 

Accretion. 

Group, location, .ind  rtes.riiHiou  of  siU'. 

of  crown 
to  the  to 

'»e"' 
tree. 

Current 
annual. 

t^Taf 

Maimchusetls  and  Xew  namplltire. 

Wbite  Pine  mixed  with  hardwoods  on  a  hill.     Soil, 
brown  or  yellowish  sandy  loam,  medium-sized  erain, 
light,  loose,  fresh,  and  well  drained,  with  a  lealy  sur- 
f^e  iover.    Tree^,  400-500  to  the  acre. 

21 

2 
19 

3 
31 

Yrs. 
33 

Inches. 
0.5 
8.6 
8.5 
9.2 
9.2 
9.5 
9.1 
10.0 
11.2 
10.3 
13.0 
12.8 

Feet. 
51.3 
05.3 
GO.O 
55.2 
62.5 
63.0 
64.0 
62.7 
53.0 
70.0 
71.5 
69.5 

0.  .57 
.51 
.58 
.58 
.57 
.57 
.56 
.50 
.52 
.50 
.50 

0.37 
.34 
.21 
.42 
.35 
.36 
.40 
.35 
.54 
.34 
-48 

O,..0A 

Cubicft. 

Cubiefi. 

13.8 
14  3 

15.6 
16.0 
15.9 
17.0 
18.4 
21.3 
32.7 
33.1 

11         ll 
20  1      36 
32  •       44 
1         55 
26  I       47 

. 

44 

39 
40 
40 
49 
49 
50 
54 
39 
61 
52 

9.8 

7M 

8^2 
9.1 
9.5 
10.2 
10.3 
11.2 
12.0 
12.5 
13.7 

02.3 

43.8 
51.8 
.V2.0 
55.0 
58.2 
63.7 
08.0 
63.0 
59.0 
59.1 
09.9 
71.5 

18.1 

5.6 

8!8 
9.9 
13.0 
16.3 
16.6 
19.0 
19.7 
22.4 
31  3 

0.60             0.41 

Massachusetts  and  Neti-  Hampsldrc. 

White  Pine  on  a  level  plain  site.    SoU,  a  brown  or  yel- 
low brown  loamy  sand,  underlaid  by  sand  or  s.ind  with 
gravel  iu  medium  or  sometimes  coarse  grain,  shaUow, 
porous,  light,  moderately  loose,  fresh,  and  well  drained, 
with  an  abundant  lealy  surface  cover.    Trees,  350-400 
to  the  acre. 

28 
29 

30 
8 
6 

12 

11 
4 
9 

10 
5 

0.47 
.51 

isi 

.51 
.51 

.45 
.50 
.51 
.48 
.,52 
.51 

0.42 
.51 
.40 
.51 
.36 
.43 
.47 
.46 
.37 

:^1 

.42 

36.  3 

A  • 

45 

46 
U 
44 
47 

47 
45 
47 
47 
48 
47 

9.9 

12.0 
11.5 
12.5 
11.0 
11.5 
11.0 
10.5 
10.0 
10.5 
11.0 

60.0 

60.0 
.-.8.5 
55.0 
59.0 
56.0 
58.5 
80.0 
59.0 
58.0 
55.0 

.50 

0.43 
.47 
.41 
.48 
.45 

.44 

0.C2 
.55 
.67 
.49 
.50 

17.0 

20.2 
20.0 
19.4 
18.7 
18.3 
17.9 
17.3 
16.4 
16.3 
15.4 

0.50 

0.38 

Pnmsiilmnia. 

White  Pine  intermixed  with  hardwoods  and  occasional 
Hemlock.    Soil,  clayey  loam, with  yellowbrowu  shales 
in  it,  deep,  fresh,  and  weU  drained. 

3 
12 

2 

16 
9 
5 
6 
21 
19 

.48               .43 
.51                .46 
.40               .48 

.42  1             .49 

Average 

11.0 

14.5 
13.:) 

I-.;.  8 

11.8 
1U.2 
11. u 

58.0 
64 

in 

58 

r.5 

62 

.45 

0.45 

!45 
.  52 
..59 
.50 

.52 

U.55 
.58 
.38 
.41 
.35 
.35 

18.0 

33.1 
26.4 
25.6 
20.1 
22.0 

0.70 

0.39 

GKOUP   C. 

Maine. 

White  Pine  with  scattering  Hemlock,  occasional  Spruce 
and  Fir,  on  a  level  plain  site;  scanty  undergrowth  of 
Hazel  and  young  Hemlo.:k.    Soil,  gray  sand,  some- 
times brown  or  loamy,  with  3  .uches  vegetable  mold, 
deep,    fresh,    lealv    surface    cover;    clayey    subsoil 
probably  4  or  5  feet  below  surface.    Density  of  crown 
cover,  U.7.    Trees,  370  to  the  acre. 

12 

50 
59 
55 
50 
59 
50 

. 

54 

64 

57 
50 
47 
52 
49 
52 
54 
54 

12.3 

14.5 
14.5 
8.5 
8.0 
11.0 
11.5 
9.5 

io!o 

54 

50 
46 
.lO 
46 

53 
54 
56 

24.7 

28.7 
31.4 
9.5 

0.94 

Pennrnjlvania. 
From  a  young  White  Pine  grove  mixed  with  mature 

9 

0.46 
.47 

!45 
.43 
.47 
.46 
.53 
.48 

0 

66 
66 
60 
«I 
60 
61 
66 
66 

14.2 
15.7 
12.1 
10.1 
14.7 

53 

82 
81 
83 
79 

81 
89 

10.  6 

14.0 
14.7 
15.0 
15.0 
19.0 
18.7 

.52 

82 

84 
82 

85 
96 

.47 

0.49 
.50 
,       -48 
.48 
.48 
.47 

.64 

0.39 
.42 
.41 
.31 
-37 
.51 

16.0 

43.0 
48.0 
48.1 
50.8 
78.2 

0.08 

0.30 

(iROlT  D. 

VCscnnsin. 

An  open  grove  of  hardwoods,  in  which  White  Pine  is 

scattered  in  varying  proportions,  on  broken  land,  with 

young  hardwoods.  Fir,  few  Hemlock,  and  Horiilieam. 
Soil,  light  brown    sandy  loam,  nicdluio    line  grain, 
loose,  deej).  fresh,  and  well  drained,  with  an  abundant 
leafy  sur/ace  cover. 

22 
23 
31 
27 
30 
33 

r;;;;:::: 



82^ 

16.0 

85 

-48 

1 

40 

58.0 

I         2  10 

0.71 

TABLES   OF    MEASUREMENTS.  89 

Table  III. — Meaaiiremenls  of  WJiitf  Pine  grown  under  >iimilar  condilions,  grotijjcd  in  age  clasus  for  nre)'ajtn</— Continued. 


Tree 
num- 
ber. 

Age. 

Diameter 

with  bark 

(breast 

high). 

Total 
height. 

^fhape"' 

Katie  of 
the  length 
of  crown 
to  the  to. 
tal  height 
of  the 
tree. 

Yolume 
of  boles. 

Accretion, 

Grouii,  location,  and  iloscrijitioii  of  site. 

Current 
annual. 

Average 

Maine. 

White  Pinn  with  scntttriiiK  Ii.mI  ,„i.I  Wliito  Oak,  :ii,(l 
occasional    Norway   I'm.'    o,i    ;,    l,v.  1  ,    uii.l,  r-M.«  I  li, 
moderat<ilvdensi-,  C.I  sToall  llciiil..,  u  an.l  3im  (  1,    «  itli 

7 
12 
13 
17 
18 
23 
21 
16 

20 

Trs. 
98 
92 
98 
92 
92 
97 
97 
90 
102 
100 

Inches. 
28.0 
28.0 
25.0 
25.5 
25.0 
22.0 
20.6 

III 
20.3 

Feet. 
100 
103 
92 
91 
88 
98 
102 
91 
100 
103 

0.41 
.36 
.46 
.42 
.44 
.46 
.35 
.46 
.47 
.41 

0.00 
.61 

!56 
.46 
.49 
.45 

.52 

!40 

Chic. ft. 
173.3 
161.0 

136  3 

Cubic/t. 

Oubieft. 

numerous  sm, ill  Mapln  aniK  iaii.    .Soil  "ravor  l.r..uo 

131.  7 
119.4 
118.1 
115.1 

104.0 
98.8 

top,  and  leafy  surface  cover ;  clay  probably  some  feet 
below  surface.    Density  of  crown,  0.7.    Trees,  126  to 

ATera"e 

' 

96 

101 
98 
98 
89 
93 
Oli 
89 
99 
89 

23.7 

211.5 
19.5 
19.0 
16.8 
18.5 
18.5 
18.7 
17.2 
17.2 

97 

n.i 

99 
96 
99 
92 
80 
79 
87 
89 

.42 

0.  43 
.4:1 
.4.-. 
.46 

!48 
.45 
.49 
.43 

r<n  0 

2.10 

1.35 

Maine. 
White  Pine  with  scattering  Ked  .and  White  Oak    and 

4 
8 
22 
10 
14 
28 
19 
15 
11 

0.40 

.40 
.52 
.41 
.48 
.46 

93.3 

88.4 

occasional  Norway  Pine,  on  a  level:    nnderffrowth. 

moderately  den»,.;„r  »„,al]  Ilr.nlock  and  I!,.e?1,.  will, 
numerous  small  Majile  aii.l  Ha  k      S.nl  "ray  ..,■  lin.uii 

84  '.1 
71. 5 
09.  '.> 
68,4 
07.2 
67.0 
60.7 

andleafy  surface  i.iVfi:  .  Ia\  iir.ilial.ly  sunieli  .l  l>.low 
surface.    Density  ol  craw  n  e.jyer,  U.  7.    Trees,  1213  to 
the  acre. 

Averace 

95 

100 
96 
82 
99 

18.5 

13.5 
14.4 
16.5 
20.0 

91 

94 
100 

.45 

0.44 
.47 
.47 
.41 

.41 

0.57 
!46 

74.5 

41.0 
48.7 
65.7 
90.9 

1.55 

CROl'P   (i. 

Michi.jan. 

Open  grove  on  n  ley..]  j.lniir  al..,,-  Ilie  l.ank^  of  a  river, 

White  l;!i'  li  'tial  M.  .   iMi.'ii  ill  .    11,1     H  ,,  1  11,', tack  and 

] 

18 
9 

Bank^kn,   !■ ,m1,  i;i,,im1,  ,^,,,,,1,,  „i   xniuig  Fir, 

Cedar  (/■/■"./""<■'■"''■"'"'"',  ■ i"^^  «>"-'li  Daks.    .Soil, 

gray   »»r   ]ii;tit    i»rowii,  .^and,,   iiiettium    line-grained, 
porous,  light,  loose,  dry   (in  places  fresh),   with    a 
leafy  surface  cover. 

. 

94 

109 
112 
109 
106 
110 
109 
112 
112 
108 
109 

16.0 

13.0 
14.0 
14.8 
15.3 
16.5 
17.0 
17.0 
18.3 
20.5 
20.8 

94J 
93 

s 

100 
103 
105 
105 

.45 

.52 
.47 
.45 
.47 
.41 

:45 

.44 
.41 

.51 

0.51 
.47 
.47 

!30 

61.5 

45.7 
50.2 
51.4 

2.13 

0  65 

meh„jan. 

Open  grove  on  a  level  jilain.  along  tin   l..nil  ,  nl  ,t  1 1 , ,  r. 

,') 

White  Birch    and  occasionally   1 1  ,:      ;i,,  l  "         -1? 

04.3 

Soil,   gray  or   light   brown,    sandy,    iLii-dium,    line- 
grained,  porous.night,  loose,  dry  (in  places  fresh), 
with  a  leafy  surface  cover. 

6 
20 

19 

21 

;::::;::. 

(?)        1          72.4 
56  '          S^  ■! 

.49 
.42 

99.1 
99.8 

Averace 

98J 

102 
90 
99 
94 

.44 

0.40 
.39 

.46 

0.54 
.51 
.44 
.59 

68.9 

89.7 
92.7 
96.7 
103.0 

1.64 

Michiuan. 

Norway  Pine  (67  per  cent),  mixed  with  White  Pine 
(.12  percent),  and  occasional  Kock  Maple,  on  a  level 
plain.    Soil,  yellow  or  gray  sand,  fresh,  moderately 
loo.se,  with  a  surface  cover  of  brakes;  subsoil,  sandy. 
Density  of  crown  cover,  0.7.    Trees,  182  to  the  acre. 

1 
22 
48 
47 

123 
101 
103 
104 

20.0 
20.8 
2(1.5 
22.7 

. 

108             21  (1 

96 

91 

90 
105 
97 

.41 

0.45 
.45 
.39 
.47 
.42 

.51 

0.30 
.58 
.46 
.53 
.57 

95.5 

90.9 
131.8 
141.5 
176.8 
189.5 

1.81 

0.89 

Wisconsin. 

An  open  grove  of  hardwoods,  in  which  White  Pine  is 
scattered  in  varying  proportious,  on  broken  land,  with 
frequent  swamps  in  the  hollows;  undergrowth,  of 

.4 
28 
15 

121 
125 
125 
125 
119 

20.2 
24.5 
26.5 
26.3 
29.0 

loose,  deep,  fresh,  and  well  drained,  with  an  abundant 
leafy  surface  cover. 

Average 



123 

?5,3 

95 

.44 

.53 

145.5 

2.92 

l.W 

90 


THE   WHITE   PINE. 

:yrowii  II niU-r similar  londiUona,  <jri)upid  in  aiji'vhi 


Tree 
'bcr. 

Age. 

Diameter 

with  bark 

(bre.ist 

high). 

Total      Factor  of 
lioight.       shape. 

Ratio  of 
the  length 
of  crown 
to  the  to- 
tal height 
of  the 
tree. 

Volume 
of  boles. 

Accretion. 

Group,  location,  and  iloscriiition  of  sit«. 

Current 
annual. 

Average 
annual. 

Michigan. 

114 
9 
33 
37 
36 
35 
2 
22 
4 
3 
1 
16 

Yrs. 
140 
136 
135 
134 
136 
135 
138 
133 

135 
138 
139 

JnchcK. 
19.5 
19.7 
20.0 
22.0 
22.5 
21.7 
22.8 
23.2 

24:0 
23.5 
25.0 

Fat. 

124              0 

114 

115 

ii 

119 

110 

ii 
122 

48 
.31 

44 

40 

43 
42 
43 
44 

0.34 
.31 
-32 
.27 

■32 

.30 
.38 
.40 
.35 
.26 
.50 

Culnc  II 
100  8 
115  1 
121  5 
123  5 
no  1 
131.   1 
138  5 
141   1 

CMr/t. 

CuMcft. 

;''i    .      ,/    '                                             „„:      1....   1        V.,,'       '"nd 

Irish   iiicl  ilciii    iiKiil  aii'l  I"""!-   "illi    i --iiil  111- icver 

of  siautv  Icaiuji;  subsoil,  aauily  lo;im,  im.luiiaid  by 
clay.    Density  of  crown,  0.8.    Trees,  156  to  the  acre. 

144  7 
146  J 
187    ! 

130 

141 
132 
145 
128 
1.53 
131 
148 
133 
136 

22.3 

1.-1.  2 
15.5 
16.3 
18.6 
20.5 
10.0 
22.5 
23.0 
23.  0 
24.6 

116 

92             0 

02 

88 
1110 

98 
104 
112 
110 

115 

42 

43 
46 
47 
38 
42 

41 
41 
47 
41 

.34 

0.43 

!60 
.44 
.47 
.38 
.46 
.46 
.30 
.40 

136.0 

48  6 
5j   1 
61  7 
71   1 
94  6 
8    0 
1J9  4 
137  0 
117  0 
154  1 

1.60 

Michi.jai,. 

"^u^Kle  ™r!K.'fTr''V.!'rH,7 1«"l!l.*!''T'i"''V,!  J  ^ 
WhitoBir.li  .111.1  Hi-iiilncK     im.l.i    r.iv\  1  It   iii.>.linitilv 

32 
37 
12 
40 
2.1 
27 
0 

31 
11 

dense,     ot     .v...,,,-    biinlw ,.    ;,n,l    In.      S,.il,    Im.wl, 

loamy  sand.    Ir,-»li,  l Icr;,!.  ly   \:.,-.-,  will,   .-,  ,s,„l;„..„ 

cover  of  brakes  and  grass;  .subsu.l  sund  "  itii  atuiics. 

::■•;:;;;: 

140 

149 
135 
135 

10.8 

20.2 
21.1 

102 

105             0 

114 

121 

30 
39 
40 

0.  .'.0 
.57 
.43 

05.3 

88.9 
107.9 
138.6 

1.49 

0.70 

OKOnP  N. 

Michigan. 

Norway  Pine  (67  per  cent)  mixnrt  with  White  Pine 
(32  per  cent),  and  occasional  Rock  Maple,  on  a  level 

5 
6 

3.') 

plain.    .Soil,  yellow  or  gray  »and,  fresh,  moderately 
loose,  with'asurfacocover  of  brakes;  subsoil,  sandy. 
Density  of  crown  cover,  0.7.    Trees,  182  to  the  acre. 

! 

140 

112 
142 
142 
143 
149 
148 

21.0 

23.0 
24.  0 
23.5 
22.0 
24.2 
25.0 
26.3 

113 

117             0 

110 

114 

lift 

110 

115 

39 

41 
41 

49 
45 
46 
46 

!39 
.36 
.20 
.38 

!39 

112.  1 

1.38.  9 

148!  0 
157.3 
164.3 
168.8 
205.4 

0.80 

Michigan. 

White  Pine  (70  per  cent)  inti!rmi.\edwith  Norway  Pine 
(14  iwrcent)  and  Hemlock  (1.5  percent),  with  s'cattcr- 
ing  (.Vdar  {Thuja  ,«n,l,nl.dh)  -.uuX  Jtck   M;i)ili.,  and 
oc.asion;.!    11.  ..Ii  iili.l  Wliil,-    l;i,vl,,  on   ;i  l,.^,•l  |,Iuin; 

27 
20 
11 

30 
21 
5 

clay.    Density  of  crown  cover,  0.8.    Trees,  156  to  the 
acre. 

1 

Average 

142) 

100 

178 

175 
168 
185 
173 

24.0 

23.  -, 
24.0 

25.7 
27.3 
30.5 
23.2 
26.0 

115 

104             0 
119 

111 
122 

110 
112 

40 

45 

43 

42 
46 

.34 

0.  40 
.41 
.38 
.41 
.46 
.42 
.34 

160.5 

Wisconsin. 

172 
176 
181 
217 
256 
138 
UIO 

lar.  ;,ndKb„'.onnn.v.„                u I             ,        -  Ja 

mold  on  toji,  and  lairh  .  ovurtd  u  iili  lisiv.-s. 

172 

182 
188 
186 

25.5 

25.  2 
26.7 
31.0 

113 

118             0 

118 

119 

44 

45 
45 

.39 

0.  -.-.i 

.  ."ill 
.40 

182 

173.0 
202.1 
286.  6 

1.44 

OROUP   Q. 

Michigan. 

Norway  Vine  intermixed  witll  Wliil.-  I'iiie  in  v;irving 
)>n>portiiinH,  on  rolliii"  l;iiid   Willi  nin  n  |<I  m  i  m  .il'Ued 

34 
1« 
5 

light  brown   sand  (.slightly  liiiinu  1     ,  i'm    ili  i.|,.    me- 
dium line,  liglit,  loose,  dry,  and  avi  11  diaiued,  with  a 
moderately  leafy  surface  cover. 

Average 

185 

27.6 

118 

44 

.51 

320.  5 

2.2 

1.19 

TABLES   OF   MEASUREMENTS. 
LB  III. — Measuri  tneiiin  of  H'hile  Pine  grown  under  Himilar  ronilUions,  (/roiipvd  in  aye  i  la 


91 

•iKjinij — ( 'ontiiiued. 


Tree 
Te"" 

Age. 

Uiameter 
witlibark 
(breast 
high). 

Total 
height. 

Factor  of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
he  length 
of  crown 
to  the  to- 
tal height 
of  the 
tree. 

Volume 
of  boles. 

Accretion. 

Group,  location,  and  .lescriiitioi,  of  situ. 

Cun-ent 
annual. 

Average 
annual. 

(moui-  B. 

WUconsin. 

White  Pine  intermiirrl  with  Yellow  P.inli,  l;..tk  Maplo, 

J 

rr». 

204 

Inchc.i. 
27.3 
25.2 
31.0 
29.5 

FcH. 
123 
1:17 

liii 

:37 

.43 
.46 

:39 

.39 
.38 

0.  50 

[35 
.01 
.29 
.52 

A9 

mucfu 

227 
246 
239 
282 
284 
292 
312 
415 

Cubic  fl. 

Cubic  ft. 

^p^ol^;'r',i\'''A  ■'"•'  ',',', ::    ,,■,-:;::■,;:■, 

3  i    207 

4  200 

(i  '     205 

ijo.o            i:i3 

8 

214 
210 

36.0 
39.0 

113 

207 

228 
220 
207 
204 
205 
212 
204 

31.2 

20.2 
23.6 
22.  8 

27!  ii 
27.0 
27.  K 
27.3 

12.'i 

110 
113 
121 

ii 

112 

.42 

0.51 

^45 
.46 

^41 
.41 

43 

0  64 
.42 
.45 
.28 
.43 
.25 
.51 
.41 

279 

132 
148 
153 
200 
204 
210 
180 
186 

1.67 

Wiicuntin. 
White  Pine  intenniiceil  with  Yellow  Birch.  liock  M.wle. 
B.T»a,  and  Norway  Pine,  on  ridge  land,  with  holl6w8 
Bometinips  full  of  water,  more  often    open   grassy 
swamps.witli  Alder.and  llaciiniatack,  fringed  l>y  pine. 
Soil,  rc-d  clayey  i..am.  niixcl  ^vitll  .sand  and  .stones  of 
all  sizes,  moist;  subsoil,  sometiniea  of  clay,  sometimes 

10 
11 

13 

15 
16 
17 

A.ver»fe 

211 

204 
221 
213 
214 
216 
202 
204 
212 

25.4 

24.7 
27.0 

26!o 
26.8 
24.0 
29.0 
29  0 
30.0 

114 

102 
113 
121 
126 
126 
134 
132 
133 
133 

.44 

0  49 
.41 

!« 

.42 
.44 
.39 
.41 
.44 

.42 

0.  45 

.33 
.37 
.41 
.40 
.42 
.37 

A2 

176.5 

106 

191 
201 
210 
187 
238 
230 

0.88 

0  83 

QROII'  T. 

Wisconsin. 
White  Pine  mixed  with  h.ardwoods,  on  drift  and  some- 
what uneven  land ;  nndergrowth,  of  young  hardwoods 
and  Fir.    Soil,  cL-jyey,  underlaid  by  a  hardpan  of  clay 
and  stones,  fresh  with  4.inch  mold  on  top. 

2 
3 
4 
.5 
6 

8 

Average 

211 

210 
222 
228 
220 
220 
218 

27.0 

31.8 
35.0 
24.8 
24.0 
24  5 
29.0 

124 

121 
123 
llli 
100 
107 
UK 

.42 

0.43 

!41 
.49 

.45 

.44 

0.40 
.40 
.40 
.27 
.35 
.49 

213 

287 

1.49 

Wisconsin. 
White  Pine  mixed  more  or  less  with  Yellow  Birch, 
Rock  Maple,  Norway  Pine,  and  occasional  Bass,  Pop- 
lar,  and  Elm,   on  uneven  land,  full  of  drift  ridges 
and  hollows,  frequently  full  of  water.     Soil,  a  mix- 
ture  of  loam,  sand,  and  stones,  with  2  to  3  inches  hlack 
mold  on  top,  and  fairly  covered  with  leaves. 

10 
11 
12 
13 
10 
17 

160 
150 
157 
249 

A 

2"1 

28.2 

20.0 

27!  5 
28.3 
30.2 
33.0 
33.0 
33.0 
37.0 
40.0 

114 

120 
137 
138 
120 
143 

121 
140 

147 
125 

.44 
0.43 

.39 
0.46 

224 

112.50 
191.07 
215. 2.S 
222.  2!l 
264.40 
291.03 
317.85 
321.86 
389.57 
455.  05 
479.51 

1.57 

1.01 

Michigan. 
A  two-roof  grove,  npp.r  roof  formed  of  Whiti'  Pine, 
under   roof  of    H.-.m  h,   :Maplo,   ¥iT,  and  ..,ca8i..nally 
White  liinl,  .-m,!  Il,-,nl.„k;  undergrowth,  moderately 
dense,  of  \„uiig  liaidwoods   and    Fir.      Soil,    brown 
loamy  sand,  fr.ah,  niod.-rately  loose,  witli  a  surface 
cover  of  brakes  and  grass  ;  subsoil,  sand  with  stones. 

41 

8 
30 

28 
34 
10 
33 
39 
29 
3 

245 
242 
226 
226 
220 
230 
219 
226 
237 
233 
245 

;38      ,n"" 

.41                 .38 
.42               .00 
.  42               .  31 
.44               .43 
.38               .49 
.45               .77 
.41               .55 
.43               .40 

, 

135 

137 
142 
142 
140 
145 
120 
145 
143 
145 
143 
122 
145 
150 
140 
130 
144 

0  43 
.44 
.43 
.46 
.43 
.43 
.43 
.42 

;43 

.39 
.44 
.45 
.43 
.42 

.48 

0.39 

!43 
.36 
.40 
.36 
.47 
.42 
.44 
.23 
.35 
.42 
.41 

!62 

Michigan. 
A  two.roof  grove,  upper  roof  formed  by  White  Pine  (80 
percent)  and  Norway  Pine  (20  per  cent),  under  roof  ot 
tine,  taU  Hemlock:  undergrowth,  of  young  Hemlock, 
P.eech,  and  Dwarf  Maple.    Soil,  brown  loamy  sand, 
deep,  fine  (for  sand),  porons,  loose,  and  well  drained 
(water  stands  in  low  ground),  with  a  moderately  leafy 
surface  cover  i  subsoil,  same  as  soil. 

234 
236 

237 
237 
251 

233 
237 
235 
245 

244 
233 

23.2 
23.8 
24.5 
23.5 
24.5 
27.0 
24.5 
25.5 
25.5 
26.0 
30.0 
26.2 
27.0 
29.0 
34.0 
32.0 

197.3 
199.1 
202.6 
205.4 
20B.8 
207.0 
212.6 
227.3 

233:  9 
240.2 



281.1 
348.1 

Average f ,,...,,....,.. 

1     237J 

36.5 

140 

.43 

,41 

236.4 

1.64 

P.?8 

92 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


McaKuremenla  of  ll'hilc  J'iiie  ijrown  under  similar  conditions,  groiipcd  i 


fliisscs  fur  arira(ii>iy — Continued. 


Tree 
"be"" 

Age. 

Diamet«r 
with  hark 

SJgh). 

Total 
height. 

Factor  of 
shape. 

theleng'th 
of  crown 
to  the  to 
tal  height 

oftht, 

tree. 

Volume 
of  holes. 

Accretion. 

Group,  Incation,  nn.X  .les.rii.tin.i  .,f  .sit,-. 

Current 
annual. 

Average 

A  twn-ronf  Krc.x.    ,i  i,i.,  ,   ,  ,„,i  i,,(    Wlm,    r,,i..irri- 

der  roof  or  i;--'  ■        i     .  .    i                    ..i    .   >.'.  uiiv 

14 
7 

23 
13 
30 

4 
42 
16 

2 
35 

0 
15 

5 
17 

Irs. 

258 

252 
265 

253 
256 
260 

251 
256 

266 
256 
258 
260 

Inchc. 
26.0 
20.2 

2I.I 
30.0 
32.0 
31.5 
29.5 
33.0 
31.0 
31.5 
33.0 
32.0 
34.0 
36.0 

Feel. 
119 

157 
126 
135 
142 
132 
155 
144 
145 
144 
139 
154 
138 
149 

0.37 
.41 
.35 
.41 
.39 

■:^ 

.42 
.33 
.41 
.40 
.38 
.41 
.42 
.37 

Cubic /t. 
162.  54 
193.21 

Cubie/I. 

Oubic/t. 

46 

58 

45 
39 
48 
48 
41 
39 

51 
33 

59 

,1=; 



205.21 
207.  67 
25(1.  13 
207.87 
276.  89 
311.99 
313.07 
314.06 
314.  38 
316.81 
360.75 
370.  50 
404.18 

of  .VOUUgbai-.i"  - > n.«  II  h,,iiM>    ^:iii,l, 

fr<■.'^ll,^loclerill,■l^  l....«.  ,  >mi  h  .,  .n,  l,„  .  .uvti..l  l,iuke.s 
.111(1  grass;  subsuil.auud  «itli  aluiics. 

:: 



Av«i:iK,- 

mchi.jan. 

10 

238 

417 
445 
455 
426 
400 
4.57 
461 
435 
458 

30.5 

37.0 
35.  .'•. 
41.0 
43.0 
46.0 
47.0 
48.0 
46.0 
47.0 

141 

1.15 
141 
152 
160 
150 
160 
170 
108 
152 

.39 

0.  :i7 

.42 
.40 
.37 

^42 
.43 

.40 

285.  on 

433.2 
5111.5 

ii 

iiui.  6 
855.3 

1.50 

l.iu 

l.ardwooils  anil   Jlemlock,  witll  occasional  Norway 
Pine,  on  a  level  plain  ;  undergrowth,  of  young  Henl- 
lock'and   hardwoods.     Soil,  b'rown  loamy  eafd,  .no- 
diiim  line  grain,  light,  loose,  very  Am<i,,  fresh,  well 
drained,  witli  a  moderately  leafy  surface  cover. 

39 

5(1 
48 
45 
56 
51 



;;co 

260 
259 
211 
214 
262 
265 
250 
266 
245 
248 
259 
262 
263 

261 

35.5 
36.0 
32.  0 
32.0 

28!  0 
39.0 

44!  0 

34.0 
34.0 
33.0 
33.0 
31.0 
31.5 
37.0 

157 

158 
157 
152 
150 
146 
156 
153 
160 
144 
140 
142 
133 
146 
144 
134 
146 

.41 

!43 
.40 
.41 

.42 
.43 

!42 

.42 

!42 
.40 
.42 
.30 
.42 
.44 

070.4 

435.  4 
481.3 
396.  0 
347  7 

! 

Hn„l,.,k  ,MiN..,l«ini  Wliil.I'i,,,.,,,  ill,  siMltiring  hard. 

1 

34 
35 
36 

37 

0 

4:1 
42 

59 
34 
4:1 
42 
48 
30 
37 

31 
38 
43 
34 

•>7 

■';;;:;;;  ,.;,,,'■„■;,,  ,,„,;;,:'      ■' .■i-8.M..iy 

365.  9 
286.  8 
511.1 
402.4 
638.  4 

366.  7 
373.  4 

369.2 
27.5.2 
307.  t 
482.0 

■ 

■1 

A  veraue 

255 

34.0 

147 

.41 

.,. 

390.0 

„    1     , .,, 

^     

' 

TABLES    OP    MEASUREMENTS. 


93 


-IHmenniona,  volume,  and  i 


of  (jrowth,  by  decades,  baaed  npoii 
(A)  OLD-GBOWTH  PINE. 

(1)   DOMINANT  TREES. 

Aver.age  tbrougliout  the  r.inge.] 
(224  trees.) 


ilj/ses  of  trees  in  Tables  III  and  VI. 


Ago. 

Diameter 
at  height 

(vrithout 
bark). 

Total 
height 
of  tree. 

Volume 
of  stem 

Kelativoperceiitof  tot.il 

Periortic  accretion. 

iuuuT 

Current 
accrSn. 

(without 
bark). 

Cubic  Jt. 
(?) 
0.5 
2.2 
5.6 
10.8 
18.6 

11 
50.9 
06.0 
82.7 
100.3 
118.5 
137.3 
155.7 
175.3 
194.6 
214.8 
234.7 
254.7 

Heart, 
wuo.l. 

Sapwooil. 

Bark. 

Decade. 

Height. 

Volume. 

Tean. 
10 
20 

40 

m 

00 
70 
80 
90 
100 

no 

120 
130 

150 
ICO 
170 
180 
190 
200 
210 
220 
2r!0 

Inchea. 
0.9 
2.5 

8.7 
I  CI 
12.1 
1:1.8 
15.5 
17.2 

20!6 

26. -.i 
27.5 

h'.s 

31.0 
30.7 
31.0 
32.0 

Feel. 
7.7 
21.0 
33.7 
46.0 
56.7 
66.3 
74.7 
82.0 

9L3 

10X7 
107.7 
111.3 
114.4 
117.3 
120.7 
123.7 
126.  3 
129.0 
134.5 
137.  5 
140.5 

I'er  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

1        n 

1           12 

20 
21 

22 
23 

Feci. 
7.7 
13.3 
12.7 
12.3 
10.7 

i.i 

r'» 

413 

4.7 

3^7 
3.0 
3.0 
3.3 
3.0 
2.7 
£.7 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

OvMcft. 
(!) 
(!) 

3^4 
5.2 
7.7 
9.5 
10.8 

isa 

16.7 
17.6 
18.2 
18.8 
18.4 
19.6 

2012 
19.9 
20.0 
20.6 
21.5 
21.0 

Oubic/t. 

'o:'o2 

.07 
.13 
.22 
.31 
.40 
.49 
.56 

!84 
.91 
.98 

l!o9 
1.14 
1.19 
1.23 

l!25 
1.30 

Cubic/t. 

.52 
.77 
.95 
1.08 
1.21 
1.51 
1.67 
1.76 
1.82 
1.88 
1.84 
1.90 

2^02 
1.99 
2.  00 
2.00 
2.15 
2.10 



40     1            47 

13 

1      » 

- 

12 

65 

23 

12 

69 

21 

11 

/•GO 
/ICE 

showing  rate  of  height  growth  of  dominant  trees. 


/SO        /80       200 


94 


'IIK    WHITE    PINE. 


ralume,  and  rate  of  yrowlh,  hy  ilivadf 
OLD-GKOWTH  PINE— Continued. 

(2)  CODOraNAMT  TBEES. 

[Average  throughont  the  range.] 
(lOetroDS.) 


T>ian,...r 

Volume 
of  Htcm 
(without 
hark). 

Relative  per  cent  of  total 

Periodic  accretion 

Age. 

at  height 
of  21  feet 
(without 
bark). 

Total 

volume. 

l.rnuS'' 

accretion. 

Current 
annual 

Heart, 
wood. 

Sapwood. 

Hark. 

Decade. 

Height. 

Volume. 

Tear,. 

Inchu. 

Feel. 

Cubic /t 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent 

Per  ant 

Feet. 

Cubic /t. 

CMc/t. 

i^bic/t. 

10 

1 

(?) 

(0 

20 

2.3 

16.0 

0  4 

2 

10.0 

(») 

0.02 

(!) 

30 

4  0 

28.5 

1  6 

3 

12.0 

.05 

0.12 

5.8 

38.0 

9.5 

2.9 

.11 

.29 

CO 

SI.U 

66.6 

11  3 

9.0 

3.6 

.19 

.36 

70 

10.5 

04.0 

17  4 

7 

7.5 

.25 

.61 

24  9 

!.:> 

7.5 

.75 

90 

13.3 

79.0 

34  4 

7.5 

9.5 

.38 

.95 

100 

14.7 

84.5 

44  5 

5.  5 

10.2 

.45 

1.02 

110 

16.0 

89.5 

5.  5     '                    1                                                     11 

5.0 

11.0 

.50 

1.10 

120 

12.0 

.56 

1.20 

130 

18.6 

19.0 

78  6                         '                                                     13 

4.5 

11.2 

.01 

1.12 

140 

19.8 

103.0 

'11  6                         '                                         1             14 

4.0 

12.9 

.06 

1.29 

150 

20.8 

107.0 

104  0                                             1                    1             15 

12.  .6 

.69 

1.25 

160 

22.0 

111.0 

115  9                                                                  1             10 

4.11 

12.0 

.72 

1.20 

170 

23.0 

114.0 

XO 

11. 8 

.75 

1.18 

IRO 

23.8 

117.5 

129  2     ,                                                                         IS 

3.5 

13.9 

.72 

1.39 

2.5 

13.7 

.75 

1.37 

200 

25.6 

122.  5 

152  7                                                                              20 

2.5 

9.8 

.76 

.98 

210 

26.3 

125.0 

J65  I                                                    ...                     21 

2.5 

12.8 

.79 

1.28 

220 

27.0 

127.5 

179  3     1                    1                                                     22 

2.5 

13.8 

.81 

1.38 

230 

27.7 

130.0 

,9.0     1                     1                     ,                     1             23 

2.5 

15.7 

.84 

1.67 

^00 


TABLES   OF   MEASUREMENTS. 


95 


Tahlr  IV. — IJimensioniij  volume,  and  rate  of  yrowth,  hy  decades,  etc. — Continued. 
(A)  OLD-GEOWTH  PINE-Coutiuuea. 

(3)    OPPRESSED  TKEES. 

[Average  throughout  tbn  range.] 
(104  trees.) 


Age. 

at  height 
of  2i  feet 
(without 
bark). 

Total 
height 
of  tree. 

Volume 
of  stem 
{without 
hark). 

Relative  per  cent  of  total 

Perio<lio  accretion. 

Average 
annual 
accretion. 

Current 
accretion. 

Heart- 
wood. 

Sapwood. 

Bark. 

Decade. 

Height. 

Volume. 

Years. 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 

70 

80 

90 
100 
110 
120 
130 
140 
150 
160 
170 
180 
190 
200 

Inches. 

■      0.9 
2.0 
3  7 

Feet. 
4.0 
11.0 

26!  0 
34. .-. 
43.5 
51.5 
59.5 
66.5 
73.0 
79.0 
84.5 
89.0 

siu 

■100.5 
103.5 
106.6 
109.0 
111.5 

CubUft. 

<^.4 

0.7 
1.7 
3.6 
6.5 
10.3 
13. 1 
26.5 
29.0 
37.5 
46.  S 
57.0 
68.5 
79.5 
90.8 
102.3 
114. 0 
125.0 
136.0 

1-ercent. 

Per  cent. 

i'er  cent. 

1          1? 

K 
16 
17 

19 
20 

Feet. 
4.0 

7.0 
7.0 
8.0   ' 

9!o 

8.0 
8.0 
7.0 
0.5 

5^5 
4.5 
4.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.0 
3.0 
2.5 
2.5 

Cubic/t. 

Ill 
0.4 
1.0 

2!  9 
3.8 
4.8 
0.5 
7.5 
8.5 
9.3 
10.3 
11.5 
11.0 
11.3 
11.5 
11.8 
11.0 
11.0 

Cvhicft. 
(?) 
0.02 
.02 
.04 
.07 
.11 
.15 
.19 
.24 
.20 
.35 
.39 
.44 
.49 
.54 
.57 
.60 
.64 

Oubieft. 

.10 

.19 
.29 
.38 
.48 
.65 
.75 
.85 
.93 
1.03 
1.15 
1.10 
1.13 
1.15 
1.18 
1.10 
1.10 

5 
6 
8 
9 
10 
11 

li 
15 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
23 

1     ■» 

30 

13 

00 

28 

12 

200 


96 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


TABI-ES    OF    MEASUliKMKN'l 


97 


Dominant 

Co  -dominant — 
Oppressed 


/        liiimtl 


I 


Pk;.  L'3.— DiaK 

20233— No.  22- 


SOO 


98 


THE    WHI 


•INK. 


Tablk  i v.— Hill 


voliimf,  and  rale  of  i/routh,  hi/  deradci 
(il.D.CKOWTH  PINK— Coiitimi.Ml. 

(4)   DOMINANT  TRKES. 

[Avorago  iu  Wiacousin.] 
(68  tiwu.) 


A-^o. 

.••tTeiKlit 

Total 

VoluuK. 
otHt«m 
(without 
bark). 

Ki-lativu  per  coiit  of  total 

rorioflic  accretion. 

AviTage 
annual 

Current 
accretion. 

(willioutl  oltive. 
bark).    1 

Hcart- 
wooil. 

Sapwood. 

Hark. 

Decade. 

Height. 

Volume. 

Year,. 
10 
20 
30 
40 
50 
80 
70 
80 
00 
100 

120 

Hill 
no 

190 
200 

Jnche». 
1.0 
2.2 
3.8 
j.3 

6.e 

8.0 
O.li 

Fer.t. 

22 
34 
40 
57 
66 
74 

Cubic /t. 
(!) 
0.5 
1.9 
3.5 
7.B 
13.2 
21.0 
30.0 
41.5 
58.0 
78  0 

P>r  cent. 

Per  cent. 

I'er  cent. 

Feet. 

12 

2 

1.6 
4.1 
5.0 
7.8 
9.0 
11.5 
10.5 

'£.5 

CuUe/t. 
(!) 
0.02 
.06 

:i5 

.22 
.30 
.38 
.46 
..18 
.71 

Cubic  ft. 

(?) 
(!) 
0.11 
.1(1 

It's 

l!l5 
1.05 

•125 
2.35 
2.35 
2.15 
2.15 
2.20 

i:n 

2.10 

13.0    '            80 
1.5.2     1             91 
17.4     !            0.5 
10. 0     ,           1110 
21.8               104 
24  0               HIS 

100.  5 
124.0 
147  5 

25.  7 
27.4 
29.0 
30.  5 
32.0 
33.3 

111 
114 
117 
120 
122 
124 

169.0 
190.5 
212.5 
234.  5 
2.56.0 
277.0 

21.5 
22.0 
22.0 
21.5 
21.0 

1.10 
1.25 
1.30 
1.35 
1.38 

65 

23 

12 

TKEES. 

(Average  in  Wisconsin.] 
(55  trees.) 


10 
20 
30 
40 
5(1 
00 
70 

90 
100 
110 
120 
130 
140 
150 
100 

190 

2O0 

1.0 
2.2 
4.0 
5.4 
6.8 
8.0 

10.6 
12.0 
13.4 
14.7 
10.0 
17.2 
18.3 
19.5 
.  20.0 
21.0 
22.7 
23.7 
24.6 

10 
10 
24 
32 

47 
55 
62 
69 
75 
81 
86 
90 
94 
98 
101 
104 
107 
110 

(!) 

'.1 

1.6 

3.2 

U.O 

9.5 

13.5 

20.0 

28.0 

38.0 

48.3 

60.0 

73.0 

85.0 

97.5 

109.5 

122.0 

134.0 

146.0 

1 

2 

5 
6 

9 
10 

w 

13 
14 
15 
IG 
17 
18 
19 
20 

7 
5 

3 
3 

(!) 
(!) 

.9 

1.6 
2.8 
3.5 
4.0 
B.5 
8.0 
10.0 
10.5 
11.5 
13.0 
12.0 
12.5 
12.0 
12.5 
12.0 
12.0 

!04 
!lO 

:i7 

.22 

'.h 

.40 
.46 
.52 
.57 
.01 
.64 

:?^ 

.73 

(. 

'([•„3 
.09 
.16 
.28 
.35 
.40 
.6.5 
.80 
1.00 
1.05 
1.15 
1.30 
1.20 
1.25 
1.20 
1.25 
1.20 
1.20 

:::::::::: 

60 

28 

12 

(U)    IJD.VINANT  •rilEK.S. 

[Average  in  Michigan. 
(75  trees.) 


10 
211 
30 

00 
70 
80 

100 
110 
120 
130 
140 
150 
100 
170 
180 
190 
200 
210 
220 
230 

0.8 
2.8 
5.2 
7.4 
9.4 
11.3 
13.1 
14.8 
16.4 
17.9 
19.3 
20.0 
21.8 

24!  0 
25.1 
26.1 

ll.l 
28.8 
29.5 
30.  3 
31.0 

7 
20 
32 
43 

03 
72 
SO 
K3 
91 
08 

107 
110 
113 
116 
120 
123 
126 
129 
132 
135 
138 

'o'.5 
2.0 
6.5 
10.5 
17.  B 
27.0 
38.2 
.51.6 
65.5 

III 
108.0 
123.5 
140.0 
1.58.6 
175.  0 
192.5 
210.0 
226.5 
244.0 
261.5 
279.0 

1 

7 
f          "> 

15 

18 
20 

1.5 
3.6 
5,0 
7.1 
9.4 
11.2 
13.4 
13.9 
13.9 
14.2 
14.4 
15.  5 
16.5 
18.5 
16.5 

\u 

10.5 
17.5 
17.5 
17.5 

0.  02 
.07 
.16 

'.  2!l 

!48 
.57 
.05 
.72 
.78 
.83 
.88 
.93 
.90 
1.03 
1.07 
1.10 
1.13 
1.16 
1.19 
1.21 

'o'l5 

'.  nil 

.71 
.94 
1.  12 

i;39 
1.39 
1.42 
1.44 
1.55 
1.6.5 
1.85 
1.05 
1.75 
1.75 
1.66 
1.75 
1.76 
1.75 

1      '■ 

31 

12 

69 

20                11 

l)F    MEASUREMENTS. 


99 


OLD-GlajWTU 


riiwth,  by  dicades,  < 
0-  Cuutiuuyd. 


AHe. 

at  height 
of2ifi6t 

bark). 

Total 
heij;bt 
ofticc. 

Vollimo 
of  stem 
(Without 
barls). 

Jtolativo^pLjr^ccnt  of  total      |            I'eriodio  aoorotiou. 

lumi'aT 
aeereliou. 

Current 
auuual 
accretiou. 

Heart- 
wood. 

Saiiwood. 

Hark. 

Decade. 

Height,  j  Volume. 

rears 
10 
20 
30 

40 
00 
60 

80 

100 
110 
120 

UO 
150 
160 
170 
180 
190 
200 
210 
220 
230 

■ 
Inchet. 
0.7 
2.2 
4.0 
5.7 
7.3 
8.8 
10.1 
11.7 
13.2 
14.6 
15.9 
17.2 

19.8 
20.  il 
22.1 
23.2 
24.1 
25.1 
20.0 
26.7 
27.4 

Feet. 
7 
10 
29 

37 
47 
57 
05 

89 
94 
U!l 
104 
108 
112 
116 
119 
123 
120 

132' 
135 
138 

Cubic  ft. 

0.4 
1.3 
4.0 
7.6 
11.5 
18.0 
26.4 
38.  U 
50.0 
03.  0 
77.0 
92.0 
106.0 
119.0 
130.0 
140.0 
(') 

n 
(?) 

il 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

9 

11 
12 

14 

Feet. 

I 
3 

Cuhiefl. 

(0 
0.9 
2.7 
3.0 
3.9 
6.5 
8.4 

11.6 

liiio 

14.0 
15.0 
14.0 
13.0 
11.0 
10.0 

Cubicjt. 
(!) 
0.02 
.04 
.10 
.15 
.19 
.20 

!42 

.50 

!64 
.71 
.76 
.79 
.81 

Oubie/t. 
(?) 
(•') 
0.09 
.27 
.36 
.39 
.65 
.84 
1.16 
1.20 
1.30 
1.40 
1.60 
1.40 
1.30 
1.10 
1.00 

'.:::::.'.:. 

19 
20 

1      i 

1 1 

I          03                 24                 13 

1 

[Average  in  Michigan.] 
(^6  trees.) 




1  •■ 

36 

13- 

.......... 

:::::;:::; 

68 

19 

13 

(D)   DOMINANT  TKEES. 

[Average  in  Peunsylvaiiii 


10 
20 
30 

60 

80 
90 
loo 

110 

130 
140 
100 
160 
170 
180 
190 
200 
210 
220 
230 

.1.0 
K.5 

12!  2 
14.0 
15.  6 
17.1 

1- 

22.9 
24.1 
25.2 
28.4 
27.5 
28.0 
29.6 
30.8 
31.9 
33.0 
34.0 

7  !     a, 
21  '      0.5 

30               3. 6 
49               7.8 
60             14. 4 
70             24. 9 
78     :         36.1 

^  !    ^5^:^ 
99      74.6 

104     '         00.7 
108            11)6.9 
.      112     '       123.6 
110            140.9 
119            158.2 
122            176. 9 
125           196.2 
128           217.4 
131     ,       238.11 

1 

1            12 

i 

7 

11 

U 
11 

8 

0 
4 

3 
3 

3 

3 

(?) 
(?) 
2.1 
5.2 
6.6 
10.  5 
11.2 
12.2 
11.3 
1.0.0 
10.1 
10.2 
10.7 

11.':: 
18.7 
19.3 
21.2 
20.6 
22.0 
23.  7 
25.  5 
25.7 

(0 

0.21 
..02 
.06 

1.05 

40 

47 

13 

.00          Tffi 

.66 
.7.0 

.95 
l.Otl 

i!io 

1.15 
1.21 

1.25 
1.30 

L^? 
1.46 

1   IJ 
1  SO 
161 
1  62 
1  67 
1  73 
1  73 
1  87 
1  93 
2.12 
2.00 
2.25 
2.37 
2.  .05 
2.57 

1      ■" 

io 

12 

137     1       284.2 
140     1       309.7 
143           335.4 

a   1         .„ 

100 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 
Tahi.k  IV. — JJhnenxiuiix.  fuliiiiii,  and  rale  of  ijroulh,  ki/  i/tad/i .•-■,  c/i!.— fimtiniicd. 

,-.i,  (ii,ik;i;()\vth  I'lNK-Cniitiinii-.i. 


LTiige  ill  I'KUiisylvania.] 
(78  trees.) 


' 

lliiiiMcH-r 

atlieiplit 

total 
lieigllt 

-Voluiri. 

1    .lltiM    |H1    liUtuftotltl 

Poriodie  acchJtion. 

tmrfi" 

accretion. 

Current 
ac"cret"i'™. 

.V.-. 

(without 
b„rk). 

(Ulthoilt 
liark) 

Heart 

Sll.«00.1 

Kark. 

Decade. 

Height. 

Volume. 

I'eare. 

luchet. 

Feet. 

Cubic/t 

/        / 

l;-rcent 

Feel. 

Cubic  ft. 

Cubic  ft. 

Cubic  ft. 

10 

0.9 

5 

(!) 

(!) 

2.3 

16 

2 

11 

(■') 

0.J2 

(!) 

1  8 

3.0 

.12 

M 

7.0 

48 

7  8 

5 

9 

3.0 

.15 

.30 



6 

3.3 

.18 

.33 

16  7 

12.0 

69 

21   1 

8                   0 

.29 

iO  7 

9 

7.4 

.34 

10.0 

85 

47  ') 

11 

.43 

.80 

1211 

17.  ;i 

90 

.7  9 

12 

10.0 

05  . 

13 

7.3 

.50 

19.7 

98 

76  9 



14 

1.17 

1.50 

20.7 

102 

88    1 

l.S 

12.0 

1.20 

16 

12.9 

.03 

1.29 

170 

22.7 

109 

in  J 

180 

23.5 

112 

120  2 

IH 

13.9 

19 

13.7 

l.,37 

210 

25.8 

118 

21 

.79 

220 

26.  .■> 

17'1    1 

22 

13.8 

.81 

1.38 

2;io 

27.3 

122 

105  0 

(5 

25 

10 

23 

- 

15.  7 

.84 

1.57 

IBOr 


140 


§  60 


PennsylvBHia  ■ 

Michigan 

\A/i scons  in  — 
lYJaine    - 


n'Hi; 


BO 


80 


7         120         JW 
BDE 

viuy  liuiglit  ^rowtli  Lit'  (1( 


160         180        200        2Z0        240        260 


ant  iroea,  by  States. 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


101 


/oo       /ea       /4i?       /so       /30       eaa 

iliowiugjjuiglit  growth  oJ'  codominaiit  trees,  by  Stiitea. 


^«a7       e4a 


60  80        100        ISO         MO       160        180       800       ^0       MO       260 

Vw,.  -.'C— Diagram  ahdwing  height  growth  of  oppresseil  treus,  Ijy  States.  , 


HE    WHITE    VISE. 


Vui.  27._l)iai 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


103 


ao  60         80 

Fm.  28.— Diagram  ahowiuj;;  vol 


2O0 


104 


THE    WIIITl^    PINE. 


UOLUME  IN  CUBIC  FEET 


TAliLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


105 


Tablk  IV. — Itiv 


I'oliivw,  and  rate  of  tjroxvthj  hy  decades, 
(B)  SECONDGEOWTH  PINE. 
(11)  Site  a:  York  CorNTV,  Mk. 

DOMINANT  TREES. 

(11  trees.) 


Aee. 

Diameter 
at  height 

ha.k). 

Total 
height 

of  tll'O. 

Tolnme 
of  stem 
(without 
barii). 

lielative  per  cent  of  total 

Periodic  accretion. 

Average 

Curri'iit 

Heart- 
wood. 

■Sapwooil. 

Hark. 

Decade. 

Height. 

•="'■=■1 

rears. 
10 
20 
3(1 
40 
M 

70 
80 
90 

Inches. 

tl 
10.2 
14.2 
18.  C 

•zi.a 

2B.2 

Feet.^ 

1 

77 
8.1 
90 

r„ue^. 

2.1 

Percent. 

Vereenl. 

Per  cent. 

Feet. 

1 

I'f 

8 
5 

Oxtbicft. 
0.9 
1.6 
4.4 
10.5 
17.0 
26.  :i 
21.9 
17.8 

.10 
.21 
.42 
.68 
1.00 
1.17 
1.25 

Cubic/t. 
0.0!) 

lilt 

1.70 
2.63 
2.19 
1.78 

17.0 
34.0 
CO.  3 
82.2 
100.0 
(0 

1           I 

Z 

i;i 

zJ 

10 
20 

70 

1.8 
0'2 

19!  1 
21.0 

43 

56 
Mi 

0.2 

6!4 
U.fl 
26.2 
39.0 
54.0 
70.0 

1 

1 

7 

i? 

13 

8 
6 
5 

0.2 
.5 
1.7 
4.0 
8.2 

is!  4 

14.4 
16.0 

0.02 
.03 
.08 
.16 
.29 
.44 
.56 
.07 
.78 

0.02 
.05 
.17 
.40 
.82 

1.16 

l!44 
1.60 

1      1 

34 
41 

il 

OPPRESSED  TREES. 

(12  trees.) 


i 

70 
80 
90 

1.5 
4.5 
7.2 
9.5 
11.2 
12.8 
14.0 
15.0 
1.5.4 

6 

18 

41i 

1 

«3i 

6.7 

li 
12.3 
19.0 
26.0 
32.4 
39.0 

1 
2 

0 

0 
12 

lli 

!.!* 

13, 

4 

if, 

3.8 
5.7 
6.7 
7.0 
0.4 

6.6 

i.'l,3 
.09 
.16 
.25 
.31 
.30 
.40 
.43 

If) 
0.21 

:57 

.07 
.70 

:66 

08 

28 

12 

(12)  Site  c:   York  Cof  ntt, 

DOMINANT  TREES. 

(10  trees.) 


40 
1       "' 

1.9 

9!  4 
12.1 
13.  9 

7.5 
19.0 
32.  0 
45.0 
58.0 

05     !           ..       '           ' 1 

7.S 
11.5 
13.0 
13.0 

.... 

3.8 

!:!J 

0.05 
.08 

!30 
.43 

.07 
.38 

^l      43 4. ,2-                t 

1 

.70 
.94 

(8t 

rees.) 

1       10 
1       f 

2.2 
5.0 

7.7 

21.3 
33.4 
43.0 

56.0 

0.2 
1.0 
3.8 
8.4 
13.0 

- 1:::::::::: 

9.7 
11.0 
12.1 

9.0 
13.0 

0.2 

.8 

4.6 

0.02 
.05 
.13 

il 

0.02     1 

\  io 
1  ''^ 

.40    1 

43 

45 

12 

^.4^1 

(13)  Massachusetts  and  New  : 
dominant  treks. 
(12  trees.) 


r~ 

2.2 

4.7 

9!  6 

9 

25 
39 
53 

1.4 
4.3 
9.3 

2 
3 

9 
16 
14 
14 

0.1 
1.3 
2.9 
5.0 

0.01 
.07 
.14 
.23 

II 

\        30 



40 

51 

9 

■ 

13     I 
29     I 


(Average 

in  Massachusetts  and  New  Haini.shire  c 

f  12  trees 

Ho" 

2.5 
5.4 

7.8 
9.4 

.58             12.5 

1 

10 
23 
15 
10 

0.5 
1.5 
4.5 
6.0 

0.06 
.10 
.22 
.31 

0.05 

2 

.15 

1 

48                 46 

6    !              4 

.60     1 

106 


THE   WHITE    PINE. 


-JHmtiiKiona,  rolume,  and  rate  of  grou'lh,  by  decades,  etc. — Contiuueil. 
(«)  SKCONUGROWTH  PINE-Contiiiue.1. 
(H)  Site  g:  Cleabfield  Codntt,  Pa. 


DOMINANT  TREES. 


Age. 

S'Sed     Total      I»i-^ 
of  2J  feet     l.eiRl.1       °f  "J«"\ 
,w4™t     of>ree.j(-Vj|-» 

Relative  per  cent  of  total 

Periodic  accretion. 

Average 
accretion. 

Cubic  ft. 

;i5 

.45 

Carrent 
annual 
accretion. 

cubicn. 

.29 
l.OS 

Heart' 
wood. 

Sapwood. 

Bark. 

Decaile. 

Height. 

volume. 

Ou,.icft. 

2.9 
10.5 

Team. 
10 
20 
30 

Inches.  1      FeH.        Cubic  ft. 
2.0    1              9    1          0.1 
7.3    1            27              ,1.0 
13.2                 41^  1         13.5 

Percent. 

Per  cent. 

Per  cent. 

1 
2 

18 
141 

37 

55 

8 

Fio" 


1 

g 

0.1 

0  0, 

«o,    1 

2 

18 

.09 

3 

14 

0.1 

.20 

.0.    1 

OPPRESSED  TREES. 

(3  trees.) 


I       10 


(15)  Site  i:  Fobe.st  Countv, 

DOMINANT  trees. 


35 


Ho 


CODOMINANT  TBEBS. 


1  9 

1 

(') 
1.3 
4.7 
9.8 

3 

0 
18 
13 
12 

(h 

3.4 

(0 
n.on 

.10 

.24 

1 '1 

C.  S 

8.5 

36 

.      53 

11 

...     , 

OPPRESSED  TREES. 


Luzerne  County,  Pa. 


:!LJ 


(9  trees.) 

1       10 

1.0 

.■1.2 
5.  it 

w'.'b 

6 
19 

0.4 
2.5 
7.2 
14.0 

6 
13 
14 

(?) 

2.1 
4.7 

e.8 

(M 
0.  02 

.28 

(?) 

(?) 

0.21 
.47 
.68 

30 



1       40 

^50_ 

^" 

« 

is" 

TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


107 


Tatjle  v.— Growth  of  diaiiiHer  and  < 


;  he'ightu  from  the  ground. 


(1)  AVERAGE  THROUGHOUT  THE  RANGE. 


Charac- 
ter of 
growth. 

Height 
of  section 

from 
ground. 

DIAMETE1; 

OF  SECTION,    IN   INCHES,  AT  AGE   (YEABS)   OP— 

10 

i 

i.n 

1.4 
1.0 

•Ifl 

2.6 
2.2 
1.9 
1.6 

1.0 

1.4 

2^1 

i 

20 

4.  1 

i.v. 

4.4 
2!  9 

4^9 
5.1 
4.9 
4.3 
3. 81 
2.9; 
2.0 

3.1! 
4.2' 
4.4 
4.3 

4'l 
3.8 

»1 

7.2 

4!  4 

6.1 
7.0 
O.fl 
6.1 
S.3 
4.2 
3.1 

V. 

0.2: 

40 

.5!  b 

».  ii 

I 

'  r  !> 

50 

lUt. 

b.2 

7.7 

'a.\ 

00 

::! 

8.9 

liu 

S.4 
7.4 

70 

K.5 

10.3 
10.1 
11  6 

11. r, 
11.3 

ai 

80 

11!  4 
10.4 

'.I.  t 

11.5 

\2.  6 
12.2 
0.8 
8.6 

90 

12! .') 
11,3 

14.3 

13.0 
13.0 

10!  2 
9.0 

100 

12.  ll 

14.3 
13.4 
14.4 
14.5 

13.  5 

110 

li.SI 
14.1 

10.9 

U.T 

15.7 
14.4 
15.2 
15.4 
14.0 

120 

^"i 

18.3 

17,  H 

16.9 
15.3 
10.0 
16.2 
14.5 
11.4 

130 

18.1 
10.1 

16.7 
10.8 
15.0 
11.9 

140 

17.2 

;;;■] 

19.2* 

17.4 
15.5 

150    160  1 

170    180  1 190    200 

210    220 

230 

It 

Si 

l! 

Is 

11 

II 

Feet. 

i 

so 

CG 
82 
100 
115 

li* 
34 
50 
60 

114 

2S 
18' 
34 
50 
06 
82 
100 

1:  ' 

20.3 
17.7 
IS.  0 
17.8 
15.9 

.,-  ..1 
21.3 

18.4 

1H.2 

23.8 

23.3 
19.0 
18.8 
18.7 

' 

24.7 
21.2 
20.0 
20.8 

23.2 
19.5 
19.1 

::o  -\ 

25.6 
21.8 
21.1 
21.4 

i 

24.0 
19.9 

31.7 
25.9 
25.4 
24.7 

26.4 
22.4 
21.8 

24.8 
20.3 

32.0! 

27.1 

25.4 

33.6 
26.9 

27.8 
23.6 

25.9 

34.5 
28.5 
26.4 

Charac. 
ter  of 
growth 

Height 

DIAMETEtt  ACCRETION,    IN   INCHES,    FOB  DECADES— 

from 
ground. 

1 

2 

8 

4 

.'•> 

6 

7 

8 

« 

10 

11      12 

13 

14 

15 

10 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

1! 

If 

Feet. 

i 

B6 

82 

115 

li' 

34 
60 
6G 
82 

114 

1^ 
34 
50 
CO 
82 
100 

1. 
2. 

i. 

1. 

ii: 
1. 

2. 
3. 
2. 

2. 
2. 
2. 

2! 
2. 
l.t 

1. 

2. 

it 

2. 

2! 
2.3 

h 

i.f 
i.f 

2.f 

1' 
1. 

1. 
1. 

1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 

2. 
1. 
1. 

2. 
1. 
1. 
1. 

1. 
1. 
1. 

1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 

1. 
1. 

1 1: 

l.C 

3     1.. 

1! 
1! 

i      1. 

7     1. 

)      1! 
2     0. 

1  "• 

l.C 
1.' 

;'    1! 
2|     l.C 

\f 

1. 

0. 

2      1. 

0. 

2      1. 

1. 

1. 
1. 
1. 
0. 
0. 
1. 

1. 
1. 
1. 

I.f 

1' 

0! 

1.4 
I.f 

0. 
.      1. 

1.8 

o'fl 
O..? 

0. : 
o.a 

:;; 

i.a 

l.C 

u. 

1.7      1.0 

0.9      0.8 

1 
1.3!     1.4 
0.9;     l.( 
0.8'     0.8 
O.S;     0.8 
0.8     0.7 
0.7      0.( 
0.7, 

,.4!     1.2 

I.n;    o.i) 
0.8    o.a 
o.a    0.8 
0.5    O.E 
0.4    0.4 

l.C 
o!£ 

1.' 

0!' 

0. 
0. 
0. 

l). 

0. 

0. 

1..^ 

H.f 
1. 

o!' 

0.7 
O.C 
0.7 

1. 
0> 

1.3 

1.1 

"  O.- 
fl. 0 

0!' 
1.1 

o!i 
0!' 

1.2 

1.1 
0.7 

0.6 

1.0 
0.7 
0.4 
0.4 

1.2 

(U 

0.7 
0.0 
0.7 
0.6 

1.0 

0!. 
0.5 

1.2 
0.8 
0.7 
0.7 
0.6 

o!i 
o.r 

o.n 
0.5 

1.1 

0.7 
0.8 
0.0 

l.C 

o!: 
0.7 

O.E 

o.e 
0.' 

O.f 

0.4 

0.9 
0.5 
O.fl 

0.7 
0.0 
0.0 

0.6 

I.O 
0.5 

0.7 
O.fi 

0.9 

Charivc- 

Height 
of  section 

CORRKSI'ONDINQ 

AREA  ACCRETION,    IN 

SQUARE  FEET, 

""  '""=*° 

BS- 

growth. 

from 
ground. 

1 

2 

3 

♦ 

6 

e      7 

8 

9 

10 

» 

12 

13 

14 

15 

10 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

Feet. 

0  07 

0  18 

0. 

0.24 

0  30 

0.33 

0.35 

11  35 

0.36 

0.39 

o.3r 

o.:m 

0.38 

0.38 

0.37 

0.34 

0.32 

0.  35 

0.32 

18'- 

04 

19 

.2f 

.22 

.21 

.21 

5S 

.34 

04 

1' 

■]l 

■]l 

IP 

If 

.2(: 

21 

.21 

.2(1 

.21 

.If 

.1! 

.If 

.1! 

.If 

.18 

.2( 

50 

IC 

.)!] 

If 

If 

,lf 

17 

n 

.11 

.11 

.I'l 

.If 

.15 

.It 

.1.'. 

.1( 

B 

11 

14 

17 

.17 

.12 

.17 

I.'- 

.1' 

.14 

.I.f 

.15 

82 

Of 

0- 

111 

11 

191 

.13 

.12 

.11. 

.14 

.13 

.12 

.12 

.U 

.13 

.14 

02 

.06 

.11 

.1(1 

.12 

.11 

.12 

.13 

.13 

.12 

.12 

.16 

.14 

115 

.01 

.Oi 

.07 

.10 

.11 

.10 

09 

19 

.21 

.3 

.24 

.23 

21 

27 

.24 

23 

.33 

.2? 

.21 

.21 

.21 

«i 

is' 

.03 

10 

12 

1? 

14 

,14 

,15 

.15 

.15 

.15 

.11 

.15 

.14 

.U 

.14 

.1< 

.1: 

.14 

.1.1 

1( 

.Is 

.14 

.14 

.  14 

14 

14 

14 

1; 

13 

.13 

.1. 

.14 

.1; 

.I- 

.12 

.15 

.13 

u 

14 

.14 

13 

1: 

.12 

.13 

66 

.03: 

n- 

IC 

11 

12 

.11 

.12 

.11 

.11 

.12 

.11 

.12 

.11 

.It 

.12 

ll 

O'^l 

.Of 

09 

.11 

.U 

.11 

.Oi 

.11 

.Of 

.11 

98 

(>■>:. 

.01 

.ol 

.IC 

114 

.01 

.01 

.03 

.05 

.0^) 

»! 

oJ 

0.| 

07 

.10 

.10 

11 

1.'- 

,14 

.19 

.?.n 

00 

20 

32 

.22 

.23 

.23 

.21 

.22 

.20 

.20 

.15 

.14 

.13 

1^ 

.H 

.I.'- 

.14 

.15 

.14 

.14 

.14 

.11 

.!( 

.Of 

.Of 

1! 

.1: 

.14 

50 

08 

.11 

11 

1-' 

,14 

.1^ 

14 

.IS 

.IS 

.13 

.1: 

.(13 

Of 

.11 

.12 

.11 

11" 

.U 

,0! 

.07 

0S| 

05 

.0' 

.07 

05 

.05 

.  05 

.0( 

100 

.02 

.06 

.05 

.05 

.Ob 

.00 

.04 

.04 











IDS 


THE    WllITK    PINE. 


'0         20        40         60        80        100       120       140       160       130       200       2Z0 

flDE  OF  DISK 


TABLES    OF    MEASUKEMENTS. 


109 


"0         SO  -o 

Fig.  32. — Biagram  ehowinj; 


80         too         I20        140         ISO        180        200        230       240 
AGE  OF  D/C'^ 

rowtli  of  coilomiuant  trees  at  various  lii-i-lits  from  groniul  (average  throughout  range). 


;;rouud  (avorago  throughout  rauge). 


110 


THE    WIIITK    PINE. 


Table  V. — Growth  of  diameter  and  cross-sevHon  area  at  various  heiylita  from  llie  ijroaiut — (Jontiuiicd. 
(2)  AVEKAGE  FOK  WISCONSIN. 


AT  AGS   (YKAKS)    OK- 


4.2     5.8     7.2 


18.1 
14.7 

18.8 
15.5 

1.1  f 

1C.7 

14.? 

\r>.:>, 

U  1 

K  5 

14.4 

10  120  litO  140  150  160  170  180  1»0  200  210  220  230 


25.1  26.8 

21.  5 

21.  a  22.8 

21.8 

20.0 


DIAMETER  ACCRETION, 


INCHES,    FOB  UECADBS— 


2 

3 

* 

J.  1 

i.r. 

\\ 

1.9 
2.1 
1.8 

i! 

1.5 
1.5 
1.4 
1.8 
1.8 

l!2 
l!7 

1.11     1.0 

o.a    0.9 

U.  9     0.  9 


13 

u 

IS 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

2.1 

2.0 
1.1 

1:1 

l.G 

1.0 

1.0 
0.9 

1.5 
0.9 

o!f 

1.2 

^^.^ 

0.1 

0.( 

II, » 

0  fl 

0.  t 

0.6 

0.6 

1,1 

1  ■? 

1.0 

1  , 

1, 

O.b 

O.t 

O.i) 

0.7 

0,7 

COKBESPONDINa  AREA  ACCUETION,    IN  .SQUARE  FEET, 


0.11    0.16    0.20 


0.53  U.48  0.48 


TABLES    OF    MEASUKKMENTS. 


Ill 


36 

32 

i ■MiiJ 

+  :     E'/z  feet  from  ground 

W-    18      ..      ..        ,. 

t:::. 

\\ 

j 

ii:; 

=;: 

2!: 

N 

Z8 
24 

34      ..      •>        .. 

;;;;  50     „     „      .. 

\\\  66     ..     ..      .,     

IW  82                        

m. 

■ 

l:i 

i 

1 

;ii 

::;.= 

:;: 

8 

1™ 

:'.'.:: 

::::::: 

■^{/\ 

;;:: 

4 

^■iiiiiiii 

:'z 

n 

iM|Mil|i|ii 

"it- 

'-'-V- 

:::; 

::: 

-i! 

il 

AG£OFD/SK 

FlQ.  ;!4.— Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  uf  dominant  trees  at  various  heights  I'rora  ground  in  Wisconsin. 


40  60  80         100         120        100         160         180 

flBE  OF  DISK 

Fig.  35.— Diagram  showing  diameter  growth  of  oppruBsed  trees  at  various  heights  from  ground  in  Wisconsin. 


112 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 

Tahi.b  V.—(iroicllt  of  diameter  and  eroaa-section  area  at  variom  hciyhtsj'rom  the  ground — Continued. 

(3)  AVEKAGE  FOR  PENNSYLVANIA. 


'Height  of 


UIAMETEK  OF  SECTION,   IN  INCHES,    AT  . 


too  110  ISO  130  140  150  IGO  170  ISO  1»0  200  SIO  320 1  SiiO 


to  'JS. <  •_'• 


.    1.41 

r-i 


lU.  1 

1... 

Hi.  5 

17,;^ 

17  f 

ir.  ^ 

i(i  .■-. 

V,.  3 

l.S.i 

11!.  ii 

1».0 

u. 

.8,  25. 
19.7;  2U.3  21.0 
19. 1  111.  7 


iHiiiKlitof 
svi'tiun 


DIAMETER  ACCBETION,  IN  INCHES,  1 


?■?! 


18      I»      20 


COltUESPONDlNO  AUEA  ACCKETUIN,    IN  SIJUAUK 


Kon  DECADE8- 


0. 17   0.  22   0.  23 


'.tt-\     !o7i 


G 

7 

8 

0 





-'■ 

• — 

0.2.5 

0.20 

0.20 

.18      .17 

1.1 

l« 

.17      .16 

.1.S 

.  II 

.17      .10 

1.1 

.  IC 

.11',      .10 

.14 

.i:i 

.  1.1      .  U 
.14      .13 

ir 

.11 

isl     in 

.14     .13 

.1:' 

.11 

11      .11 

.12 

.11 

1    .(11 

.  00      .  09 

1     .07 

.Ob 

1           1 

12 

13 

0.34 

.It 

.li 

in 

.1» 

.15 

.10 

lis     '.16 

.27     .22 

.151    .12 

.11      .12 

.12     .12 

.08 

:oi 

.13 

.14 
.12 

It) 

20 

22 

0.37 

.., 

,21 

.22 

.U 

.14 

?J 

1! 

.11 

.16 

.21 

.2, 

.19 

.14 

■■^ 

i:- 

.15 

.li 

.13 

TABLES    OF   MEASUREMENTS. 


113 


'0  20         40  BO 

Fig.  37 Diagram  ishowing  dia) 

20233— No.  22 8 


120         I4U        ISO        180       FOO        220 
fiDE  OF  DISK 

bei).'hts  from  Krounil  in  Ptmnaylvania. 


114 


THE    WHITE   PINE. 

vth  of  iliiiiiietir  and  croas-seclion  area  at  rarioiia  hcbjlits  J'lom  i 
(4)  AVERAGE  FOK  MICHIGAN. 


rifi — Continued. 


.11, 


DI&HETEB  OF  SECTION,    IN  INCHES,    AT  A<iB   (YEARS)   OK— 


10     so      30      40      50      60      <0      SO 


b.h 

7.4 

s  ;■ 

■/.h 

4.  i 

«  « 

6.0 

3.2 

4.5 

2.6 

4.4 

5.6 

.S,  1 

7.  a 

5  ( 

6  » 

4. 1 

6.3 

4.1 

r).7 

3.8 

5.0 

7.7     9.6   11.3   12. 
7.9     !1.8    !1.4    12.8 


l.i'     8.7,     9.7 


7.  5     8.  8'     9. ! 


llOo'llO    ISO    130    140    160    1«0    170    180    190    20O    210    220    230 


15.6  17.2  18.7;  20.0 

1.').5  10.7  17. 7i  18.7 

15.3  16.31  17.  3|  18.5 

15.5  16.5!  17.4    18.3 


28.4 

24.6  25.2 

23.7  24.3 
23.9 


8   24.7   25.6    26.4   27.1    27.7   28.3 
21.9   22.4    22.9:  23.4    23.9 
21.4'  21.8 


11.1 

U.  > 

V'( 

|:i  :i 

14.0 

14.  i; 

ll.  1 

K.l 

"■'    ' 

'"  ' 

8.7 

9.5 

10.3 

11.0 

11.7 

10  1 

11  3 

n  a 

14.0 

15  3 

16  5 

17,7 

18,7 

19  7 

20.  r 

21.4 

14.7 

15.5 

16.2 

17.; 

17.1 

17.4 

]7.t 

18.2 

11   6 

12.- 

13  ! 

14  ( 

1.5.  ■/ 

15.  f 

1B.< 

16.  t 

17.2 

12,1 

13.; 

14.? 

14.  i    15.2 

9  1 

9.1 

10.  2 

1(1.  ( 

11. ( 

11. ■! 

11. i 

8.1 

8.6 

9.0 

22.1  22.! 
18. 3|  18. 
18.5 


DIAMETEH  ACCBETION,    IN  INCHES,   KOK  DECADE 


2.2,     2.2       1.6 


.9      1.4      1.2 


12   IS   14   15   16   17   18   19   20   21   22  23 


,!     1   3 

1.2 

0  7 

1     0,7 

0.6 

i      0.( 

fl.5 

1" 

0.4 

0. 6  0.  6   0.  5 


0. 7  0. 6  0. 5 


C'hani. 

soclion 

COHIlBSrONDlNO 

AHKA 

ACt 

.KT,. 

N.l. 

.S„.AK 

,K 

A,.l 

s- 

,:.;:;!,. 

2 

3 

4 

5        0 

7|s 

9 

10 

u 

12 

13 

14 

15 

"i 

1; 

IS^ 

19 

20 

21 

22  Iss 

Feet. 

1 

I 

1 

1 

ii 

0,  u:> 

0.01 

0.14 

0.  r. 

0.20  0.2: 

0.23    0.2( 

0.28 

).3l 

0.2V 

0.  2V 

i.:t( 

0.«( 

0.  2J 

0.2* 

If 

04 

i: 

15 

,11' 

.20^     .19;     .21]     .21 

.11 

W 

,21 

.22 

w 

.If 

n 

.IB 

.I'i 

.  15 

04 

,,i:^ 

.17 

.11 

.19     .18;     .21      .18 
.20      .20      .19      .16 

.17 

.U 

.» 

.18 

.17. 

.18 

.17 

.17 

.17 

15 

.16 

.1; 

.I7I 

.11 

.11 

Kl 

.1,5 

lil 

66 

oa 

12 

14 

.i: 

.14,     .14      .14|     .15 

.16 

.Ih 

.17 

.17 

.14 

.14 

.1? 

.11 

.11 

82 

m 

o; 

.Oil 

11 

.15 

.1: 

I? 

.12 

11 

.  12 

100 

.02 

.07 

.07 

.11 

.09      .12      .10.     .09 

.10 

.10 

.09 

.08 

2i 

01 

0.' 

OR 

,11 

.I3I     .13'     .16 

,20 

.22 

.21 

.23 

27 

.,„! 

?4 

25 

w' 

.26 

.24 

24 

23 

.20'     .18 

19 

li\ 

18- 

,i: 

.141    .16     .It 

.15 

.11 

.11 

.17 

.18' 

.15 

.18' 

.1; 

I J 

.13, 

.15 

.161     .16      .11 

.1« 

.U 

.15 

.14 

.i;t 

ii' 

50 

.05 

.11 

.1.' 

.10      .16      .U 

.15 

.14 

.15 

.14 

15 

14 

14 

1? 

.11' 

.1; 

.11 

GO 

o: 

.u; 

11 

1 

.  12      .  10      .  12 

.11 

.0! 

.11 

.11 

Of 

.09 

IS 

.o; 

.11 

.11 

.0! 

.11 

08, 

1 

100 

.02 

.04 

.05 

.00 

.07,     .09      .08 

.08 

.09 

.08 

.09 

^ 

.01 

.03 

.06 

.10 

.11'     .11'     .11 

.U 

.19 

.18 

.21 

2; 

;J 

„ 

10 

.20 

18 

.15      .14 

.13 

1-7 

18 

.02 

.01 

.H 

.i;i 

.11 

.1(1 

y^ 

34 

.o: 

.1 

.1' 

.!( 

.14     .1:1     .11;     ,  i: 

.0! 

.1( 

,11 

.11' 

.0! 

or 

.08 

.01 

(16 

?•  t. 

60 

,1 

.!•- 

.12 

.11     .]■•     -\-i     .11 

,11 

.]( 

II 

.10 

01 

.07 

6C 

o: 

11! 

.10    .111     .111     .11 

.07 

111 

o& 

ni 

.0! 

01 

.07    .or,    .07,    .01 

.115 

(1. 

100 

.OL 

.0. 

.0 

.05      .00|     .00,     .04 

■"1 

! 

TABLES    OF    MEASUKEMENTS. 


116 


0  20         40  60 

Fig.  ;i8.— Dhij;ram  .slio\ 


100        120        im        160 
flGEOFD/Sf< 

(wtli  uf  tlominaut  troos  at  various  liciglit.s  1 


180       200       220       240 


20        40         60 

Fig.  39— Diagram  ,slii>wii 


100         120         jao         160 
/iCE  OF  DISK 

,li  ,>f  loilominant  truts  at  various  hiiKlit 


/80        200        22n       240 


IIG 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


100  120         J40         ISO 

fiGE  OF  DISH 


150        200        220        240 

Fio.  40.— Diu'jriim  abinviug  iliamotur  growth  of  oppressed  trees  at  varioua  heiglits  fnmi  ground  lu  MicLi{,'aii. 
TABLii  V  i.—AiTi:  ijivMs  of  IVhitv  I'iiw  and  meatumncnts  of  mmple  trees. 


A.-.MlfllUiAN: 


t'lyl 


I'res(|UO  Isle  County, 
to  800  Icet  above  sea  k-vel.] 
deep;  subsoil  with  small  s 


Soil:  Yellow  or  gray  aanil,  nioder 

i'orett  amdilions:  Ued"  Pino '(61  per  cent),  mixed  with  White  Pine  (36  percent),  ;: 
Maple,  Poplar,  Cedar  (3  per  cent),  on  level. 


White  Pin 


Sample  area;  1  acre. 


;e  cover  of    Age  ol  pine:  100  to  150  years. 
Density  oC  crown  cover:  0.6. 
.  occasional 

Number  of  trees:  181. 
Ked  Pine. 


Dominant.., 
Oppressed... 

Su])pri-ssed. 


.per  I 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Red  Pine. 

1 

Volume. 

Number 

Diameter; 

Height. 

Nunibor 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 

Height 

Mer. 

high). 

Bole. 

chantable 
timber. 

high). 

Inches. 

FeH. 

Cubicfeet. 

FcetB.M. 

IncTM. 

FcU. 

4 
17 

3t«6 
GtolO    ' 

f 

170 

25 

6  to  10 

18 

10 

100 

7 

u 

175 

240 

7                14 

In 

15 

16 

100 

232 

325 

12 

216 

9 

21 

180 

3 

22 
24 

303 
119 

27 

366 

68  trees : 

113  trees: 

Total  cnbic  feet.    3,813 

i,050  feet  B.  M.,  of  which  White  Pine  44  per  cent. 
rMmi:  White  Pine,  57  cubic  feet. 
272  feet  B.  M. 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


117 


Table  VI.— Jcre  yields  of  IVIdlc  Pine  and  measurements  of  sample  icfcs— Coutiuued. 

A.-MICIIIGAN-CoDtiui.ed. 

IIEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TREES. 


DOMINANT   OROWTH. 


Tr 

enumbor 

Age. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Rings 
per  iuch 

stump. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

or 

shape. 

Ratio  of 

oKr. 

to  total 

height  of 

tree. 

Current  annual 
accretion. 

tnS" 
accre- 
tion. 

Yean. 
100 
100 
!I5 

Inches. 
19.0 
20.2 
21.5 

Feet. 
94 
95 
100 

No. 
5.2 
4.9 

4.1 

99.6 
115.4 

0.40 
.48 
.45 

0.52 

.42 

Percent.]    Cu.ft. 
2.0            1.50 

.8               .80 
1.0             1.15 

1.00 
1.21 

Average... 

88 

20.2 

9e 

4.7 

96.8 

.44 

.47 

1.3             1.16 

.99 

u 


5.9  46.9 


SDPPRESSED  GROWTH. 


1     19 1         92 

10.5            72.0              8.2 
10.0            73.0              7.6 

20.0             0.47 
20.9     1           .53 

0.26 
.48 

1.2 
3.7 

0.25             0.22 

1               Average...'        88 

10.2     i         72.5               7.9 

20.7               .50 

.37     1          2.4 

.51              .23     1 

Age  class:  100 

DOMINANT 


, 

123 
101 
105 
104 

20.0 
20.8 
20.5 
22.7 

10.2 
90.  U 
99.0 
94.0 

5.5 
4.7 
5.1 

4.7 

89.7 
92.7 
96.7 
103.0 

0.40 
.42 
.42 
.39 

0.54 

.51     1 
.44 
.59     i 

2.9 
2.0 
1.3 
1.5 

2.60 
1.85 
1.26 
1.55 

48'; 
47.. 

5 

■99 

Aver.-,ge... 

108 

149 
135 
135 

21.0 

20.2 
21.0 
22.0 

96.0 

105.0 
114.0 
121.0 

5.0 

7.6 
6.2 
5.5 

95.5 

88.9 
107.9 
139.  6 

.41 

.39 

.39 

.52 

..50 
.57 
.43 

1.9 

2.0 
2.2 
1.5 

1.81 

1.78 
2.37 
2.111 

.89 

!80 
1.03 

35.. 

Average... 

139.7 

21.1 

113.0 

0.4 

112.1 

.39 

.50    1 

1.9 

2.08 

.81 

OPPRESSED  GROWTH. 


9  .. 

It. 
43.. 

Average. . 

IS 
E 

16.0 
15.1 

16!8 

85.0 
86.0 
84.0 
87.0 

6.6 
6.7 
6.0 

48.8 
49.4 
58.5 
67.3 

0.41 
.40 
.44 
.49 

0.46 

1 

2.5 
1.4 
1.7 
.7 

1.22 
.69 
.99 

0.47 
.48 
.57 
.64 

i;: 

1  IS 

16.2 

17.0 
13.0 
18.0 

85.5 

88.0 
94.0 
91.0 

0.3 
6.7 

56.0 
56.9 

.45 

.41 

.50 
.41 

.47 

.54 
.30 

1.6 

5.2 
2.2 
4.0 

.84 

2.96 
1.26 
3.23 

.54 

.44 

.43 

40.. 
3... 

Average. . 

1 " 

16.7     , 

91.0 

7.7 

60.2 

.44 

.43 

4.1 

2.48 

.44 

SUPPRESSED  GROWTH. 


.        127     I         11.0  69  1.2  24.0  0.54  0.22  3.2 


to  300  years. 

'.BOWTH. 


118 


THE    WniTE    PINE, 
f/rf.-  of  Ifhiic  Pine  niid  mcasiirrmcii 


A.-MICIIIGAX- 

(2)  Site  h : 


Soil:  Deep, Ipose, gray  sand. covcreil  witli  leaves;  eaiil  tr)  lii'  iimlorlaiil  by  rlay. 

Forest  eonditimt :  White  Pine  (Ci8  )>ct  lent),  intermixc<l  witli  Keil  I'ino  (14  pci 

(18  per  cent),  witli  Hoatteriiig  Cedar. 
ClnKsijicatiiin : 

Uoiiiinant per 

Opprea.setl 

Sui)prca8od 

ACKE  YIELD. 


Xiiiiiber  of  trees: 


Wliite  Pino. 

lUd  Pino. 

Hemlock.                  | 

: 

rohimc. 

Number  iD'^ftP'-:  „„.„,,, 
Of  trees,     ^gll  .'     ''"'^'"■ 

Nnmber 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

neight. 

Number 

(l>re.ast 
high). 

Heigbt. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chantable 

timber. 

CuM.f^eU 

7n<;/.™. 

Feet. 

Iliches. 

Feet. 

28         6  to  1(1 

1        G  to  10 

20 

6  to  10 

)       40 

!I5 

1     1             14 

11 

10  to  14 

7                 12 

26(> 

Hi 

«              i:: 

204 

550 

1     1             IS 

120 

1.-. 

522 

3                 1!) 

ICi 

:)84 

ion 

720 

1211 

010 

090 

744 

22 
2;i 

045 
147 
153 

26 
27 
30 

555 
199 
240 

129  trees: 

20  trees: 

34  trees: 

Total  ciibie  feet 

8,202 

Total  ciibie  feet.  2,440 

Total  eill.iefei 

t-..  520 

Total  feet  B.M 

39:300 

11,1(!2  cnbie  feet,  of  which  Whit 
.White  Pine,    63  cubic  feet. 
302  feet  B.  M. 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TllEES. 
Ai/c  rlOiS  :   130  lo  l.",0  years. 
DOMINA.N'T  limnVTIl. 


Treen„„.her. 

Age. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Eings 
peHnch 

stump. 

Volume 
of  irio. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Itatio  of 

o.'';rn 

to  total 

height  of 

tree:. 

Cnrrent  .ai 

nual 

Average 

Years. 

140 

i:iG 

135 
134 
130 
135 
138 
133 

135 
138 

139 

/»<■/»•«. 

I'i? 
20.0 
22.0 
22.5 
21.7 
22.8 
23.2 
24.0 
24.0 
23.5 
25.0 

Feet. 
124 
114 
115 
113 
123 
122 
119 
110 
lOfl 

113 

122 

A',.. 
(i.5 

1:1 
It 

5.9 
fl.l 
5.5 

5.3 

t.7 
5.2 

1119.  8 
115.9 
121.5 
123.5 
130.  1 
136.  4 
138.5 
141.1 
143.  5 

14«!5 
187.3 

0.42 
.49 

'.-.n 

.39 
.42 

:42 

.43 

0.34 
.31 

:27 

.30 

^30 
.38 
.40 

.50 

Per,;,,!. 

'.- 

1.1 
1.8 
.9 
1.0 
1.5 

■„  ,fl 
'■■'I' 

L82 
.95 
1.38 

2'.  58 
1.30 
1.4U 
2.81 

(■u..rt 

3i 

.90 
.92 
.96 
l.OI 
I.  00 
1. 06 
l.IO 
1.07 

1:27 

1 

A\cri„( 

135.7 

142 
142 
,142 
143 
149 
148 

22.3 

23.  0 
24.0 
23.5 
22.0 
24.2 
25.0 
26.3 

116 

117 
110 
114 
110 
110 
113 
115 

.5.9 

5.8 
5.8 
5.7 
11.0 
.'■..8 

5!5 

130.0 

138.9 

14S'.() 
157.3 

168!  8 
205.4 

.42 

.41 
.41 

.43  ■ 
.40 
.45 
.40 
.40 

.34 
.,30 

;ii6 

.20 

!'34 
.39 

1.2 

K7 
L2 

1.61 

1.07 
2.11 
2.66 
2,38 
2.79 

2:46 

1.00 

.99 

i!ii 

1.14 

1.06 
1.39 

-',' 

Average.. 

144 

24.0 

115 

.5.8 

ICO.  5 

.44 

.34 

1.4 

2.20 

1.10 

TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 
Tablk  VI.— ^cre  j/ields  of  White  Pine  and  measurements  of  sample  Jiei-n— Continued. 
A.-MICniGAN-Cuntiu«c,l.  MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TREES-Contiuued. 

OPPBE8SED 


119 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diameter 
(breast 
bigh). 

Heigbt. 

Riuga 
per  inch 

stnmp. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
8bape. 

Ratio  of 
lengtb 

ol  crown 
to  total 

height  of 
tree. 

Current  annual 
accretion. 

Average 
TioiT. 

^'"0.{'3- 
.63 
.67 
.67 
.70 
.70 

Team. 
132 
130 
135 
13.'-, 
i:i5 
140 

Inches. 
17.8 
18.5 
18.0 
17.5 
19.5 
18.5 

FeH. 
lU 
112 
116 
110 
107 
102 

No. 
6.7 
7.8 
7.2 
7.3 
6.8 
7.5 

Cxi.  ft. 
83.6 
88.4 
1)1.2 
92.0 
95.6 
98.2 

0.41 
.42 
.44 

if 

0.42 
.38 
.27 

!42 
.27 

Per  cent. 

.97 
.82 

1.47 
.48 

1.87 

12 

28 

29 

Averajie . . 

130 

18.3 

no 

7.2 

91.5 

.45 

.35 

1.2 

1.10 

.67 

SUPPRESSED  GBOWTH. 


8... 
32.. 

131 
135        ; 

238 

131         1 
138 

15.0 
17.5 
17.4 
16.4 
19.0 

115 
(?) 
104 
114 
103 

8.5 
7.2 
7.3 
7.7 
7.0 

06.2 
73.9 
78.6 
79.7 
80.6 

0.47 

'.^i5 
.47 
.39 

0.35 

1?) 
.29 
.28 
.28 

1.7 
1.3 

1.6 

0.66 

1.77 
1.34 
1.04 
1.29 

0.50 
.55 

.57 
.01 
.58 

17 

6... 
25. 

Average   . 

134.6 

142 

154 

148 

21.0 
19.0 

109 

109 
97 

7.5 

7.2 
7.7 

75.8 

121.7 
78.0 

.44 
.46 

.30 

.44 

.41 

1.0 

1.5 
1.4 

1.22     1 

1.82 
1.10 

.56 

.85 
.50 

Average  - . . 

20.0 

103 

7.5 

100.0 

.43 

.42 

1.4 

1.46 

.67 

[TE  d:  Montmorency  County. 

Suit :  Fresh,  loose  gray  sand,  turning  brown  and  red  below,  with  surface 
checkerberry.  sulisoil,  brown  Band,  sometimes  loamy,  and  in  spots  cliiy. 
Forest conditiont :  White  Pine  (54  per  cent)  mixed  with  Red  Pine  (35  per  ce 


Qple  area  shows  15  per  i 
ACRE  YIELD. 


per  of  brakes  and    Age  of  pine :  S 
Density  of  cro 

I  and  Hemlock  (11 

Number  of  tre 
;  dead  trees  and  20  per 


White  Pine. 

Red  Pine. 

Hemlock.                  | 

1 

Volume. 

XT I,,,,    Diameter 

Height. 

Height. 

Number    diameter 
of  trees.  I<|;r|-t 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chantable 

Number 
of  trees. 

(breast 
high). 

timber. 

1 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Cu.hicfe.et. 

Feet  It.  M. 

Indies. 

Feet. 

Inches. 

2     1      3  to  6 

Feet. 
40 

1                 12 

38 

1    1            14 

159 

3     1             15 

60 

3     '            15 

207 

231 

3                 18 

1     :              17 

86 

5                 20 

140 

3                 19 

315 

280 

8                 22 

906 

5                 23 

140 

8.-.5 

1,011 

4     '            25 

800 

1                 20 

216 

0!)6 

498 

7                 29 

2     !            30 

1                31 

1                33 

340 



39  trees: 

13  trees. 

Total  cubic  feet 
Total  feet  B.  M 

.  10,  154 
.  60,900 

Total  cnbic  feet 
Total  feet  B.M. 

.  2.'>,200 



120 


THE   WHITE    PINE. 


Table  VI. — .Icrc  ipeldn  of  While  Vine  and  measurements  of  sample  /ices— C'ontini 


A MICinGAN— Continue. 

(4)  SiTEc: 

Soil:  Brown  or  retl 


Moiittuoronfy  County. 


iiin,  light,  loose,  tlry,  with  stones,  and  surface  cover  of  hnikea  and     Ajioofpinc 
otnor  weens.  Density  of  c 

Forest  conditions :  Red  Pine  (59  per  cent )  mixed  with  White  Pino  (41  per  cent) ;  no  nndergrowtli 


e.halfn( 
)  to  120  V 


Clafotittrntinn  : 
Diuniniint.. 
Oppressed  . 


Nnmber  of  trees:  110. 


White  Pine.        Ued  Pine. 


HALF-ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Red  Pine. 

Volume. 

Nnmber 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Nnmber 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Bole. 

ohantable 

Inches. 

Feet. 

CubUfeet. 

Feet  B.M. 

Inchct. 

Feet. 

3  to    0 

2    :    6  to  10 

20 

6I0IO 

4   :        10 

72 

2    1            11 

5(5 

11 

2     '             12 
(i    1           i:i 

80 

2:u 

12 

S                 14 

100 

360 

80 

6.1             10 

:i48 

IG 

100 

2 

17 

130 

17 

18 

288 

6 

19 

474 

19 

21 

22 

Total  feet  B.M 

9,030 

Total  feet  B.M.  14,800 

Total  yield:  Pine,  23,830  feet  B.  M.,  of  which  White  Pir 
Average  annual  accretion :  Pine,    51  cnbic  feet. 
217  feet  B.M. 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  .SAMPLE  TREES. 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Rings 
per  inch 

stun.p. 

of  tr.«. 

Faetor 
sbape. 

Ratio  of 

of™rown 

to  totaT 

height  of 

tree. 

Current  annual 
accretior. 

Average 
annual 

'tion. 

3 

I""' 

Inches. 
18 

Feet. 
96 

No. 
6.5 

Cu..reet. 

0.42 

0.41 

IW  cent. 
1.1 

O'l.fcct. 
0.79 

'-& 

OPPRESSED 


55.0     I         0.53  0.31  1.1 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMKNTS. 


121 


-Acre  yields  of  TVhite  Pine  and  measurements  of  sample  trees — Coutiiiuetl. 


A.-MICHIGAN- 

(5)  Site/: 


Montn 


tnicj  County. 


Soil:  Brown,  dry  sand,  with  stones,  and  surface  cover  ol'  Iinike.s  and  grass. 

Purest  cnnililinns :  Red  Pine  (94  per  cent)  with  scattorinj;  Wliite  Pine  (6  per  cent)  on  a  level  plain  ; 
no  niiilerj^rowtli  save  very  sinall  shrubs  of  scattered  Oak  {characteristic  of  this  locality). 
About  15  per  cent  of  trees  injured  by  lire  in  18'Jl. 

Clasidficatiim :  Eed  Pino. 

Dominant per  cent. .        72 

Oppressed do 13 

Suppressed do 15 

ACRE  YIELD. 


Diameter 
(breast 
high). 


Mer. 
Chan  table 
timber. 


5  (2  dead) 

5 

8  (3  dead) 
13  (1  dead) 
1«  (4  dead) 
20  (3  dead) 
24  (4  dead) 


,,J 


(breast  |  Height, 
high). 


108  trees: 

Total  cubic  feet  ...     6, 863 
Total  feet B.M....  28,800 


Crawford  County.  Sample 

[About  1,200  feet  above  sea  level.] 
nnderately  loose,  with  surfaee  cover  of  fern  and  grass;    Age  of 

!  slc.ry  of  White  Pine  (1  Eed  Pine  of  26  inches  in  diam- 

louer  story  of  Fir  (22  from  4  to  10  Inches  in  diameter], 

.  1.  r),  and  Hemlock  (19  from  4  to  10  inches  in  diameter): 

Majde,  Fir,  Uemlock,  and  Beech.     Percentages    ""  ' 


White  Pii 


Nun 


ACRE  TIELD. 


Wliite  Pine. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

(breast 

Height. 

Mer- 

high). 

Bole. 

chantable 

timber. 

Feet. 

Cnbicfeet. 

Feet  H.  31. 

213 

18 

23 
■2i 

120 

79 
228 
134 
140 

26 
27 
28 

471 

432 

464 

1,743 

29 

532 

30 

1.30 

1,400 

32 

150 

1,600 

35 
36 
42 

1,020 
381 
401 
537 

Total  cubic  feel 

Total  feet  K.  M 

62,300 

Average  anmial 


122 


MI<  IIIGAN- 


TIIE    WHITr;    PINE. 

ieliln  of  While  riiie  nut}  minaiirimmU  of  m 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TKEES 
Agp  claas:  130  to  150  ycarB. 

DOMINANT    (IHOW'TH. 


n/ile  trees — Continued. 


Tree  iiumlicr. 

Ase. 

Di.imeter 
(hreaat 
l.iBlO. 

Ileijilit. 

Kings 

pen!;.-.. 

stump. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Fnctor 

of 
»l,apo. 

Ratio  of 

to  total 

height  of 

tree. 

Current  annual 
aiiritiou. 

Average 
annual 
accre- 
tion. 

32 

Team. 
133 
141 
132 
145 
128 
152 
131 
148 

130 

140 

Inche: 
1.5.2 
15.3 
10.3 
18.0 
20.5 
10.0 
22.5 

24.8 

Feet. 
92 
92 
88 

z 

104 
112 
116 
100 
115 

No. 

8.3 
0.2 

7.5 

7.' 3 
5.4 
6.8 
5.9 
5.2 

55.32 
01.70 
71.11 
94,  50 
84.97 
129.  42 
137.91 
137.03 
154.12 

0.43 
.40 
.47 

..58 

:4i 

.41 

.41 
.47 
.41 

0.43 
.42 
.60 
.44 
.47 
.38 
.46 
.40 
.30 
.40 

.43 

rer  cent. 
2.2 
2.3 
.8 
2.0 
1.5 
1.4 
.7 
1.9 
1.7 
1.4 

'■"l.{'7 
1.27 
.49 
1.42 
1.42 
1.19 
.91 
2.62 
2.40 
2.10 

Cu./t. 
0.30 
.39 
.40 
.49 
.73 
.55 
.98 
.93 
.90 
1.13 

40 

25 

1     20 

Aver.a«o... 

1U.8 

102 

6.0 

97.5 

.43 

1.6 

1.49 

.69 

OPPRESSED  GIIOWTH. 


.        109 


40.53  0.46  0.50  4.5  1.82 


Age  class:  220  to  240  years. 

DOMINANT   GROWTH. 


245 
242 
226 
226 
220 
2.50 
219 
220 
237 
233 
243 

233 

258 
252 
252 
265 
253 

1? 

256 
205 
200 
250 
238 
200 

20.0 

U.l 
27.5 
28.3 
30.2 
33.0 
33.0 
33.0 
37.0 
40.0 

120 
137 
138 
129 
143 
141 
121 
140 
144 
147 
125 

11.0 

7.6 
7.1 
8.7 
6.3 
7.1 
7.2 

5]* 

112.56 
191.07 
21,5.  28 
222.  29 
264.49 
291.  03 
317.  85 
321.86 
389.57 
455.  06 
479.51 

0,43 
.42 
.,38 
.41 

^42 
.44 
.38 
.45 
.41 
.43 

0.40 
.41 

0  9 

8 

.5     1           .95     1           .i» 
.4               .80               .93 

.38 
.00 
.31 
.43 
.49 

!ri5 

8             2  11 

1.20 
1.10 
1.45 

III 
1.95 
1.90 

1.27 

0.03 
.70 
.81 
.78 
1.02 
1.04 
1.06 
1.20 
1.24 
1.22 
1.18 
1.19 
1.41 
1.43 

ii::;:.:::v:::::: 

l 

1.16 
2.22 
2.57 
2.34 
2.73 

39 

Avernge... 

14 

7 

30.4 

26.0 
25.2 
25.5 
27.0 
30.0 
32.  0 
31.5 
29.5 
3.3.0 
31.0 
31.5 
33.0 
32.0 
34.0 
30.0 

135 

119 
139 
115 
126 
135 
142 
132 
155 
144 
145 
144 
139 
154 
138 
149 

7.6 

10.0 
9.5 
9.5 

10.4 

8.8 

8^3 
8.9 
7.1 
7.6 
8.2 
8.0 
7.4 
7.6 
7.5 

296.41 

102.  .54 
193.21 
20.5.21 
207.  07 
259. 13 
287.87 
275.  89 
311.99 
31.3.07 
314.00 
314.38 
316.81 
300.75 
370.  50 
404.  18 

0.41 

0.37 

'.  35 
.41 
.39 
.34 
.38 
.42 

!il 
.40 

!41 

.42 
.37 

.48 

0.40 
.40 
.58 

;i 

.48 
.48 
.41 

;33 
.51 
.33 
.59 
.45 

.0 
1 

1.75 

0.05 
.77 
1.85 
1.05 
1.03 
1.07 
1.93 
.93 
2.82 
I., 57 
1.25 

yi 
2.90 

38 

13 

36 

42 

16 

0 

15 

Average... 

258 

30.5 

138 

8,5 

285.  15 

.39 

.45 

1..50     j         1.10     1 

TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 

Table  VI.— Acre  iiieldx  of  IVIiile  Fine  and  measiifniuiits  of  sami>le.  (m'«— Continmd. 

A.-MIC:IIIGi»(— Continn.-.l. 

(7)  SITE  U:  Crawford  County. 

Soil:  lirown.  loamy  siiii.l,  ihimIiui!  :;hr    I  i-li(,  loose,  very  deep,  I'resli,  well  drained,  with  surfaco 

Fitrestrniiililinns:   .M.nl.  r  -  . 

witli  acattiM-in^'  V.  II..      n    I   w 

growtli  of  youuy:  llftiil...  I.  :mi.I  llll.^^ Is. 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  T 

Age  class :  420  to  450  years. 

DOMINANT  (IROWTH. 


123 


Tree  number. 

A-o. 

Diameter 

(breast 
bigb). 

Height. 

pSS. 
stump. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
length 

of  crown 
to  total 

height  of 
tree. 

Curr<-n 

^r" 

Average 
annual 
ai;fre- 

rear*. 
417 
445 
4.55 
426 
400 
457 
4fil 
435 
458 

Inches. 
37.0 
35.5 
41.  U 
43.0 

47I0 
46.0 
46.0 
47.0 

Feet. 
155 
141 
152 
160 
150 
100 
170 
16S 
162 

^.0 
10.0 

IJ;.? 

(0 
(0 

10.0 
Vo>.5 

Ou.  ft. 
433.2 
510.5 
583.7 
077.3 
604.] 
721.9 
737.0 
819.0 
855.  3 

0,37 
.52 
.41 

■V 

0.45 
.39 

-.11. 
.48 
.45 
.50 
.51 

Per  cent. 
0.4 
.6 
.2 
■  4 
.3 
.4 
.3 

Cu.  ft. 
1.73 
3.06 
1.17 
2.71 
2.08 
2.89 
2.21 
3.28 
4.28 

].15 
1.28 
1.59 

1.51 

\i 

10 

Average  ... 

446 

43.0 

157 

11.0 

670.4 

.41 

.50 

■* 

2.UU 

1.50 

Age  class:  270  to  290  years. 


Crawford  County.  Sample  area:  1  acre. 

i!,'Iit,  loose,  deep,  fre-sh,  well  drained,  with 2  to  3  inches     Age  of  pine:  95  to  105  i 
Density  of  crown  cove; 
mixed  with  hardwoods  (30  per  cent)  and  Hemlock  (23 
1  li  scanty,  of  young  Hi-nilock  and  Maple.  Number  of  trees:  364. 

White  Pine. 


18 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pino. 

Hemlock. 

Maple. 

Beech. 

Nnm- 
her  of 
trees. 

Diameter 
high). 

Height 

Volume. 

ber'of 

trees. 

Diameter, 
(breast    Height, 
high). 

Num. 
berof 
trees. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

ber  of 
trees. 

Diamctir 
(l,ro:i8t 
high). 

Height. 
Feet. 

Bole. 

Mer 
chantable 
timber. 

52 

Inches. 
3  to  6 
fltolO 

10 

11 

12 

15 
10 
17 

19 
20 
21 
23 
25 

Feet. 

90 
to 
110 

CH.ft. 

"526" 
162 
256 
456 
000 
800 
638 
704 
936 
640 
435 
384 
309 
122 
143 

Fs.t..M. 

18 
44 
3 

2 
3 

2 

Inches. 
3  to  6 
6  to  10 

18 

23 

Feet. 

,60 

.     to 

80 

2 

Inchs. 

3  to  6 

6  to  10 

10 

Feet. 

20 

14 

Inches. 

3  to  6 

6  to  10 

10 

White  Birch. 

Yellow  Birch. 

6  to  10 
10 
14 

17 

40 
>     to 
1      60 

2 

6  to  10 

"^*^„?»^^obic., 

eet                            .     7.  105 

83  trees: 
Total  cubic  ft..  1.330 

37  trees. 

T 

Dtol  feet  li 

M 28,650 

Tota 

feet  15.  M 

4,780 

Totalyield:  White  Pine  and  Hemlock.  33,430  feet  B.  M.. 
Average  annual  accretion :  White  Pine,    71  cubic  feet. 
286  feet  B.  M. 


124 


THE    WIIITK    PINIC. 
I,|.;  VI.— .l(')-e  i/ieliln  of  iriiili-  I'iiu  and  miuxiircmentH  of  nam  pit-  trees — Coutimiod. 


A.-MKIIHiAN-Ciinlinueil 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TItEES. 
DOMINANT  OHOWTIl. 


True  number. 

Ago. 

(breasr 
high). 

Height. 

„tZp. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Fai-tor 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
leugth 

to  total 

height  of 

tree. 

Current  annual 
accretion. 

1.= 
accre- 
tion. 

3. 
7. 
6. 

rear*. 

98 
10:l 
100 
103 

Inchei. 
10.5 
l(i.5 
17.0 
1ft.  5 
IS.  5 

FeH. 
08 
lOli 

s 

'I 

4.0 
4.8 

Vu.ft. 
C4.5 
OK.  4 
71.7 
94.0 
95.9 

0.44 
.4:1 
.4:1 
.45 
.47 

0.45 
.40 

or 
.37 

Per  cent.      Cu./t. 
1.7            1.10 
2.2             1.50 
1.5     1         1.07 
1.7             1.01 

2.1  ;     2.01 

.95 

.03 

:;::::: 

A.vcras!e.-. 

101 

n.o 

5.0 

79.0 

.44 

.42 

1.8    1         1.40 

.78 

CODOMINANT  (iROWTH. 


! 

9.1 

1"! 

15.3 
l.'->.5 

94 
91 
90 

0.0 

5.8 

49.0 

52.  1 
02.8 

0.49 

0.38 

'''57     ' 

2.0 
4.2 
2.0 

0.99 
2.46 
1.03 

0.52    1 

2  "■■":;;;:::::; 

" 

15.0     1 

04 

0.1 

54.8 

.47     1 

.44     1 

2.9 

1.09 

.55     1 

Crawford  County. 

rain,  porous,  light,  lonsf, 

White  Pine  anil  Ncprwav 
U.and  Banksian  Fiiii'  hum 
iig  Kir,  Cedar  (JVii/jn  un-uli 


lid  ii  fi-w  small  Oaks. 


measi;rement.s  of  sample  tree: 

Age  class  :  90  to  110  years. 


Tr,.„  numhcr. 

Ago. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Ileiglit. 

Rings 

Volum,. 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratin  of 
loiigib 

to  total 
height  of 

Current  annual 
accretion. 

Average 
auiinal 

Tears. 

109 

112 

109 

100 

110 

112 
112 
108 
109 

Inches. 
13.0 
14.0 

\tl 
10.5 

18.3 
20.5 
20.8 

Feet. 
94.0 
90.0 
93.0 
85.0 
104.11 
101.0 
100.0 
103.0 
105.0 
105.0 

No. 
7.0 
7.3 
0.7 
0.5 
0.5 
0.3 
0.1 
!j.8 
4.8 
6.0 

i)0.  2 
.-.1.4 
53.3 
04.  3 
07.0 
72.4 
85.3 
99.1 
99.8 

n.52 
.47 

:1? 

.41 
.42 
.45 
.44 
.41 

0. 51 
-.47 
.47 
.37 
.30 
.59 
(0 
..--.o 

.49 

Per  cent. 

u 

2.2 
2.5 
2.2 
1.8 
3.4 
2.5 

I'o 

Cu./t. 
1.46 
1.75 
1.14 

L41 
1.22 
2.40 
2.  13 

LOO 

Cu./t. 
0.42 
.44 
.47 
..50 
.58 
.02 

[70 
.91 
.01 

2i 

21 

A^-ra^' 

109.0 

16.7 

98.6 

0.3 

1)8.9 

.44 

.46 

2.5 

1.04 

.03 

CODOMINANT  OROWTII. 


100 
90 
82 
99 

13.5 
14.4 
16.5 
20.0 

94.0 
90.0 
94.0 
100.0 

7.0 
0.0 
4.8 
4.4 

41.0 
4S.7 
65.7 
90.9 

('.44 

.47     1 

.47 

.41 

0.57 

•''53 
.40 

2.0 
4.3 

0.82     1 
2.08 

xoo   1 

0.1     1 

2;  . 

.50 

80 

A  \  cragi! . . . 

94 

16.1 

94.  5 

5.7 

01.0 

.»| 

.  .52 

3.4 

2.13     1 

_    ._05    1 

Aiie  class :  150  to  100  years. 

DOMINANl'  lillOWTII. 


i    2 

1.58 
157 

22.5 

114.0 
115.0 

0.6     { 
7.0 

124.9 

0.40 
.40 

0.-30 
.58 

2.4 

1.2 

K 

0.80    1 

Average... 

1 

157.  5 

22.1     ,       114.5 

0.8     j 

123.0     1 

.40 

.47 

,.. 

2.22 

.80, 

A.-MIf  IIKJ.V? 


TAHLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS.  125 

Tadle  VI. — Acre  yieldt  of  While  I'iiie  and  measurements  of  sample  trees— Contmned. 

'^*''*'  Uoscomnion  County.  Sample  area:  1  acre. 

[About  1,000  IViut  abovo  sea  level.] 
Half  acre  y 0.1. 
Soil:  Brown,  loamy  sand,  deep,  fine  (lor  sand),  porous,  loose,  fresh,  and  well  drained  (water  stands    Age  of  pine :  230  to  240  years. 
^  In^rfrt'iW    'rr..  ^'I'.,T1  "i'.t"^  *"''^""',.=,'!;V".'"',?.""-„..  .    Density  of  crow,,  ■•,.,v„r.n.st.„ 


Foreit 

K.>d  Pine  (20  ,._ 

Hoinloili,  Boeib,  and  dwarf  Maple. 

Climsifwation  .- 


scanty,  of  yo 
Whito  P 


HALF-ACEE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Red  Pine. 

Hemlock. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Volume. 

ol  trees. 

Height. 

liolo. 

Mer. 
chautable 
timber. 

Number 
of  trees. 

(breast 
liigh). 

Height. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

Height. 

I,ichei. 

Feet. 

Vv.feet. 

FeetB.M. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Inchet. 

Feet. 

2 

14 

32 

6  to  10 

60 

16 

! 

12j 

1       J" 

18 

125 

100 

14 
6 

19 

21 

to 

12 

(       80 

528 

24 

17 

25 

18 

24 

130 

2,070 

1,544 

21 

\"o 

2i 

1,344 

23 

33      ,                 I 

76  trees 

Total  cubic  feet 
Total  feet  B.M 

.    4,270 
.  20,500 

Total  cubic  feet 
Total  feet  B.M 

Total 

eetU.M 

.  58,400 

.   13,000 

Total  yield :  All  species  20,060  cubic  feet,  of  which  White  Pine  was  61  per 
Aeerage  annual  accretion, :  White  Pine,  52  cubic  feet. 
■   248  feet  B.M. 


248  feet  J 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TREES. 
Age  elaet ;  230  to  250  years. 

DOMINANT  OROWTH. 


Age. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Rings 
per  inch 

stump. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
lengtl] 

of  crown 
to  total 

height  of 
tree. 

Current  .annual 
accretion. 

'tion. 

Years. 
234 
236 
235 
237 
237 
232 
233 
237 
235 
245 
230 
236 
238 
244 

.233 
251 

Inches. 
23.2 
23.8 
24.5 

tt 
24.7 
25.5 
25.5 
26.0 
30.0 
20.2 
27.  U 
29.0 
34.0 
32.0 
27.0 

Feet. 

142 
142 
140 
145 
145 

145 
143 
122 
145 
150 
140 
130 
144 
120 

Ifo. 
10.  () 

9^2 
9.6 
9.0 

(0 
8.4 
9.1 
9.0 

(.') 
9.0 
8.5 
7.8 
7.0 

197.3 
199.1 
202.  6 
205.4 
207.0 
212.6 
227.  3 
231.1 
233.  9 
240.  2 
271.5 
281.  1 
348.1 
349.6 

0.43 

0.39 
.43 
.43 

I'er  cent. 

Cu./eet. 
1.35 
1.38 
1.30 
1.62 
1.03 
2.07 
1.06 
2.04 
1.62 
1.87 

1.69 
1.74 
3.50 
1.03 

.83 
.84 
.86 
.80 
.89 
.91 
.96 
.98 
.95 
1.01 
1.16 
1.18 
1.42 
1.50 

J      

;!    3 

.42     i           .42 
.44     1           .44 
.43     i          .23 
.39               .35 
.44               .42 
.45               .41 

:%      :tl 

.  43               . 39 
.  43               .  30 

17 

10 

18 

Average... 

9. 1     1       .„„.  „ 

237 

26.6 

140 

8.7    1      236.4 

.43               .41 

•' 

1.64 

.99 

I     14., 


3 


SUPPRESSED  GROWTH. 


7 

13.0 
15.3     1 

120 
120 

17.7 
15,2    [ 

61.1     1 
86.7     1 

0.55 
.52 

0.31 
,41 

0.6 
,6 

0.37 

1 

1  5::  :;:::::::;::': 

.37     1 

Average . . . 

L 

14.1 

123 

16.4     1 

73.9 

.53 

.30 

.6 

.45 

vq 

12G 


THE   WHITE   PINE. 


Tahlio  VI.— Joe  yields  of  ll'hile  Pine  and  measurvmenla  of  HampU  (;te«— Contimieil. 

A.— MICHIGAN— Coutinued. 

Half  acre  No.  2. 

Soil:  Moist,  low  groiiiid.  ihmi-  swainji.  A^ii-  oC  i» 

Fore**  eonilitiotu:  Whito  I'iue  (51  Jier  celil  l  .mil  llcluloik  (4'J  pur  L-eut).  Dinsity  c 

Classification:  Wliitr  I'iiu-.    Number) 


HALFACIIE  i'lELD. 


White  Pine. 

IIeinlo,k. 

VoIuu,e. 

Niiiiilwr 
of  IIWS. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Dia,ne,cr 

HeiKbt. 

Mer- 

high). 

Bole. 

chantable 

hitth). 

timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Cu.feet. 

FeetB.M. 

IiKhcs. 

Feet. 

15 

116 

to 

19 

1      125 

176 

', 

22 

3U4 

«; 

24 

14 

"" 

25 

400 

15 

211 

K«4 

28 

17 

100 

i;io 

1,680 

20 

:ii 

604 

12 

■i'i 

4,080 

35 

702 

37 

840 

2 

38 

8!I0 

60  trees 

iss  trees: 

Total 

:ul.ic  feet 

10,586 

Tnlal  cubic  feei 

.     4,490 

.  99,400 

.  lelioo 

jil  Hemlock  21,076  cubic  feet,  of  -, 
White  I'ine,  70  cubic  feit. 
423  feet  U.  M. 


(11)  Site  I: 

Hail :  Light-brown,  dry  sand,  loose,  light,  v 

surface  cover  of  leaves 
Forest  co'idilions:  Eed  I'ine  (84  per  cent)  i 

sicinal  Beech  on  a  gentle  slope  (angle  5^ 
Classification : 

Dominant 

Oppressed 

Suppressed 


lli-nsity  of  crow 
Number  of  tree 


White  I'ine. 

lied  Pine. 

Beech. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Volume. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

of  trees. 

Height. 

.0,0. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Height. 

Number 
of  trees. 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

mckes. 

Feet. 

Cubicfeet. 

Feet  11.  U. 

Inrhcs. 

Feet. 

Inches. 

7''<'<(. 

10 

1 

3to6 

}       40 

1 

6  to  10 

11 

55 

n 

12 

100 

120 

20 

]4 

120 

142 
261 

18 

15 
16 

100 

21 

228 

5 

18 

22 
23 
27 

246 
134 
199 

5 

19 
20 

21  trees: 

^.^ 

.  26.060 

1 

Total  yield:  Pirn- 7,( 


TABLES   OF   MEASUREMENTS. 
Table  VI.— Jcre  i/ielch-  of  While  Vine  and  measurementa  of  aampte  (cees— Continued. 


127 


A.— MICHIGAN— t'outiuucd. 


1900  to  1,000  I 


[foscommuu  Couuty. 
L  above  .sea  lo 
:  No.  1. 


Soil:  Dry,lightbrowiisaud,mediiiuitino,<Ieep,  woUdrained.withniodoratelvlealysurfa.eeover.    Aire  of  nine 
toretteonditiont:  lied  I'ii.e  (53  pur  ceut)  with  White  Pine  (39  per  C(^nt)  and  hardwoods  (8  per    Densitv  of  i 

cent)  on  uneven  ground ;  stand  open,  and  open  places  with  Ked  Oak  and  Maple.  Number  of  trees :  91. 

Olassificahon :  -  -^  _     .  . 

Dominant 


rith  Ked  Oak  and  Maple 
White  I'lne. 
.I)ercent..        73 


ACKE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Eed  Pine. 

Oak. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

TV          .      1 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

I 

Indies. 
U 
17 
18 
19 
20 

i 

27 

ii! 
•• 

Feet. 

100 
110 

OuMcMt 

79 

288 
210 
228 
615 
268 
438 
314 
845 
732 
392 
267 
283 
451 

Feetli.M. 

Inches. 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 

Feet. 

100 
120 

1 

Inchei. 

Under  3 

3  toe 

Feet. 
}       40 

Maple. 

2 
2 

3  to    6 
6  to  10 

}        40 

3G  trees: 

Total  cubic  fee 

t                                             5  553 

47  trees: 

8  trees. 



' 

1 

Total  yield  :  Pine,  10,913  cubic,  feet.  ' 

52,600  feet  U.  M.,  of  whicli  White  Pii 
Aoeratje  annual  accretion:  Pine,    61  cubic  feet. 
298  feet  B.  M. 


Soil:  Ttry,  light-brown  sand,  mei 
Forest  conditions :  Ked  Pine  (75  j 
Clatnfication : 

Doniinaut 

Oppressed 

Suppressed 


deep,  well  drained,  with  moderately  leafy  surllu  c  rovii .    A  git  of  r 

vith  White  Pino  (25  per  cent)  interuiixeil;  level.  Density 

White  Pine.        Und  fine.     Number 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Eetl  Pine. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast    1   Height, 
high). 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

2 

1 
1 
4 

6 

2 
3 

1 

Inches. 
6  to  10 

11 
12 
14 
15 
16 
17 

20 
21 
22 
23 
25 

Feet. 

100 

l?o 

Cubic/eet. 

FeetB.M. 

Inches. 
6  to  10 

10 
12 
13 
14 
l.O 

1^' 
IK 
19 
20 

Feel. 

3 

12 

32 
17 
18 
8 

2 

39  trees: 

Total  cubic  fee 

'::::;::::::::::::::::  ^ 

113  trees: 

Total  cubic  foot.    7,914 

1 

Total  i/idd  :  Pine,  11,246  cubic  feet. 

49,220  feet  13.  M.,  of  which  White  Pii 
Averaije  annual  accretion:  Pine,    95  cubic  feet. 
273  feet  B.  M. 


128 


A.-MK  IIKiAN     < 

•Vo.V.    l.iKht 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 

i.K.  \1.—J<re  yields  of  ll'liilc  i'iiic  anil  mmmiremniln  of  xami>lv  /recs— Coll  tin  nod. 


Ill  with  White  Tine  {10  pur  c 
White  I'ii 
percent..        75 


ilo.... 

ACKK  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Ked  riue. 

."-«' 

1            Volume. 

niametor 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Bole. 

eh^Shle 

Number 
of  tree«. 

Height. 

1   Inches. 

Feet.     \c.nMcfeet. 

Feetli.M. 

Inehea. 

Feet. 

U 

48 

1                   10 

\l 

r 

no 

1           11 

U     1             12 

105 

369 

12                  14 

•a 

3U 

10     1             15 

100 

20 

109 

15 
25 
12 

0 

10 
17 
IS 
19 

2 

22 

12  trees : 

105  trees: 

1,221 

Totiacubi.fiet. 

.     8,170 

.  34,300 

391  cubic  feet. 

420  feet  B.  M..  of  which  White  Pine  15  per  cent. 
Pine,  52  cubic  feet. 
219  feet  Jl.  M. 


ACKE  VIELD. 


White  Pine. 

EcdPiue.                                   Oak. 

Num. 
licr  of 

Diaiuelcr 
(breast 
high). 

Height 

Volume. 

Num- 
ber of 

trees. 

Uianieter 
high). 

Height. 

Nnni.    Diameter 
her  of     (breast 
trees.  1    high). 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chant- 
able 

timber. 

0 

i 
I 

4 

1 
} 

IneheH. 
12 
'■1 

23 
25 
20 
27 
34 

Feet. 
120 

Cnbicfeet. 
83 
54 
90 
38 

252 
213 
352 
192 
210 
492 
268 
157 

183 
283 

Ft.U.M. 

13 
12 

Incho. 
11 

13 
14 
15 
10 
17 
18 
10 
20 
21 
22 

Feet. 

,00 
to 
120 

;    Inches. 

Feet. 
40 

Beech. 

3 

3toC 

Otoio 

13 

14 

40 
to 
00 

44  trees:                                                                     i.  85  Irei'S: 

Total  cubic  feet 3,503     I      Total  cubic  ft.     7,572 

TotalfeotB.M 14,900     |      Total  ft.  B.M.  31,800 

9  trees. 

Total  yield :  Pine,  1 1 ,  135  cubic  feet. 

40.700  feet  B.  M.,  of  which  White  Pine  32  per  cent. 
Averaijc  annual  accretion  :  Pine,    02  cubic  feet. 
259  feet  B.  M. 


A.-MICHIGAN- 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREIWENTS. 
Table  Yl.— Acre  yieldn  of  White  Vine  and  memurements  of  sample  (roes— Cnutinued. 

id. 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TKEES. 

Age  class !  180  to  180  yearn. 

DOMINANT  GROWTH. 


129 


Tr 

e  number. 

A^e. 

Uiaiiieler 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

UiiiE« 
per  inch 

stump. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
length 

"to'^touf 

height  of 

tree. 

Current  annual 
accreliou. 

Average 
accre- 

Cu.ft. 

1.26 
1.29 

Tears. 
178 
173 
163 

Inches. 
24.  3 
27.2 
26.5 

Feet. 
118 
121 
120 

Ko. 
7.5 
6.2 
6.2 

Cu.ft. 
170.1 
218.8 
211.0 

0.46 
.45 
.46 

0.54 
.28 
.31 

Percent. 
1.2 
.7 

.7 

Cu.  ft. 
2.04 
1.53 
1.47 

21 

,34.. 

Average... 

171 

182 
188 

26.0 

25.2 
26.7 
31.0 

120 
118 
119 

6.6 

7.4 
6.9 
5.5 

200.0 

173.0 
202.  1 
286.6 

.46 

.43 
.46 
.45 

.53 
.50 

.9 

1.3 
1.2 

1.68 

2.25 
2.42 

1.17 

.95 
1.07 
1.54 

5 

Average. 

185 

27.6 

118 

6.6 

220.5 

.44 

1.1 

2.22 

1.19 

179 

185 
184 
182 

19.0 

125.0 

125.0 
105.0 
109.0 
111.0 

9.9 

11.5 
9.1 
7.4 

7.7 

118.4 

79.2 
111.8 
128.  6 
134.3 

0.48 

.41 
.46 

[45 

0.26 

.51 
.32 
.38 
.44 

0.8 

1.5 
.8 
1.0 
1.5 

0.90 

1.19 
.89 
1.29 
2.01 

.42 
.60 

'.rs 

i  

33 

Average .  - 

184 

20.9 

112.5 

8.9 

113.  5 

.42 

.41 

1.2 

1.34 

.61 

20233— No.  22- 


OPPBESSED  GROWTH. 


18     1  103  8.7  87.9  0.47 


Age  class :  Over  200  years. 

DO.MINANT  GROWTH. 


7.3  218.9 


OPPRESSED   GROWTH. 


130 


THE    WHITE    riNE. 


nenin  of  sample  tr 


A.-MICHIGAX-Coiitiiiiu.l. 
(13)  SITB  «. 


['JOO  to  1,000  fuel,  above  sea  1 


ell  drainod,  with  2  to  3  inclu 


FiircKi  rondilions:  Hardwoods  (69  per  cent)  mixed  witli  White  Pine  (31  per  cent)  situated  on  a 
slope  (angle  10°);  undergrowth  scanty,  of  young  Oak  and  Beech.  (The  single  Ke<l  Pine  stand- 
in:,'  rather  exceptional.    About  20  to '25  per  cent  of  Red  Pine  would  have  been  more  typieal.  |      Ni 

Clttt^i/icntiun:  White  I'ine. 


imbor  of  trees:  130. 


ACRE  TIELl). 


White  Pine. 

Beech. 

Rock  Maple. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

1 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer. 
chautable 
timber. 

of  trees. 

(breast 
high). 

Inches. 
11 

U 
15 
17 
20 
21 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
31 

33 
34 
36 

Feet. 
13"o 

\cuMe.jrt. 

159 
60 
72 
90 
240 
387 

tiS 
555 
600 
864 
924 
247 
560 
594 
630 
668 
373 

Feet  n.M. 

n 

6  to  10 

13 

14 

16 

Feet. 

6 

Jnrhef. 
6  to  10 

12 
13 

Feet. 

Red  Oak. 

1 
1 

6  to  10 

13 
26 

40  trees 
Toti- 

1  enl.ie  fen 

t                                         7  698 

75  trees. 

15  trees. 

Total  feiit  T  M 

' 

A  oer age  annual 


TABLES    or 
Tahle  Vl.—JcreyieUU  of  While  I'im 


MEASURElMENTS. 
iitd  mtaswimcnln  of  aumple  trees — Ciiutiuueil. 


131 


-WISCONSIN: 

(1)  Site  a; 


;ii(l  by  har(lj>au  of  clay  ami  sto 
story  8tau<I,  White  Pine  m . 
or  Hasswooda,  or  Honibeaiio 
to  3  inches  iu  diameter,  20  ti 


iiold,  surface  cover  leafy.     Aye  of  pine:  200  to  220  yean 
ory,  hardwoods    (Maple,    Density  of  crown  cover:  {> 

undergrowth  dense,  of 
\'hite  Pine,  56  per  cent; 

Number  of  trees ;  76. 
White  Pino. 


.pert 


ACKE  YIELD. 


White  Pino. 

Maple. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

1 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

1 

Inches. 

n 

i- 

18 
'," 

24 

27 
29 

33 
34 
35 
38 

Feet. 
12U 

12U 
■   135 

Culncfeet. 
64 
105 
71 
79 
88 
90 
105 
114 
420 
480 
384 
021 
924 
247 
1,040 
280 
891 
1,200 

367 
429 

FeetS.M. 

18 
3 

Inchet. 
3  to   6 
6  to  10 
10  to  14 

Feet. 
40 
60 
80 

Elm. 

2         6  to  10                 60 

Yellow  BiToh. 

1 
4 
4 

6  to  10 

14  to  18 

\          80 

43  trees: 

Total  cubic  fee 

t        ..       .                        8  119 

33  trees: 

Total  f««t/R  M 

' 

1 

i;}2 


Taiii-K  Vl.—.lcreiii'hh 
B.-AVISCONSlN-Coiitiiiue,l. 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 

/((/(•  I'hir  mid  iiicitxiiremcntu  i>f  xampU  Ircis — Coiitii 


I  w. --tory  stand,  White   Pii 
1 '  1 1  rh.  Elm  or  Uasswooil.  or  li 


•in;;   llie   uppur  htory  anil   Iiardwoods 
Iloriibeani)  tliel"W(!rst<iry;  undcigiowlh scanty, 
White  Pine,  52  pur  cent;  hardwuuds,  48  per  cent. 

White  Pine. 


uber  of  trees :  131i. 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Fir. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Vol 
Bole. 

ume. 

Mer. 
chantable 
timber. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Inches. 

16 
19 

20 
21 

22 
23 
24 

1 

29 

:io 

:'■* 
;<6 

37 
38 
39 
40 

Feet. 

£ 

120 
140 

71 

210 
114 

280 

918 

1,440 

534 

1,152 

1,035 

1,  1.55 

1,482 

780 

560 

315 

347 

iliei 

408 

429 

4S5 

1,  521 

FeclB.M. 

5 

Inches. 
3to6 

Feet. 
40 

Elm. 

1     1      3to6     1            40 

Hornbeam. 

5 

1 

3  to    6 
6  to  10 

40 
60 

TeUow  Birch. 

12 
16 

3 

3  to  10 
6  to  10 
10  to  14 
14  to  18 
19 

40 
60 
80 
80 
86 

Butternut. 

1 
1 

3  to    6 
6  to  10 

40 

Basswood. 

9     1     310   6 

6   1   etoio 

1 
40 
GO 

69  trees: 

.  15,849 
-  95,040 

63  trees. 

Total  fert  H.  M 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TREES. 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diameter 
(breast 
Mgh). 

Height. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

shr.;;e. 

Ratio  of 
length 

"to't'o"tal" 

height  of 

tree. 

tion. 

] 

Years. 
204 
221 
213 
214 
216 
202 
204 
212 
213 

Inches. 

fi.l 
27.0 
26.0 
26.8 
24.0 
29.0 
29.0 

Feet. 
102.0 
113.0 
121.5 

183 
191 

0.49 
.41 
.40 
.43 
.42 

!« 
.44 

0.45 
.37 
.53 

^,'-^!- 

82 

90 
94 
97 

93 
17 

3 

5 

126.0    1          210 
134.0               187 
132.0               2.'I8 
133.0          ,     250 

.39 

.42 
.47 

1 
1 
1 

7 

8 

37     1 

Average-.. 

213 

211 

27.0 

124.0 

.42              .44 

1.01   1 

TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


133 


Tahle  VI. — Acre  ijieUU  of  TJliite  Five  and  meaaiirenicvls  of  saviple  (rets— Continued. 


-WISCONSIN-Co: 

(2)  Site  c  ■ 


[1.400  a-et  .above  s 


ForeRl  conditions    Two-atory  stand  of  typical 


growth,  upper  story  ol  White  rinii    Di-nsiity  of  <■ 
3iitK  maiuly  Rock  Maple,  scattering 
Fir  (4  per  (^eiit) ;  undergrowth,  moder- 


nbor  of  trees :  88. 


ACKE  YIELD. 


White  Tine. 

Rock  Maple. 

Yellow  Birch. 

Elm. 

Num- 
ber of 
trees. 

Diarae- 

(breasl 
high). 

Height. 

Volume 

Num- 
ber of 
trees. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

be'r"f 
trees. 

Di.Tmetfr 

(breast 

high). 

Height. 

t 
Num-    Diameter 
her  of     (bi-east 
trees.        highl. 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chant- 
able 
timber. 

2 

2 
2 

2 

incke,. 
18 
19 
2! 
23 
26 
28 
32 
33 
.34 
.15 
38 
40 
46 

Feet. 

Is! 

87 
103 
318 
400 
231 
297 
315 
334 
706 
1,335 
490 
638 

Ft.IS.M. 

18 
24 
G 

Indies. 
3  to   U 
GtolO 
lOt^U 

1^ 

Feet. 
40 

80 
80 
80 

1 

1 
1 
1 

Inches. 
3  to    6 

\l 
17 

31 

Feet. 
40 
60 
80 
80 
80 
80 

Over 
811 

.1,,-, 

Feet. 
80 

Hornbea.... 

3           :ito6             40 

Fir. 

* 

■■ 

19  trees: 

Total  cubic  feet 5,  414 

Total  feet  B.M 32,480 

50  trees. 

11  trees. 

8  trees. 

Olastdjication: 
Domiiiaut... 
OppreHsed.. 
Suppressed 


it  in  hollow.     Ageof  pine:  200to220  (few  160) 

years. 
nods  (53  i>er    Density  of  crown  cover:  (?) 
niiixed  with 


White  Pine. 

Rock  Mapl 

Height. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Number 
of  trees. 

(breast 
high). 

Bole. 

ch^^able 
timber. 

Inches, 
e  to  10 

18 
10 
20 

Cubicfeet. 
20 

384 
1,992 
800 
988 
2,240 
2,376 
2,448 

Feet  B.M. 

36 
10 

Inches. 
3  to   6 
6  to  10 

Feet. 
40 
60 

Yellow  Birch. 

4                 20 
4                 20 
8                 31 

;  1    n 

1 

12        6  to  10 

4       10  to  14 
4     1  14  to  18 

60 

)      » 

Fir. 

4           3  to  6 

»l 

76  trees: 

ToSifZ'R^ 

.  72  810 

134 


THE    WHITE    PINE 


i/iclils  of  White  I'inc  iinil  meaniir 


vea — C'ontinuod. 


-WISCONSIX- 


i»  per  cent)  mixed  wit-Tl  hardwoods  (47  por 
iTiiiixed  with  Yellow  Birch  and  scattering 
I ) ;  moderately  dense  undergrowth,  of  very 


Aku  of  pine: 

160)  years. 
Density  of  ore 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Bock  Maple. 

Elm. 

Numher 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(liieast 
high). 

Height. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

noigbt. 

Number    Diameter 

Height. 

1     Mer. 
Bole.      chantablo 

Jnche,. 

Ferl. 

Cubiefeet. 

FeetS.M. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

1   inckc. 

13 

44 

18 

3to  6 

40 

1          6tol0 

60 

15 

19 

OtolO 

CO 

1     !  14t«18 

80 

17 
18 
19 

8U 

87 

6 

10  to  14 

14  to  18 

}          80 

i 

120 

^ 

Banswood 

f 

% 

Yellow  Eire 

1. 

25 

185 

1     aotoio 

00 

26 

400 

648 

6  to  10 

60 

Fir. 

29 

494 

1 

T,20 

15 

HO 

3;i 

030 

18 

34 

140 

334 

19 

35 

36 

37 

1,203 
423 

42 
43 
44 
46 

1,074 
562 
584 
638 

r>0  trees: 

M  trees. 

19  trees. 

Total  cnbic  feet 

12.160 

Total  feet li.M 

73,000 

A  verage  anntial  accretion : 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TREES 
Age  class:  ]00  to  150  years. 


Tr<-..  number, 

1 

Arc. 

Diameter 
hife'b). 

Height. 

VoUlmc 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 

shape. 

Ratio  of 
lengtli 

"tototal" 
height  ol 

Average 
annual 

tion. 

Tears. 

107 

104 

102 

120 

101 

Inches. 
18.6 
18.0 
18.7 
19.3 
14.0 

Feet. 
86.0 
80.0 
86.5 
90.0 
75.0 

Ou.ft. 
63 
70 
74 
81 
41 

0.39 
.49 
.45 
.46 
.52 

0.44 

:6i 

..55 
.40 

.07 
.73 
.68 
.41 

47 

48 

50 

Average . . . 
25  .  .. 

107 
102 
102 
100 
102 
103 
112 
118 
105 

17.7 

111 
14.0 

18.8 
17.0 
5.6 

83.5 
77.5 
73.5 
75.0 
79.5 
83.0 
86.0 
86,5 
41.5 

m 

34 
30 
40 
56 
97 
81 
69 
4 

.40 
.49 
.51 
.57 
..■■12 
.43 
.49 
.60 
.56 

.52 
.30 
.48 
..^7 
..58 
.49 
.50 
.41 
.,5(i 

.61 

.34 
.35 
.46 
.55 

:?S 

..59 
.38 

26 

27::::::;;;;:::;:: 

29 

32: 

Average . . . 
1 

105.5 

104 

104 

101 

106 

100 

105 

102 

105 

15.0 
15.3 
15.8 
16.5 
19.5 
14.0 
17.0 
10. 5 
18.6 

75.0 
91.0 
96.0 
98.0 
100.0 
94.0 
104.0 
lOli.O 
109.0 

53' 

52 

63 

65 

95 

50 

72 

08 

96 

.51 
.45 
.  50 
.44 
.4.1 
.50 
.44 
.43 
.47 

.46 

.54 
.50 
.01 
.64 
.90 
.50 
.69 

:9i 

..51 
.41 

;38" 

.45 
.41 
.38 

7 

g 

Average... 
1 

103 
137 
142 

16.6 
24.0 
27.8 

100.0 
105.0 

70 
118 
201 

.40 

:« 

.42 
.31 

.43 

.68 
.86 
1.42 

Average . . . 

1.19.5 

26.0 

10(i.  5 

1.^.9 

.40 

.37 

1.14 

TABLES   OP   MEASUREMENTS. 


135 


Table  VI. — Jcro  yields  of  IVhite  Pine  and  measurements  of  sample  trees — Continued 

B.— WlSCON.'ilN— Coutimied. 

MEASUREMENTS  OP  SAMPLE  TREES-Continued. 

Age  clots:  150  to  200  years- 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Volnme 
of  tree. 

Eaetor 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
length 

height  of 

"tion! 

Years. 
207 
200 
208 
195 
197 
196 
205 
198 
217 
197 
210 
202 
205 
205 
204 
225 
206 
207 
204 
205 
200 
201 

Inchet. 
19.0 
20.3 
22.6 
24.2 
24.2 

23!  5 
25.8 
29.  5 
29.0 
31.0 
30.5 
33.3 
25.6 
25.3 
28.2 
28.5 
28.5 
32.0 
32.0 
34.0 
28.3 

Feet. 
94.5 
101.0 
96.0 
97.0 
112.5 
116.0 
113.5 
106.5 
114.5 
115.0 
115.0 
127.5 
120.0 
100.5 
110.5 
110.0 
103.0 
119.  0 
111.5 
115.0 
117.0 
119.0 

Ou./t. 

100 
121 
133 
146 
154 
161 
166 
192 
236 
253 
282 
304 
161 
175 
175 
183 
213 
274 
281 
285 
208 

0.50 
.44 
.45 
.43 
.41 
.40 
.47 
.43 
.35 
.45 
.42 
.44 
.42 

!« 

.'40 
.40 
.44 
.44 
.39 
.40 

0.45 
.55 
.40 
.32 
.54 
.46 
.42 
.42 
.58 

:59 

.47 
.43 
.39 
.51 
.60 
.43 
.34 
.54 
.69 
.43 
.61 

Cu.  ft. 
0.45 
.50 
.58 
.68 
.74 
.79 
.78 
.84 

1^20 
1.20 
1.40 
1.48 

!86 
.78 
.89 
1.03 
1.34 
1.37 
1.43 
1.03 

14 

17 

21 

24 

27 

31 

34 

Average . . . 

204 
195 

27.0 
16.0 

111.0 
108.0 

195 

75 

■     .47 
.47 

.49 
.44 

1.75 
.38 

35 

201 
191 
216 
220 
207 

207 

204 
209 
200 
212 
210 
212 
214 
206 
220 
210 
210 
210 

22.2 
29.0 
28.5 
34.5 
35.0 

95.0 
116.0 
120.0 
128.0 
126.0 

115 
216 
262 
308 
342 

0.45 
.41 
.49 
.37 
.41 

0.63 
.55 
.52 
..56 
.39 

0.57 
1.13 
1.21 

1:^6"5 

39 

Average . . . 

29.8 

34.0 
35.5 
35.0 
34.0 

1! 

38!  0 
37.0 
42.0 
43.0 
50.0 

117.0 

118.0 
121.0 
116.0 
120.0 
141.0 
128.0 
114.0 
127,.  0 
127.0 
140.0 
144.0 
138.0 

249 

274 
305 

i 
i 

399 
506 

677 
720 

.43 

.37 
.37 
.40 
.42 
.37 
.37 
.40 
.37 
.42 
.38 
.40 
.39 

.51 
.55 

!42 
.50 
.64 
.47 
.46 
.61 

:56 

.51 

1.19 

1.34 
1.40 
1.53 
1.48 
1.  .54 

III 

2.41 

2.75 
3.46 

7 

Average . . 

210 

166 
151 
167 
155 
155 

38.0 

25.0 
29.5 
28.7 
29.0 
28.0 

128.0 

105.0 
103.0 
96.0 
101.5 
113.5 

401 

158 

175 
176 
201 
217 

.39 

.44 
.36 
.41 
.43 
.45 

.52 

.38 
.52 
.55 
.52 
.41 

1.91 

.95 
1.16 

1.05 
1.30 
1.40 

Tit" 

Average.. 

159 

28.0 

104.0 

185 

.42 

.47 

136 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


Tablk  VI.— .lore  i/ields  of  iriiile  Tii 


B.-WISCON.SIN-(', 

(3)  SITR  e : 


nd  vieasiiremenls  of  sample  ire 
m  Connty. 


subRoil,     Age  of  ; 


Soil:  CAnyvy  loam  mixed  witli  sand  and  stones,  loaf  cover  um.I.  i  liiil  l,y  j  ty  :i  inches  i 

clay  in  ]ilaces  and  in  others  sand.  yu  u>  100)  veara 

Forrtl  r.mWiont:  Ridges  covered  with  White  Pine  (fir,  i..  r  .  ...l )  iT.hrmixod  with  hardwoods  (33     Density  of  irowil  cov 

Iier  crnt).  mainly  Kock  Mai»le,  few  Yellow  Birch,  IlornlMarn,  l;a>,swnod,  and  occasional  Elm. 

witli  scattering  Fir  (2  per  cent)  and  Red  Pine  (1  jur  cent) ;  hollows  sometimes  full  of  wateri 

hut  more  often  open,  grassy  swamps,  with  Alder  and  Hackmatack,  fringed  by  pine.  Numlur  of  trees    IOC 

Clainficatim:  White  Pine. 


VCllE   YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Red  Pine. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

10 

Inches. 

"ll 

13 
H 
15 
10 
17 
18 

? 
22 

2;i 

25 
26 
27 
28 

32 
33 

Feel. 

80 
100 

110 
130 

CuUcfeet 
40 
112 
304 
78 
270 
520 
464 
130 
432 
316 
0K8 
248 

918 
1,308 
1,110 

796 

426 
1,920 

548 

FeetB.M. 

2 

Inches. 
18 

Feet. 
100 

Maple. 

20         3  to   6 
18         6  to  10 

A 

Yellow  Birch. 

.].„. 

40 

Hornbeam. 

6 

3  to  6                 40 

Basswood. 

4           3t«6     j            40 

Plr. 

4    1      3to6                40 

108  trees 

58  trees. 

Total 

eet  B.  m::.:::::::::::::::::::::  li\Z 

1 

\V€Tage  annual 


TABLES    OP    MEASUREMENTS. 


137 


Table  VI.~Acre  i/iehts  of  Whitt  Fine  and  measurements  of  sample  trees— Continued. 
-'WISCONSIN-Continnpil. 


Soil:  Clayey  loam  niisod  with  saml  ami  stonos,  leaf 

■  _•  in  ■  ■ 
Foregl  conditio^ 


clay  in  pla 
"zst  condi'^'" 

Elm!  with  a,- 
grassy  swan 
Classification : 
Dominant... 
()l)I.rB.^»«l 
Suppressed 


underlaid  hy  2  to  :j  inches  mold ;  auhsoil 


Age  of  pine:  100  to  200  (few 
"•        ,„  90  to  100)  years, 

with  Wliite  Pine  (49  per  cent)  intermixed  with  hardwoods    Density  of  crown  cover:  (?). 


,  few  Yellow  Birch,  Hornbeam,  Basswood,  and  occasional 
I  I'ine;  hollows  sometimes  full  of  water,  but  more  often  open, 
lliickraatack.  fringed  by  pine. 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Maple. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer. 
chantable 
timber. 

2 

4 

2 

0 

2 
2 

Inches. 
6  to  10 

•V 

2.-) 
24 
20 
27 
28 
29 
30 

■.a 

42 

Fret. 

]      -"      1 
1      100 

no 

to 

130 

'cubic  feet. 

20 

158 

172 

496 

530 

292 

1,  530 

370 

1       1,990 

1          420 

450 

480 

548 

652 

1,074 

FeetJS.M. 

26 
16 
2 

Inches. 
3  to   6 
6  to  10 
10  to  14 

Feet. 
40 
60 
80 

Yellow  Birch. 

2                23 

80 

Hornbeam 

10           3  too 

40 

54  trees: 

Total  cubic  fee 
Total  feet  B.M 

I 

:::::::;:; 

.    9,200 
.  41, 160 

56  trees. 

138 


THE    WlITl'E    PINK. 
lieUlH  of  While  I'hw  tuid  meii8iiremeiilii  <if  aamplf  trees — Coiitiiii 


U.-WISCONSIV-Coiitiimcd. 

Soil:  Clayey  loam  mix.  >l  wiMi  ,.iri.i  m.I    i -  I. 

cl»yinjlace»,u.l 
Forest  conditiont :  l.i  L 

percent),  mainly   1             1 

Am 

Vo.  tl. 

■ji.,:;i,Hl 

,  .iH.t.l,  subsoil.    Age  of  pine:  160 

to  100)  years. 
1      i,.l,>,.,„ls(38    Density  of  crown 
1 ,w,:ilElm, 

NumlK-r  of  treeM 
White  Pine. 

«j^7,«r.-^""''-^'^":'"''''"' "''''•"''"■  •^"'' 

k.  irijiyeil  l,y  luu.. 

Oj^essed............... ......... ........... 

04 

ACRE  YIELD. 

White  rine. 

Maple. 

Number 
ottreea. 

Diameter 
hi'lm. 

Height. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

11 

Inchet. 

OlnlO 

11 
i:i 

15 
17 

19 

20 

25 
•M 
27 
2K 
29 
30 
31 
32 
34 
35 
31! 
38 
40 

Feet. 

80 
imi 

110 
130 

140 

Cubiefeet. 
28 

'52 
715 
360 

516 
496 
536 
876 
012 
856 
555 
199 
852 
228 
1,200 
518 
274 
360 

445 
1           490 

Feel  11. 31. 

22 

Inche,. 
3  to   6 
6  to  10 

Feet. 
40 
60 

Hornbeam. 

3           3to0                 40 

Basswood.  ■ 

4 

2 

3to   6  . 
6  to  10 

40 

Fir. 

5 

3  to  6 

40 

85  trees: 

Total  cubic  fee 
Total  feet  B.l 

49  trees. 

Average  animal  a 

ccrelion: 

Vhite  Piu 

,    02  cub 
298  fi.ot 

B^M^- 

TABLES    (W    MEASUREMENTS. 
Tadle  VI.— Jo-c  yieUh  of  Ifhilc  rim:  and  mcasiiriimuis  of  sample  (i-ees— Continued. 


139 


15.— WISCdXSIN- 


MEASUUEMEN'J 
Atje  class 


SAMI'LK  TKKK! 
)  220  years. 


A... 

Diiimetor 
(breast 
l,igl.). 

H,-ight. 

Volume 
or  tri-e. 

I'-actor 

or 

slu,.e. 

Ratio  of 
length 

ol  crown 
to  total 

height  of 
tree. 

"tion* 

Teart. 
204 
210 
207 
200 
206 
205 
210 
214 
210 

Inches. 
27.3 
25.2 
31.0 
29.5 
29.2 
30.0 
34.0 
36.0 
39.0 

feet. 
123.0 
137.0 
127.5 
116.0 
130.5 
133.0 
118.5 
113.5 
130.0 

227 
240 
239 
282 
284 
292 
312 
415 

!48 
.37 

!46 
.43 
.39 
.30 
.38 

0.59 
.40 
.35 
.51 
.29 
.52 
.37 
.38 
.49 

l!l9 
1.20 
1.37 
1.38 
1.40 
1.40 
1.98 

•J 

7 

Average.. . 

207 

211 

228 
220 
207 
204 
205 
212 
204 

31.0 

20.2 
23.  0 
22.8 
27.2 
27.0 
27.0 
27.8 
27.3 

125.0 

110.0 
113.0 
121.0 
107.5 
121.0 
122.0 
104.5 
112.0 

280 

132 
148 
153 
200 
204 
210 
180 
180 

.51 

:45 

.48 
.42 
.43 
.41 
.41 

.43 

.04 
.42 
.45 
.28 
.43 

^51 
.41 

1.35 

.03 

!70 
.97 

L02 
.85 
.91 

1'::::;;::;;::;::: 

Average... 

211 

25.0 

114.0 

177 

.44 

.42 

.84 

168 
165 
173 
163 
162 
174 
100 

30.0 

28!  4 
17.8 

25:4 

121.5 
120.0 
127.0 
91.5 
101.0 
108.5 
104.0 

206 
224 
257 
72 
130 
167 
166 

0.35 
.41 
.46 
.40 
.46 
.30 
.45 

0.49 
.60 
.       .35 
.34 
.54 
.54 
.52 

1.22 
1.36 
1.49 
.44 
.80 
.96 
1.00 

23 

Average. .. 

107 

26.0 

110.  0 

174 

.42 

.47 

1.04 

140 


THE    WHITK    PINE. 


Table  VI. 

H.-WISCOXSIN-Continucil. 


eUh  of  imie  I'i 


itf  sample  Incs — Continued. 


Washburn  Cnnnly. 

rnwTi  sandy  loam,  niudium  line  srsiin,  loose,  de<>p,  frosh.  well  draiaeil,  with  abuu- 

"'<■  An  open  Rtand  of  hardwoods  (Ilock  Maple.  Yellow  Birch,  ami  scattering  BasB- 
h  11.  Tiil.iok,  and  occasional  Ked  Uak,  White  Birch,  and  Poplar),  in  which  White  Pine 
-il  111  \nrvinf:  proportions,  on  broken  land,  with  fre<inent  swamps  in  the  hollows; 
.\  111  ol  viiung  hardwoods.  Fir  and  Hornbeam,  and  few  Hemlock. 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TREES. 

Aae  class :  80  to  100  yearn. 


Tree  number. 

A/je. 

(l)reast 
hiKh). 

Height. 

Rings 
per  inch 

stump. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Fa^ctor 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
length 

of  crown 
to  total 

hoigbt  of 
tree. 

Curren 

annual 
tion. 

Tiou! 

rear». 
54 
62 
68 
90 

Inches. 
5.5 
6.0 
C.8 
6.8 

Feet. 
37 
40 
46 
38 

iVo. 

4.2 
5.5 
4.8 

0.52 
.53 
.48 
.50 

0.37 
.50 
.72 
.45 

Per  cent. 

Cubic/eel 

auM.Mt. 

.07 
.08 
.05 

Average... 

U8  5 

6.3 

40 

4.4 

.51 

.56 

.06 

82 

14.0 

81 

14.7 

83 

15.0 

15.0 

81 

19.0 

89 

82.5 

l(f.O 

1     26 

82 
81 

92 

11.8 
11.9 

H.r, 

81 
79 

6.6 
6.2 
5.7 
5.0 

30.5 
32.8 
39.7 

0.42 
.50 
.51 
.43 

0.40 
.37 
.33 
.54 

3.1 
4.0 

0.93 
1.22 
1.51 
1.43 

34 

Average... 

1 

84 

12.4 

84.5 

6.0 

33.3 

.46               .41 

3.8 

1.27 

.39 

6. 5  39. 7  0.  .50       .      0.  31  4. 3 


Age  class:  120  to  130  i 


121 
125 
125  - 
125 
119 

123 

20.2 
24.5 
26.5 
20.  3 
29.0 

91 
89 
9« 
105 
97 

95 

5.4 
4.0 
4.0 
4.1 
3.8 

4.3 

90.9 
131.8 
141.5 
176.8 
184.5 

145.1 

0.45 
.45 

.42 

0.50 
.58 
.46 

.!J3 
.57 

3.4 
2.9 

3.09 
3.82 
2.12 

£77 

0.75 
1.05 
1.13 
1.41 
1.55 

15     . 

16 

Average . . . 

25.3 

■"     i 

.53 

2.2 

2.93 

1.18 

Age  class:  220  to  230  yea; 

'  OROWTir. 


I35.. 

223 
223 

219 

30.5 
31.0 
35.3 
35.0 

116 
112 
124 

iia 

7.0 
7.0 
0.0 
6.0 

237.4 
246.  6 
322.2 
359.9 

0.40 

!40 
.45 

0.  .38 
..56 
.48 
.44 

0.8 
.6 

.5 

i.no 

1.48 
1.61 

2.  .52 

1.10 

10 

1.64 

Average . . . 

L. 

223 

33.0 

117 

6.5 

291.5 

.42 

.46 

.6 

1.88 

1.30     , 

TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


141 


Tahi.e  VI.— Jci-e  yields  of  While  I'ine  and  i 


tits  of  sample  trees — Contii 


-WISCONSIN-Coiiliuueil. 
(6)  SiTEi;.- 

Soil:  Loam,  generally  fresh,  sand  and  i 


Wasblniru  County, 
xed,  2to:iin.l,.-.n,"l 


Forest  conditions :  Two-story  stand,  upper  story  of  Wlnl 
cent),  second  story  of  Fir  (13  i)er  cent  and  hardwon 
White  and  Yellow  Bircb,  occasional  Oak  and  Elm,  H 
scanty,  of  young  hardwoods,  uneven  land  full  of  Ui 
inilines,  tlie  hollows  frequently  full  of  water. 

CtasHjicatian: 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Eed  Pine. 

Maple.                        1 

Number 

Diameter 
(breast 
Wgh). 

Height. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Feet. 
40 

80 

liole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

Inches. 
6  to  10 

12 

U 

15 
16 
17 
18 

fo 

23 
24 
25 
20 
27 
29 
31 
32 
33 
34 

Feet. 

80 

100 
120 

Ciibic/eet. 
30 
84 
34 
U7 
180 
260 
110 
325 
176 

525 
912 
492 
402 
438 
785 

■  1,014 
364 

I          627 

1  237 
251 

I  207 
506 

FectB.M. 

""it 
16 

17 
18 

20 
24 
25 
26 

Feet. 

80 
to 
120 

9 

10 
3 

l7Uhes. 
3  to   6 
OtolO 
10  to  14 

Birch. 

2 
3 

1 

3  to    6 

OtolO 

14 

16 

40 

00 

}          80 

Fir. 

16 
2 

3  to    6 
6  to  10 

40 

77  trees: 

13  trees: 

63  trees. 

Tot 

alfeetB.M 

41,000 

Tota 

lfeetB.M 

..  6,160 

Average  annual  accretion  :  Pine, 


MEASUREMENTS  CF  SAMPLE  TRI 
Ai/e  class:  220  to  230  years. 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diameter 
highK 

Height. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
length 

ot  crown 
to  total 

height  of 
tree. 

Vn3 
accre- 
tion. 

OnMcfeet. 
1.33 
1.55 
.70 
.78 
.28 
.71 
1.10 

Tl6*' 
222 
228 
220 
208 
220 
218 

Inches. 
31.8 
35.0 
24.8 
24.0 
15.0 
24.5 
29.0 

Feet. 
121.5 
123.5 
110.5 
100.0 
90.0 
107.5 
118.0 

Cuhi^et. 

344 
160 
150 
58 
157 
240 

0.43 
.42 
.41 
.49 

.50 
.45 

0.40 
.40 

.40 
.27 
.47 
.35 

Jj 

Average... 

219 

26.3 

112.0 

200 

.45 

.40 

.92 

Aye  class:  160  to  180  ; 


24.0 

119.0 

24.2 

114.0 

27.3 

122.0 

30.5 

114.0 

23.2 

110.5 

20.0 

112.0 

112  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

Tahi.k  VI. — .(ire  yitlds  of  II  liite  I'iiic  and  iiuusurementt  of  sami>lt 
B WISCONSIN-OonliimuU. 


Soil;  lied,  <-oiiip:l(:t  clav  (blJick  on  top),  well  <li-aiuc(1,  with  loal'v  surface  cover. 
Forest  condilimis :  A  mixed  stand  of  White  Piue  (50  per  cent),  Hemlocli  (30  per  rent),  and  liirib 
(20  per  ceut),  rolliuc  couutry. 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TREES. 

Age  elatt :  100  to  ISO  years. 


Tree  number. 

Diameter 
(breaiit 
liiKh). 

Ueight. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Tree  number. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

IncheB. 
21.0 
20.5 
36.5 

Feel. 
97 
97 
104 

105.8 
276.2 

0.48 
.48 
.37 

Inchei. 
36.5 

Feet. 
114 

Cu./t. 
308.5 

.38 

Average 

28.6 

103 

189.6 

.43 

24.0 
24.0 
27.0 
24.0 
25.0 
24.0 
24.0 
33.0 
34.0 
33.0 

117 

101 
104 

1?I 

'^ 
105 
136 

122.2 
137.7 
140.5 
136.  7 
140.1 
178.6 
180.7 
236.8 
249.0 
257.1 

0.33 

!35 
.42 
.47 

:1? 

.37 
.38 
.32 

40 

31.0 
35.0 
34.0 
35.0 
32.0 
36.0 
36.0 

132 
118 

140 
127 
157 

273.2 
287.7 
313.8 
311.4 
318.6 
283.  2 
365.8 

.40 

.36 

.37 

.34 

.41     1 

.35     1 

.33 

7'l 

88 

^J 

TC 

™ 

Average . . . 

30.0 

120 

231.3 

.38 

Age  clatt:   200  to  250  years. 


90 

25.0 
25.0 
22.0 

2.'-..0 
2.1.  0 
24.0 

27^0 

SKO 
29.0 
27.0 

3o!o 
35!  0 

29.0 
26.0 
26.0 
28.  5 
30.0 
31,0 
31.(1 
32.0 
31.11 
31.0 

32.  0 
31.  0 

3«;o 

38.0 
35.0 
35.0 

33.  0 
37.0 

34.0 

105 
111 
118 

97 
101 
115 
115 
106 
llil 
97 
97 
98 
126 
115 
127 
108 
135 
117 
117 
127 
l-JO 
94 
101 
136 
114 
121 
119 
122 
110 

137 
128 
128 
105 
101 
11» 
.    139 
104 

102.2 
105.2 
129.9 
136.0 
139.4 
151.7 
153.5 
173.5 
180.4 
181.5 
182.7 
185.6 
194.2 
194.6 
202.  0 
208.  0 
209.7 
215.  4 
216.6 
216.8 
217.2 
218.8 
220.  7 
221. 1 
223.5 

230:8 
233. 1 
237.0 
239.6 
243.2 
247.5 
248  2 
255.4 
250.8 
258.8 
260.1 
261.4 

0.29 
.28 
.42 
.41 
.40 
.42 
.42 
.41 
.31 
.36 
.41 
.48 
.39 
.34 
.36 
.29 
.34 
.50 
.50 
.38 
.34 
.44 
.42 
.29 
.37 
.36 
.35 

0.36 
.31 
.28 
.22 
.29 
.29 
.41 
.34 
.28 
.32 
.40 

75 

36.0 
33.5 
33.5 
29.0 
37.0 
32.0 
38.0 
35.0 
38.0 
35.0 
35.0 

51:  5 

103 
114 
115 
123 
110 
129 
123 
133 
149 
149 
148 

263.5 
267.8 
267.8 
277.3 
274.4 
286.  2 
290.5 
314.0 
315.7 
335.6 
339.8 
361.5 
634.8 

.36 

.38 
.38 
.48 
.33 

.30 
.35 

.34 

.41 

13 

89 

07 

35 

j7 

1 

Average 

8 

31.7 

20.0 
27.  0 
26  0 
27.0 
27.0 
30.0 
31.0 
34.0 
33.  0 
32.0 
32.  0 
32.0 
34.0 
36.0 
32.0 
36.  0 
34.0 
34.0 
35.  0 

119 

.  120 
119 
126 
152 
152 
126 
113 
129 
116 
137 
137 
108 
137 
120 
138 
135 
134 
134 
129 

235.5 

159.1 
164.6 
107.0 
188.3 
194.3 
207.  9 
227.1 
240.6 
250.9 
257.0 
263.0 
272.  3 
276.2 
279.6 
293.  4 
303.  6 
310.0 
321.  9 
341.6 

.36 

.;i4 

.35 

!31 
.32 
.34 
.38 
.30 
.37 
.34 
.34 
.4.'-) 
.32 
.31 
.38 

!:i7 

r|, 

69 

51 

52 

f  ) 

03 

56 

-" 

62 

II 

10 

29 

Average... 

4J 

77 

31.5 

130 

248.0 

.35 

Aye  clats:  liOO  tu  35U  years. 


gg 

31.0 
30.0 
30.0 
36.0 
33.0 
40.0 

115 
132 
120 
124 

III 

215.9 
219.8 
231.  D 
240.3 
290.2 
309.  4 

0..10 
.34 

:27 

.39 
.19 

15 

33.0 
36.0 
34.0 

136 
124 
146 

332.0 
237.0 
.380.4 

0  41     1 

53 

36 

Average... 

43 

34.3 

129 

273.6 

1 

TAKLES    OP    MEASUREMENTS. 


143 


Table  VI. — Acre  yields  of  White  I'ine  and  measnremenls  of  nample  trees — Continued. 


-PBNNSYLVAjSIA  : 
(1)  Site  d: 


Soil:  Kooky,  underlaid  by  s 


1-,  ..1   nl,Ll^      II     .1.1'         ihi..    - ;i  mixture  of  both  in  Ago  of  pino :  240  to  260  yean 

U'lilh  "1    I   i.      I     .  .1       Mil  3  inches  mold,  and  Density  of  crown  cover:  0 

aurel,  Green  Brier,  aiiii  in  ..|.iiiii.-     .-i...   I...1.  ..  .  i .  i.  ,  n.  ^l-du.  to  0.5;  openings  near  top  t 

Forest  rotiditums:  Hemlock  (BO  per  t^ciit)  iMl.riiiiM.i  uiih  w  I I'lni    u't  piT  cent),  scattering  slope. 

Mack  Birch  and  Yellow  Birch  and  ociaaicinal  Oak,  (.:hi»tiint,  ami    .Maple,  on  steep  slopes 

br.rdering  Hyner  Run  ;  undergrowth,  moderately  dense,  of  young  Hemlock  near  the  run  and  Number  of  trees  per  acre :  'Ji 

Birch  and  hardwoods  above  named  near  top  of  slope. 

YIELD  I'OR  THE  TWO  ACRES. 


White  Pine. 

Hemlock. 

Oak. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Volume. 

Number 

of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Bole. 

chautable 
timber. 

1 
2 

Inchei. 
10 
U 
13 
10 

23 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 

33 
34 
35 
39 
40 
41 
42 

Feel. 
SO 
80 
80 
130 
130 
130 
130 
135 
135 
135 
135 
135 
145 
145 
145 
145 
145 
145 
145 
145 
145 

Cu./t. 

j    ... 
(    » 

190 

1, 1185 

514 

915 

310 

1,170 

}     2,400 

960 

1- 

FeetB.M. 
432 

4,494 

1,000 
6,150 
2,780 

9,800 

5,  850 
2.000 
6,900 
14,  400 
5,600 

19,800 

10 
24 

Inches. 
3  to  6 

6  to  10 
11 
12 
13 
14 

\l 
17 
18 
19 

21 
22 
23 
25 
26 

■^ 

-^ 

Feet. 

80 
l(Jo 

3 

Inches. 
6  to  10 
10  to  14 

Feet. 

}  ^lo'° 

Birch. 

6 
10 

3  to  6 
6  to  10 
10  to  14 
14  to  18 

40 
to 
60 

Chestnut. 

3         6  to  10 
1       10  to  14 
1       14  to  18 

Is 

Maple. 

3 

3  to  6 
6  to  10 
10  to  14 

47  trees: 

.     6,836 
.  39,603 

146  trees: 

Tots'  <■"><"•  fen 

11  148 

Tota 

feet  B.  M 

Tot 

1  feet  B.  y 

' 

.  66,005 

'  264  feet  B.  M. 


MEASTJEEMENTS  OF   SAMPl 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

1?!!°" 

Rings 
pcr^iSch 

stump. 

Volume. 

Factor 
shape. 

Ratio  of 

length 

°tVto°tal' 

hcightof 

tree. 

Lumber 
product 
under 
present 

(percent 

"tota? 
volume 
of  stem). 

Tree. 

Mer. 
chantable 
timber. 

Years. 
194 
199 
197 
196 
199 
189 
186 
189 
197 
183 

Inches. 
26.0 
30.0 
26.5 
23.0 
29.0 
23.0 
22.0 
25.5 
26.0 
26.5 

Feet. 
116 
114 
105 
95 
103 
104 
104 
105 
101 

Feet. 
56 
56 
56 

40 
52 

54 
45 
50 
40 

!fo. 
6.6 

7!o 

6^3 

7!  8 
6.9 

7^2 

Cu.fi. 
170.8 
214.4 
183.3 
111. I 
220.6 
106.4 
128.  0 
176.1 
155.7 
151.2 

Feet  B.U. 
908 

1,273 
997 
490 

1,290 
534 
643 

791 

760 

0.40 

!45 
.40 
.40 
.35 
.46 
47 
.42 
.45  , 

0..-il 
.61 
.46 
.58 
.49 

!48 
.57 
.50 
.54 

45 
37 
48 

42 
42 

42 

12 

14 

16 

19 

Average . . . 

193 

26.0 

103 

51 

7.0 

162.0 

858 

.42 

.51 

43 

Age  class:  230  to  250  ye 


250 
242 

35!  0 

158 
150 

94     1 
82     , 

7.5 
6.2 

416.3 
376,  1 

IT. 

.'37 

0.40 
.45 

S3| 

50  ; 

Average . . . 

249 
201 

34.5 
40.0    1 

154 
129 

:| 

6.8 
5.0 

396.0 
401.7 

2,  460 
2,300 

.40 
.36 

.42 

.50 

51 

144 


IK    WHITI-:    PINE. 


•KN'NSYI.VAMA-L 


MEASIKEMKNT.S  OK  SAMPLE  TKUKS-t 
Aye  cios*:  2U0  to  250  years. 

CODOMINANT  OKOWTB. 


Tr. 

e  uuiiibur. 

Age. 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Height  t(. 
ImSeol- 
crowu. 

per  inch 
stumii. 

Volume. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
length 

of  crown 
to  total 

height  of 

5r 

present 
practice 

vSie 
of  8t<:m). 

Tree. 

Mor. 
chantablo 
timber. 

o;:;;;;::::;;:::: 

Year: 
245 
232 
25e 

Inches. 
28.5 
23.0 
23.5 

Feel. 
132 
132 
141 

Feet. 
94 
78 
9U 

No. 
7.0 
9.3 
10.1 

160.6 
192.7 

FeetB.it. 
1,066 

0.44 
.42 
.45 

0.29 
.41 
..12 

51 
39 
40 

5 

Average . . . 

244 

229 
234 
(f) 
231 
229 

25.0 

25.0 

28: 0 
27.0 
SO.O 

135 

120 
116 
124 
110 
120 

60 
60 
72 
00 
52 

8.8 

7.1 
9.3 

7.8 
7.7 

203.0 

197.6 
160.4 
224.2 
190.2 
268.0 

1,138 

1.100 
888 
1,348 
1,070 
1,  53.0 

.44 

.48 
.48 
.42 
43 
.45 

.34 

.50 
.48 
.42 
.45 
.56 

45 

46 
46 
50 
47 
48 

I 

AveragB . . . 

231 

26.5 

.18 

61 

8.0 

208.0 

1,188 

.45 

.48 

47 

Soil;  Yellow  chiyoy  loam  of  mwlii 


[1    Ircsli,  well  drained,  with  2  Age  of  pine 

III,   I'ealierries,  and  scattering  Density  of  < 

l.iMiinated  shale  of  indefinite  in  places, 

rjs  per  cent),  with  occasional  Number  of  I 
i;i  toward  southwest,  bordered 
1  y  ilense,  of  very  young  Beech, 


240  to  260  years. 


AUKE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Hemlock. 

Maple. 

Number 
of  trees. 

1 

volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

'h%T 

Height. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Bole. 

timber. 

Jncliee. 
15 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
34 
40 

45 

Fett. 
120 
120 
130 
130 
130 
130 
130 
130 
130 
135 
135 
135 
135 

Cubu/eet. 
}         360 

1,370 

}        570 
651 
257 

Feet  B.M. 
1,360 

0,420 

3,000 

6,600 

TisOO 

2,  300 
4,800 
3,300 

3,  300 
4,400 

Inchet. 
6  to  10 
10  to  14 
14 
15 
10 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
2.^) 
20 
27 
28 

30 

Feet. 

80 
to 
100 

I 

6  to  10 
UtolS 

Feet. 
}«to00 

Beech. 

2 

10  to  14     l)           .,, 
UtolS     1}           5" 

Birch. 

145           1,220 
145              390 

145  800 

146  1          511 
145     [          611 
145              638 

i 

6  to  10 
10  to  14 

1     " 

37  trees : 

St'?ieW 

.     9,028 
.  52:260 

95  trees: 

Total  cubic  foe 
Total  font  R  M 

90, 103 

nual  accretion:  All  t 


360  foot  B.  M. 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENT!^ 


145 


Taui.e  VI.— Jcre  yirlds  of   llliitc  1 
.•ENNSYLVAXLV-Coutiuiied. 


;  measiireiiieiil.f  uf  xatiiple  trcen — Cn 
MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TUEES. 


■iveL-  number. 

A|,'e. 

Dia.neler 

(breast 
higb). 

Height. 

"£?" 

Volume. 

Kaetor 
of 

Ratio  of 
length 

of  crown 
to  total 

height  of 

Lumber 
product 
under 
present 
practice 

'SdTf* 

total 
volume 
of  stem). 

RillKS 
per  inch 

on 
stump. 

Tree. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

Tean. 
260 
260 
259 
241 
244 
262 
265 
250 
266 
245 
248 
259 
262 
263 
241 
261 

Inches. 
35.5 
36.0 
32.0 
32.0 
33.0 
28.0 
39.  U 
34.0 
44.0 
34.0 
34.0 
33.0 

r. 
31.5 
37.0 

Feel. 
158 
157 
152 

150 
146 
150 
153 
150 
144 
146 
142 
133 
146 
114 

146 

Feet. 
90 
90 
84 
62 

88* 
88 
78 
100 
92 
90 

90 
82 
88 
106 

6 

481.3 
396.0 
347.7 
365.9 

lltl 
402.  4 
638.4 
366.7 
373.4 
304.5 
369.2 
275.2 
307.7 
482.  9 

2,  079 
2,384 
1,648 
3,318 
2,397 
4,388 
2,248 
2,318 
1.770 
2,220 
1,458 
1,853 
2.970 

0.40 
.43 
.46 

'42 
.43 

!42 
.42 
.40 
.42 
.40 
.42 
.36 
.42 
.44 

0.43 
.42 

!.59 
.34 
.43 
.42 

;3o 

.37 

131 
.38 
.43 
.34 
.27 

58 
69 
55 
50 
54 
47 
54 
49 
57 
51 
51 
48 
50 
44 
50 
50 

J 

37 

Average . . . 

255     1            34 

1 

147 

88 

7.0 

390.0 

2,507 

.41 

.39 

52 

CODOMINANT  (iKOWTH. 


28 

25 

262 
244 
245 
246 
264 
264 
262 
235 
230 
244 

LI 

262 
235 

IT. 

259 
264 
262 
261 

28.  5 
28.5 
25.0 
31.0 
29.0 
29.0 
29.0 
29.0 
32.0 
30.0 
23.0 
25.0 
26.0 
24.5 

26:  0 
26.5 

25:5 
20.0 

138 
138 
130 
130 
140 

152 
142 
142 
141 
147 
139 
136 
124 
128 
130 

141 
132 
142 

75 
107 
84 
82 
100 
110 
112 
86 
84 
81 
93 
98 
98 
93 
108 
98 
90 
84 
88 
99 

9.8 
7.7 
9.3 
7.3 
8.4 
8.5 
9.5 

264.3 
298. 1 
192.1 
310.3 
300.4 
291.4 
302.8 
248.6 
287.7 
305.3 
200.0 
217.1 
257.2 

214:1 

1^:1 

276.  5 
191.8 
239.9 

1,551             0 

1,954 

1,102 

1,731     1 

1,905 

1.631 

1,854 

1,318 

l:§t? 

1,048 

i;389 

815 
1,183 
1,021 
1,336 
1,577 

863 
1,  322 

49 
43 
45 
47 
45 
40 

30 
44 
48 
46 
51 
40 
49 
40 

46 
41 
40 

0.45 
.22 
.35 
.37 

■i 
'.39 

.41 

!37 
.30 
.28 

:?^ 

.28 
.32 
.40 
.33 
.30 

49 
54 

48 
46 
52 
47 
51 
44 
48 
53 
42 
47 
45 
41 
46 

47 
37 
40 

5 

, ; 

7.5 
9.6 

9.3 
9.2 
9.2 

9.1 

31 

32 

Average . . . 

2.53 

27 

138 

93 

9.0 

•250.  0 

1,421 

44 

.32 

47 

S:::::::::::::::: 

39 

40 

259            in.O              132    !            94 
2611             23.0                137     '            96 
2.)8             20,5               123                109 
261              16.5               120                 82 

11.6  138.8               683             0.53 
11.1     1       189.6               987               .48 
13.0    1       130.9               558               .40 

13.7  89.6     1          339     j           .50 

0.29 
.30 

.11 
.31 

41     1 
43 
35 
31 

1               Average... 

259     ;         20.0     ,           128                 95 

12.3     1       137.0     j           642     [           .49     |           .25 

_3_^ 

20:i33-]sro.  22- 


14G 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


Tahi.h  Vl.—Acrciiuldxo/  Ulnlv  /'i 


'I  In  iif  sample  trt-i 


-PENNSYLVAM  A- 

(3)  Site*. 


(;learlield  Ouiiiitv 
I  l.aoo  to  1,500  feet  above  8 


,  level.] 


Sail:  yellow  <  Invoy  loam,  of  medium  grain,  wrtli  fiiio  slialeu,  ileop,  fresh,  well  diaiiieil,  wi 

3  )iielieH  mold  on  top,  and  giirfaeo  cover  of  scanty  leaves,  Kern,  Dogwood,  and  ISlackli 

i^ubsoil,  liiniinaled  shale  of  indefinite  depth. 
Forest  coiidilwim:  Hemlock  (47  per  cent)  and  White  I'im^  r30  per  cent)  with  scatterinj-  lieei 

occasional  lUack  Itirch  (liardwoods  23  per  cent) ;  uM<lergrowtli  scanty,  of  young  Beech 

few  Black  Birch  aad  Bosswood. 

ACRE  YIELD. 


Age  of  pine:  240  t 

Densilv  of  crown 

to  0.7:  lu  place 


White  Pino. 

Hemlock. 

Beech. 

Volume. 

1 

j 

Numhor 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Ueight. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast      Height, 
high). 

1     Mer- 
Bole.      ehantahle 
1  timber. 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Cubic/nl.'FeelH.M. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Inches.  !     Feet. 

20 

130             137 

U42 

7 

1                   1 

22 
23 
24 
20 

130              137 
130      1         ,„„ 

130    ;      380 

135               514 

642 

2,000 
2,780 

{ 

9 
11 
10 

17 

Black  Birch. 

80 

31 

145               915 

5.850 

S 

145           1,500 

!l.200 

20 

100 

35 

It      }        »'"' 

0.400 

2 

23 
24 

40 
41 

!«  }  i."=2 

0,000 

I 

25 
26 
27 
28 
33 

55  trees: 

Total  lect  15.  M 43.480 

Total  feet B.  M 08,900 

A  vcraije  annual 


Ji'U'erson  County. 
)  1.800  feet  above  sea  1 


Number  of  trees;  155. 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pino. 

Beech. 

Maple. 

Hemlock. 

Num. 
h.T  of 

Diam- 
eter 

high). 

Height. 

Volume. 

bcrof 

Diameter  1 
(breast    Height, 
high). 

be'™]' 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Num. 
her  of 

trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Mor- 
Bole,    vhuntablo 
tin,ber. 

} 

1 

1 

Inches. 
12 
17 
ID 
23 
24J 

44 

Feet. 
90 
09 
102 
122 
120 

70.2 

no.  3 

152.3 
174.9 

Feetn.M 

120 

230 

380 

056 

820 

1,682 

1,425 

2,005 

5,755 

3]  056 

Inches.        Feet. 

u  !  ^!",,S  1  « 

It     iSlolJ        i'- 

,      |.«,„24      I      "" 

5 
9 

2 
3 

Inches. 

GlulO 
10  to  14 
14  to  18 
18  to  24 

Feet. 
1      50 

5 
15 
4 
3 
7 
3 

lynches. 

0  to  10 
10  1O14 

over  30 

Feet. 

to 
80 

100 

136     !  300.0 
140       278.2 
140       401.2 
147        949.4 

While  Oak. 

Chestnut. 

4     ,  14  to  18      ) 

7       18  to  24            80 

6     '24t«30      1 

2 

3  to    6 

is 

11  trees: 

.     2,93!) 
.   10,741 

144  tr 
T 



TABLES    OP    MEASUREMENTS. 


147 


TAliLH  VI. — Acra  yifkh  of  IVhite  Pine  and  measurements  of  «iniiple  frees — Coutinuctl. 
'ENNSYLVANIA-Contiuucd. 


MEAStTUEMEN'l 


LVMPLE  TKEES. 


A{!«. 

Diameter 
(breast 
hi-h). 

Height. 

Hoigbtto 
base  of 

Kings 
per  iiicb 

stump. 

Volume. 

Factor 

of 
sbi.pe. 

0.43 
.40 
.44 
.37 

:li 

llatio  of 
longtb 

ofcnnvii 
to  tottil 

lieigbt  of 
tree. 

T.,Mnber 

IMTOOIlt 

"I'lsodo"^ 

total 
vohnuo 
of  stem). 

Tree. 

Mer- 
cliau  table 
timber. 

1 

Yean. 
228 
239 

2:14 

240 
23U 
239 

Inches. 
30.5 
40.0 
37.0 
31.5 
37.0 
35.5 

Feet. 
136 
138 
140 
140 
148 
140 

141 

Feet. 
80 
80 
72 
86 
90 
80 

No. 
5.6 
5.0 
5.4 
9.8 
6.1 
0.1 

Cubicfeet. 
300.  0 
487.1 
482.8 
278.2 
466.  0 
401.2 

Feet  I).  M. 
1,682 
3,056 
2,626 
1,425 
3,120 
2,605 

^42 
.51 
.39 
.35 
.43 

47 
62 
45 
42 
56 
54 

Average... 

230 

82 

6.4 

403.0 

2,420 

.41 

.42- 

. 

OPPUES.SED   OUOWTH. 


1    7 

235 
238 

?..l\ 

122 
126 

86 
92 

9.3 

152.  3 
174.9 

656 
820 

0.43 
.42 

0.29 
.27 

r,    1 

8                        -    -- 

Average... 

1 

236     1 

23.5     j 

124 

89 

9.0 

,63.0 

738- 

.42 

.23 

35     , 

1    9 

}";io"{ 

19 
17 

102 

50 
80 

(?)                90.3 
(0                70.2 

386             0  44             n  51                 35 

236     1           .44     i           .19     !            28     1 

1               Averaire 

18 

100 

65 

1 

1           .41     1           ...     1             ..I     1 

nii.  k:  Jefleraou  County. 

[1.500  to  1,600  feet  above  sea  level.] 
Soil:  KwUlish-brown  clayey  luain,  deep,  fresb,  ami  drained  by  Windfall  Kun. 
Forest  cundilions :  White  I'iiie,  with  Hemlock  and  occasional  hardwoods;  IJeTiilock  comjiaralively 
uiuall,  actliiy  as  au  underwood,  giving  ample  sbado  to  the  stems  of  tbu  White  Pine. 

MEASUKEMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TREES. 


Age. 

(breast 
higb). 

Height. 

Height  to 
base  of 

Rings 
liei-^meb 

stumii. 

Volume. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Eatioof 

ol^rfi'n 
to  total 
height  of 

Lumber 
product 
under 
present 
practice 

Tcf^o"' 

total 
volume 
of  stem). 

Tn^.-  number. 

Tree. 

iter, 
cbautablo 
timber. 

rears. 
247 

2:!3 
227 
342 
230 
240 
236 

Inches. 
32.5 
3.^  0 
32.5 
32.5 
34.0 

■i\.a 

35!  0 
34.5 
32.5 

Feet. 
140 
176 
142 
158 
148 

\t 
142 
153 
158 
1.52 
158 

Feet. 
06 

96 
96 
96 

90 
88 
100 
112 
90 
92 

iVo. 
6.3 
7.3 
6.2 
8.2 
6.2 

eia 

6.6 

7.2 
0.2 
6.2 
5.8 

CbUfeet 

499  2 
359.7 
380.  3 
382.4 

322.  2 

323.  4 

335;  5 
485.  3 
396.8 
387.9 

Feet  B.M. 
2.  221 
3.003 
2.053 
2.244 
2,230 
1,832 
2,404 
1,.391 
1.985 
2.795 
2,312 
2.243 

0.47 
!42 

Uo 

.42 
.38 
.39 
.40 
.45 
.42 

0.34 

:| 

!38 
.34 
.29 
.41 
.41 

40 

50 
48 
48 
49 
47 

45 
46 

48 

1-1 

i:i 

l.'i 

22 

Average... 

238 

32.5               152 

95 

0,7 

378.0 

2,  231 

.43 

.37 

49 

148 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


YIELD    OF    SECOND-GROW^TH    WHITE    PINE,  WITH    MEASUREMENTS    OF    YOUNG    PINE 
TAKEN  FOR  ANALYSIS. 

The  yield  of  sucouil-growth  White  Pine  un  selected  .sample  areas  in  the  States  named  is 
shown  in  the  following  notes  and  tabulations,  which  also  give,  for  illustration,  the  number  of  trees, 
volume,  and  average  annual  accretion  of  pine,  the  soil,  forest  conditions,  acre  yields,  and  measure- 
ments of  sample  young  pines  taken  for  analysis: 


■1(8  0/  i/uiiiiij  piiic  taken  fo 


Taiile  VII.— Jcre //ieW»  of  accond-ijrowlh  White  I'iiie,  with  n 

•KXNSYI.V.VNIA: 

(1)  Site  f:  Luzorne  Couuty. 

[1,400  to  1,500  feet  above  sc 

Half  acre  No.  1. 

Soil:  D.irk-brown  loamy  sand,  medium  grain,  with  pebble 

drained  by  IJenr  Creek  and  a  number  of  other  small  st 

i'aeo  cnvrr  of  abundant  leaves  and  seanty  fern. 
/■.!;,»/ ...,„/,(i,:/..>    Wl.ii.    I'liii,  mixed  with  Maple,  Beech,  Hemlock,  and  scattering  Yellow  and 

w  liii.    1.11,  h    w  lit.     in. I  itid  Oak.  and  occasional  Black  Cherry,  in  a  valley  sloping  toward 

.....iiiIum  -I  ami  l,(iT(l(  1..I  ..II  iill  sides  by  hills  over  300  feet  above  station  i  undergrowth  moder- 

atul.i  a.  usi ,  ol  .^  ..uii,^  lluinlock.  Beech,  Maple,  Birch.' 

HALF-ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Height. 

Bole. 

Mer 
chantable 

timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Cubicfect 

Feetli.M. 

6 

50 

7 

50 

12 

10 

50 

115 

10 

50 

OU 

12 

00 

150 

170 

16 

184 

17 

80 

45« 

IS 
19 

20 

80 
80 
80 

ins 

270 

80 

I         750 

2 

23 

80 

) 

80  trees: 

Total  feet  B.  M 

14,006 

,  41  cubic  feet. 


Table  VII.— ./ere  ijields  of  i 
A.— PENNSYLVANIA-Coiit 


TABLES    OF    MEASITREMENTS.  149 

i-lh  Whiti-  Pini,  with  measurements  of  i/oimij  pine  taken  for  aim/.i/sis— Continued. 
Ualf  ncr,'  Xo.  :. 


'  Crock,     Ago  of  pino:  60  to  80  i 


1.5  to 


Numborof  trees:  232. 


HALF-ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pino. 

yol„n,e. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 

Height. 

1      Mer.     ' 

high). 

Bole.     Ichantablo 

timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

CiMc/eet 

FeetB.M. 

C 

50 

5C 

50 

114 

JO 

115 

14 

50 

210 

60 

60 

200 

CO 

10 

6I] 

80 

176 

184 

14 

80 

708 

22 

80 

1,050 

24 

25 

80 

154  trees: 

Total  cnbic  foe 

t 

5,0^6 

Total  feet  B.  M 

24,173 

■ticin:  Wliite  Pine,  72  cubic  feet. 

MEASUUEMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  YODKG  PINE  TREES. 


ainly  White  Oak  and 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Di.imotor 
h'igi," 

Height. 

Height  to 
base  of 

Rings 
per  inch 

.stnmp. 

Volume. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
length 

of  crown 
to  total 

height  of 

Lumber 
-nmSer' 

total 
of  stem). 

Tree. 

Mer- 
cliantablo 

Tears. 
123 

132 
134 
128 

inct^s. 
29.0 
20.0 
22.0 
31.0 

Feet. 
84 
81 
81 
90 

Fei-t. 
34 
20 
10 
20 

.Vo. 
.3.5 
5.7 
5.7 
3.8 

CuKc/eet 

78.1 
81.6 
193.8 

Feetli.M. 
027 
369 
369 
935 

0.36 

!,38 
.41 

0.60 
.75 
.80 
.77 

37 

a  38 
40 

Average. .. 

129 

25.5 

84 

22               4.7 

124.0 

575     I           .40     ,           .73 

38 

I  Oppressed  for  the  last  forty  years. 


i:o 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


ere  yieldii  iif  sicond-gronth   U'liilr  I'l 


tf  yniiiKj  pine  taken  for  nnuhjuis — Continued 


I  loose,  I'rcsh,  ileep, 


A.-PENXSYI.VANIA-Continuod. 

iioU:  KpilillAli-brown  Anndy  loam 

of  abnniiant  leaves. 
I'orent  cmidiliorui:  Ilarilwoods— mainly   Hunch.  Oak,  Maple,   Chostntit,  a 
White  Pnie,  PiteU  l*inG,  Hemlock,  and  occasional  Spruce. 

MKASUUEMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  TOUNO 

DOMINANT  OnOWTH. 


id  Birch-mixe< 
I'lNE  TREES. 


Tree  number. 

Arc. 

Diameter 
(breast 
bigh). 

Ueight. 

Height  to 
base  or 

Kings 
per  inch 

stump. 

Volume. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Katioof 

oSwn 

to^tota" 

height  of 

tree. 

Lumber 
product 
under 
present 
praclue 

'Sse-rof' 

total 
volume 

Tree. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

rrar». 
163 

98 

92 

97 

Inches. 
2D 

Its 
31.0 
19.5 

r<-<-t. 

116 

84 
73 
97 
70 

Feet. 
50 

32 

32 
20 

No. 
5.0 

3.5 
4.3 
2.5 
4.3 

121.2 
76.1 

210.0 
67.0 

Feet  P.  St. 
947 

530 
,'i60 
976 
363 

0.36 

!41 
.42 

0.57 

.62 

^67 
.66 

40 

30 
40 
40 
45 

J 

Average . . . 

96 

24.0 

82 

30 

3.5           118.0               557 

.43 

.63 

40 

.Soil:  Froflh  sand,  well  drainctl. 
rarest  CfmdUwns:  A  young  Wliite  I 
ing  iKirdwoods. 


,  ITpniloek,  and  f 


Volume. 

Lumber 

-unr 

E.ltio  of 

Rings 

length 
of  crown 

pres,nt 

Tree  number. 

Ago. 

(breast 
higli). 

Height. 

base  of 

•  Mer- 

EB 

crown. 

stump. 

Tree. 

height  of 

tree. 

total 
volume 
of  stem). 

Tean:. 

Inchct. 

Fret. 

Feet. 

No. 

Oubio/eer 

Fetin.M. 

54 

28.7 

14.5 

58 

20 

2.7 

31.4 

144 

38 

8.5 

50 

20 

4.8 

9.5 

43 

.48 

.00 

36 

47 

8.0 

32 

.45 

.61 

37 

52 

.60 

49 

11.5 

46 

18 

:i.6 

15.7 

69 

.01 

31 

52 

9.5 

63 

.46 

.00 

33 

.53 

27 

54 

10.0 

56 

18 

4.3 

14.7 

59 

.48 

.68 

33 

Average 

,53 

10.5 

52 

19 

4.2 

16.0 

65 

.47 

.04 

33 

I  feet  above  sea  level.) 

iwn.yellowisb  coarse  grain  full  of  8ha".«s,     Age  of  pine:  120  to  130; 

naves.  Density  of  crown  covei 

ind  Chestnut  Oali,  with  scattering  White       (scattered). 

ine  (3),  and  Norway  Pine  (2),  on  a  sleep  hill 

dense,  of  young  hardwoods  of  same  species 


ACRE  YIELD. 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


151 


Taulk  VU.—Ar-re  yields  nf  xcconA-ijrowlh  While  Pine,  irith  measiiremcnls  of  i/oiing  pine  (akin  fur  analysis— Contiu 
A.-l«ENNSYLVANIA-C-..iilinno(l. 

MEASITREMENTS  OP  SAMPLE  YOnN"G  PINE  TREES. 


Vol 

ime. 

Lumber 
product 

Ratio  or 

under 

Diameter 

Height  to 
bale  of 

per  inch 

Factor 

length  of 

present 

Trco  number. 

(briMst 

neight. 

crown 

practice 

high). 

stump. 

Tree. 

Chan  table 
timber. 

shape. 

height  of 
tree. 

used  of 

total 
volume 
of  stem). 

Tear>. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

No. 

Feet  n.M. 

40 

4.8 

88.6 

404 

6.47 

0.48 

39 

I 

86 

5.4 

115.8 

483 

4'' 

.67 

34 

124 

22.0 

87 

34 

5.5 

99.0 

432 

43 

61 

i 

116 

18.5 

79 

36 

0.2 

63.9 

122 

19.5 

85 

li 

(?) 

24.5 

83 

124.5 

068 

44 

94.5 

429 

0.4 

127 

19.5 

88 

40 

i.l 

92.0 

:54 

10 

122 

15.0 

70 

3G 

7.1 

46.2 

161 

49 

.52 

11 

17.0 

84 

36 

6.9 

ATerase... 

(?) 

38 

78.0 

293 

45 

.50 

37 

123 

20 

83 

37 

6.0 

84.0 

383 

.45 

.55 

Birch  aud  Hemlock.' 


Clearfield  County. 
[1,200  to  1,500  feet  above  sea  level.] 
ilr,  |i,  fresh,  well  drained  (three  small 
1 "  :t  inches  mold  on  top,  surface  cove 
r.lackberrj',  and  Dogwood;    sulisoi 


s  the     Age  of  liino :  25  to  35  j 
shale    Density  of  crown  co\ 


iiiii  I'm.  iiuri  mixed  with  young  hardwoods  in  hollow  extending  north 
i>n  I  lid  wi-»t  liy  liill  over  2  feet  .above  station:  undergrowth  dense,  of 
hardwoods,  mainly  Black  Birch,  Maple,  and  Beech,  and  few  White 

ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

volume. 

Bole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

154 
41 
54 
34 

Inches. 
Under  3 
3  to  5 
OtolO 
10  to  14 
14  to  18 

Feet. 

Onbicfeet. 

6i:5 

432.0 
612.  0 
42.0 

FeetB.M. 

16  to  37 
40  to  47 
42  to  50 

285trec^ 

ienbicfe 

Average  annual 


Kin.-iU:  Ironwooil,  2  small;  Ctiestuut,  2  small;  Willow,  10  small;  liemluck,  50  small. 


152 


THR    WHITE    PINE. 


Taulk  VII. — AiTi   ijiiUh  of  wfund-ijioiilli   ll'liitc  I'iiic,  with  meanuri:menl«  of  t/ounij  pi)i 
A.— PKNNSYI,\'AXIA— Coutiimed. 

MKASrUEMEXTS  OF  SAMPI.K  YOlNd  PINK  TUEE.S. 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Height  to 
base  of 
crown. 

Rings 
per  incli 

stump. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Katio  of 
length 

"to^tota" 

(Might  of 

Teart. 
33 
36 
35 
34 

Jnches. 
13.5 
14.0 
12.5 
13.5 

Feet. 
43.8 
47.0 
4!).0 
43.0 

Feet. 
11.0 
14.0 
18.5 
12.0 

No. 
1.0 
1.9 
2.1 
1.9 

Ou^eft. 

20.9 
18.8 
18.1 

^45 
.42 

0.75 

.70    1 

Average... 

34 

1.3.4 

46.0 

14.0 

1.9 

19.7               .44 

.70 

CODOMINAKT  GROWTH. 

U 

32     !         1.  9- 

42.5 
47.0 
45.0 
41.8 
41.5 

19.5 
28.0 
28.0 
22.5 
14.8 

1.7 
2.5 

3.b 
3.9 

12.  C 
10.9 
7.7 
C.7 
6.2 

U.45 
.47 
.48 
.45 
.47 

^ 

„ 

31 
34 
34 
34 

9.5 
8.0 
8.0 
7.2 

40 
38 
46 

7 

Average... 

33 

8.8 

43.0 

22.0 

2.9 

8.6 

.46     1           .48 

OPPRESSED  OROWTH. 

3. 
33 
29 

6.0 
5.2 
5.0 

3.8 
4.7 
4.3 

4.0 

2.8 
2.1 

0.51 
.55 
.48 

,, 

8 

37.0 
32.5 

21.5 
14.0 

.42 
.57 

Average... 

31 

5.4 

36.0 

20.0 

4.3 

3.0               .51 

..-.".I 

SUPPRESSED  UHOWTH. 


s.. 

2.. 
.3-. 

Average . . . 

27 
30 

24 

3.0 
3.3 
3.1 

27.0 
23.5 
27.8 

13.0 
9.0 
14.0 

7.0 
7.1) 

0.7 
.7 
.6 

0.53 
!47 

0.51 
.61 
.49 

3.1 
3.0 
2.5 

26.0 
16.0 
24.0 

12.0 
16.0 
7.0 

7.4 
4.8 
5.9 

.7              .48 

.1!     :^? 

.54 
1.00 

4.. 

Average  . . . 

23 

2.7 

20.0 

11.0 

6.3 

.3     j           .50 

.85 

Forest  County. 


A'oil :  Yellowiflh-hrown  clayey  loam,  witli  ^ 
and  on  tlic  west  by  Hickory  Crceli,  ::  i 
and  Fern;  subsoil,  limiinatcd  shale  of  ji 

Forest  conditions:  Young  Wliito  Pine  inlu 
soutliwcHt;    undergrowth 


>ovesealevnl.J 

1  rained  on  nouth  by  licaver  Creek    Age  of  pine:  40  t 
III  top,  and  surface  cover  of  leaves    Uensity  of  crow 
(in  places  thick  i 
Iwoods  and  occasionn!  Hemlock  (Ui       .ma    in  other 
3ung  Hemliiik,  ISin-li,  H.-fcli.  » 


>  50  years. 
1  cover:  0.8 
nd  crowded, 
d.ieea  open- 


liber  of  trej>s:  (.'). 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Diameter 
(breast 

Voiume. 

Height. 

Mer- 

high). 

tiniber. 

Inches. 

Feel. 

Cubic/i-et. 

FeetB.M. 

144  { 

3  and 
under 

1 

49 

5 

46 

34 

572 

23 

) 

24 

54 

28 

9 

54 

21 

.54 

J 

12 

U 

58 

1 

12 

58 
58 

1        30. 

14- 
15 

61 
61 

}           56 

TS-1-248  small;  lieech, .--lO+lOO  small;  Maple, 46+108  small;  Oak  (Whiteand 
II;  Yellow  liireh,  1)0+ 189  small;  IronwooU,  13+100  small;  Black  Cherry, 
.Vspcu,  Uuttornut,  and  ^Vate^beecb. 


Table  VII. — Acre  i/hldn  of  sccond-'jroioth  White  Pine,  with  measu 

A.-PENNSYLVA>'IA-Contiiiueil. 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE    YOUNd  PINE 
DOMINANT  OROWTH. 


TABLES   OP   MEASUREMENTS.  153 

Is  of  yoiintj  pine  taken  for  analysis — Continued. 


X..  „„„„... 

Ago. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Height  to 
crown. 

Eing.s 
por  inch 

stamp. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 

oS'^n 
to  total 

-•JS." 

3 

Tears. 
46 

44 

47 
47 
45 
47 
47 
48 
47 

Inches. 
12.0 
11.5 
12.5 
11.0 
11.5 
11.0 
10.5 
10.0 
10.5 
11.0 

Feet. 
00.  0 
58.5 
55.0 
59.0 
06.0 
58.5 
60.0 
59.0 
68.0 
55.0 

Feet^. 

20 
18 
30 
28 
28 
34 
.32 
30 
28 

jVo. 
3.5 
3.4 
3.4 
3.3 
3.3 

i:? 

3.3 
3.6 
3.1 

Cubic  ft. 

20'0 
19.4 
18.7 
18.3 
17.9 
17.3 
16.4 
16.3 
15.4 

0.43 

;4i 

.48 
.45 
.49 
.48 
.51 
.40 
.42 

0.62 
.55 
.67 
.49 
.50 
.52 
.43 
.46 
.48 
.49 

5 

Average . . . 
7 

4G 

47 
46 

11.11 

14.0 
14.0 

58.0 

64.0 
58.0 

28 

34 

22 

3.3 
11 

18.0 

29.6 
26.9 

.45 

.43 
.43 

.52 

.47 
.62 

15 

Average  - . . 

40             14.0 

61.0 

28 

3.0 

28.2     1          .43 

.54 

18 

43 
43 

46 
45 
44 
45 
45 
43 
47 
44 

5 

56.0 
52.5 
.53.0 
58.0 
58.0 
46.0 
50.0 
54.0 

5o!o 

28 
30 
28 
30 
32 
23 
30 
28 
20 
36 

13.9             0 

13.9 

13.7 

J3.1 

12.9 

11.4 

10.0 

9.6 

9.2 

8.6 

50             0 

48 

47 

46 

47 

46 

51 

51 

44 

50 
43 

48 
44 
59 
40 

53 

IC 

0 

5 

0 
5 

0 

11 

17 

J 

Average . . . 

44 

9.0 

54.0 

28 

4.4 

11.5 

48 

49 

OPPRESSED  OEOWTH. 


27 

20 

25 

;:;;;;  1 

7.5 
7.0 
7.5 
5.0 
5.5 

48 

fe 

45 
46 

22 
30 
30 
28 
38 

5.0 
5.0 
5.2 
6.9 
6.8 

7.9 
6.6 
6.1 

3!  6 

0.54 
.53 
.43 

.50 

.47 

0.54     1 
.34 
.35 

23 

Avera 

44 

.17 

ge...        43 

6.5 

46 

30 

5.8 

5.4 

.49 

.35     1 

154  THE    WHITE   PINE. 

Taim.k  VII. — Ji-rr  i/ielih  of  second-groirih  ll'liite  I'int,  with  meaaiinmenln  of  i/oiinij  jiine  Inki'n  for  anahjs'it — Continued. 

B.-MAIXK: 

(1)  SiTBa:  York  County.  Sample  .in^i :  One  h.all' .icre. 

Soil:  (ii-ay 'tr  lirn^-n  ftr-r-   In.im v  *^rtn.!   i(«-.-m   VirMt,   2  to  3  inclios  mold  on  top  and  leafy  surlacp    Aye  of  pine:  90  to  100  yearfl. 

cover,";iii''  '  I  I     i.m.d.lv   ~..fn.    h.i  IhI.i-   sinl.i.r.  Density  of  crown  cover;  0.5. 

Forest  cottili' a   ii-    Imu         iii    ■  ii-;ii,j    I :.,  I  oak  and  White  Oak  and  occasional  Norway 

I>ineoii:il<       i     n::<!    I    !>.    '     [ I'    ;i:.        hii^r   of  Small  Honilock  and  Buecll  and  uunierous 

small  M:ii.i.    nil  I  111  Nnmberof  trees:  118. 

Clamifirali.m:  White  Pine. 

liimiimiiit percent..        26 

Coilominant do....        40 

Oppressed do....  18 

Siii>pre3aod do 16 

HALF  ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine.                                 | 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

Volume.           1 

Number 
of  trees. 

Height. 

Bole.     Lha"„?^b,J 

1  timber. 

Inches. 

Fen. 

Cubie/eet}  Feet  a.m. 

10 

75 

42 

75 

192 

12 

75 

233 

120 

85 
75 

322 
154 

332 

l,"-. 

85 

384 

10 

85 

85 

18 

85 

690 

19 

85 

1,  323 

20 

85 

22 

534 

23 

85 

060 

95 

250 

25 

95 

280 

2G 

95 

560 

118  tree 

i- 

Tot 

il  cubic  feet 

7,383 

MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  YOUNG   PINE  Tl 
Afje  clasx:  90  to  100  years. 

nOMINANT  (illOWTII. 


T..eenu,.,„e,.. 

A«e. 

Diameter 

(lireast 
high). 

Height. 

Kings 
peHnch 

stump. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 
length 

of  crown 
to  total 

height  of 

Current  annual 
accretion. 

Average 

accre- 
tion. 

7 

year,. 
98 
92 
98 
92 
92 
97 
97 
90 
102 
100 

Inehc. 
28.0 
28.0 
25.0 
2.5.5 
25.  0 
22.0 
20.0 
22.5 
20.0 
20.3 

Feet. 
1011 
103 
92 
91 

98 
102 

91 
100 
103 

No. 
2.9 
2.7 
.3.2 

3^2 
3.8 

3^4 
4.1 
4.3 

Cubic  ft. 
175.3 
161.0 
140.3 
130.3 
131.7 

Jilt 
115.1 
104.0 
98.  B 

0.41 
.36 
.40 
.42 
.44 
.46 
.35 
.46 
.47 
.41 

0.00 
.61 
.48 
.56 
.46 
.49 
.45 
.52 
.43 
.40 

Per  cent. 

Cu./t. 

Cu./t. 

12 

17 

18 

21 

Ifi 

2o::;::::::::'' 

Average . . . 

90 

23.7 

97 

3.5 

130.0 

.42 

..■iO 

1 

1 

CODOMINANT  ( 


4 

101 
08 
98 

89 
99 
89 

20.5 
19.5 
19.0 
16.8 
18.5 
18.5 
18.7 
17.2 
17.2 

95 
99 
90 
99 
92 
80 
79 
•    87 
89 

.3.8 
3.8 
4.1 
3.8 

ii 

4.0 

9.3.3 
88.4 
84.9 
71.3 

on.  9 

08.  4 
07.2 

0017 

0.43 
.43 

.45 
.40 
.41 
.48 
.45 
.49 
.43 

0  40     1 

1 

g 

gj        1 

14 

S-) 

28 

15 

40 

11 

Average . . . 

94 

18.5 

9, 

4.1 

74.5 

.45 

1 

TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS.  155 

Tahi.i-.  VII.— .'loe  yie.ldn  of  necond-growlh  U'hite  Vine,  with  measiirementii  of  ijoung  pine  taken  for  analijHin—Coi\\.'inmiii. 


B. -MAINE- 


MEASUREMENTS  OF  SAMPLE  Y()0NG  I'INE  TREES— Continued. 

OPPRESSED   (IROWTH. 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diameter 
(breast 
high). 

IleiKbt. 

Kings 

pCMDCh 

stump. 

Volnme 
ol'  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  ol' 
oK'n 

Current  annual 
accretion. 

tion. 

100 
100 
99 
86 
97 
99 
91 
99 

Inches. 
15.0 
15.0 
14.0 
14.3 
13.5 
12.0 
13.2 
12.0 

Feet. 

90 

81 
80 

SO 
80 

No. 
5.4 
0.5 
0.0 
5.0 
5.8 
7.2 
6.2 
0.3 

Cibic/t. 
55.5 
55.3 
47.3 
43.1 
37.3 
37.1 
35.  9 
30.7 

0  48 

(].  27 

rereent. 

Cii./t. 

Cu.fl. 

j^ 

51 

40 
50 
48 

36 
21 
18 
20 
14 
30 
22 

"  

}^ 

AveraRe... 

90 

13.. 

80 

O.U 

42.8 









DOMINANT 


53 
60 
60 

14.0 
14.7 

!5:'i' 

61 

o'l 

3.2 
3.3 
3.1 
2.8 

34.2 
39.8 
42.8 
60.7 

0.52 

'.U 
.47 

0.09 

■I 

5.4 
4.0 
4.6 
4.4 

1.85 
1.159 
1.97 
2.07 

0.62     1 

.66 

.71 

Averiige... 

58.5 

16.2 

64     1 

3.1 

44.4 

.. 

.62 

4.6 

2.02 

_^.J 

brown  or  loai 
ubsoil  clayey,  pr< 
Pine,  with'  scatti-i 
icanty,  of  Hazel  j 


■ir,  on  a  level 
White  Pine. 


ONE-FOURTH  ACRE  YIELD. 


While  Pine. 

Nnnil.er 
of  trees. 

Di.imeter 
( breast 

Height. 

Volume. 

Bole.      chan'tTble 

timber. 

Feet. 

Cubic  feet. 

Feet  IS.M. 

32 

7 

55 

256 

7 

45 

330 

84 

55 

840 

T2 

30 

55 

414 

10 

65 

144 

55 

780 

8 

11 
12 

144 
306 

65 

12 

12 

240 

4 

13 

65 

116 

17 

75 

408 

__ 

328  trees: 

Total  cubic  fe 

3t 

' Intermixed  speeiei:  Yonng  White  Pine,  160;  Hemlock, 


156 

Tabi.k  VII.— .lere  i/iehh  of  i: 
B.-MAIXK-Continiicd. 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 

iil-yniirtli  ll'liile  Vine,  with  measurcmcnln  nf  young  pine  taken  fn 
MEASUUEMEXTS  OF  SAMPLE  YOTINC.  PINE  TREES. 

DOMINANT   (IROWTII. 


Tre 

imniber. 

Age. 

Diameter 
(brea.st 
high). 

Hciglit. 

Rings 
per  inch 

stump. 

Volume 
nf  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  of 

to  total 

height  of 

tree. 

Teare. 
50 
59 
55 

50 

Inches. 
14.5 
13.3 
12.8 
11.8 
10.2 
11.0 

Fert. 
64 
00 
61 

58 

62 

No. 
2.8 
3.8 
3.3 
3.5 

X7 

25.6 

22!  0 

21.1 

0.45 
.44 
.45 
.52 
.59 
.50 

58 
38 
41 

\i 

Average... 

54 

12.3 

62 

3.6 

24.7 

.49 

.44 

CODOMINANT  GROWTH. 


JJ 

52 
50 
51 
50 
51 
50 

52 

10.0 
9.0 

8.8 
9.4 
8.1 
8.4 
8.1 
8.0 

8/7~ 

59 
58 
58 
54 
56 
55 
56 
57 

4.3 
4.3 
4.6 
4.3 
5.1 

tl 
5.5 

16.1 
13.4 
13.3 
12.3 

III 
10.2 
10.1 

0.50 
.52 
.54 
.40 
.55 
.50 
.52 
.50 

1 

.37 
.39 

20 

7 

Av('r.^ge... 

51 

57 

4.7 

12.1     1 

.51 

OPPREBSED   GROWTH. 


49 
52 
49 

48 
50 
51 
50 

7 

.. 

53 
54 
51 
54 

58 
47 
54 

-:.2 
5.0 
6.0 
5.1 
5.6 
5.1 

^ 

0.30 
.26 
.39 
.4(1 
.33 

2 

21 

I 
7 

? 

! 
9 

9 

8 

50 
53 
52 
50 
51 

25 

19 

17 

Average... 

50 

... 

73 

5.2 

9.1     1           .52               .33 

SUPPRESSED   OROWTK. 


14 

55 
48 
46 
46 
48 
50 
48 
52 

63 

57              (?) 
49     1           5:7 

i\  i   n 

11  !     1:1 

0.51 

:47 

.61 
..52 
.48 
.47 
.52 
.50 

0.31 
.28 
.25 
.27 
.20 
.56 
.26 
.43 

6.9 

13 

6 
5 
6 
5 

5 

15 

23     . 

24 

Average . . . 

50     1          6.8 

48     1           7.2               4.5 

.40     1           .31 

TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


157 


Tauiji:  \ll.  —  .lcre  ijielda  of  second-ijrowlh  It'Ui. 
B.— MAINE- CouUuacil. 


'iik  measurements  of  young  pive  taken  for  analysis — Coutiuued. 


Suit:  Urown  Handy  loam  with  littlo  pebbles  in  it.  deep,  fresh,  3  inches  black  soil  and  mold  on  top.  Age  of  pine:  50  to  CO  j 
and  leafy  eurtace  cover;  clay  probably  8  to  12  inches  below  surface.  Density  of  crown  cov 

Forest  conditioHf.  White  Piue,  with  occasional  Norway  Pine,  on  a  slope  to  north  5°  to  lO^i  Number  of  trees :  3U6. 
under-^rowth  scanty,  of  Hemlock.  Oak,  and  Fir. 

Olassilicatwn:  White  Pine. 


ONEFOURTU  ACEE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Volume. 

Number 

(breast 

Height. 

Mer- 

high). 

Bole. 

chantable 
timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Oubie/eet. 

FeitJB.M. 

65 

28 

168 

20 

55 

160 

34 

65 

1,008 

24 

240 

32 

10 

65 

576 

8 

10 

75 

168 

4 

75 

100 

16 

12 

65 

408 

696 

8 

13 

16 

75 

552 

4 

65 

132 

12 

14 

75 

462 

8 

4 

16 

75 

184 

4 

75 

204 

Total  cubic  feet 

7,202 

iveraije  annuat  accretu 


White  Pine,  131  cubic  feet. 


One-half  acre  No.  3. 

rid,  di'cp.  fresh,  and  leafy  surface  cover:  clay  probably  4  to  6  feet  below  surface 

■s;  White  Piue  intermixed  with  Nor' '  '       '     '       '  - 

'ifh  ,  undergrowth  scanty,  of  small  a 


White  Pi 


.perc 


.do.. 


HALF-ACRE   YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 

Height. 

Mer- 

chantable 

timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

CvUcfeet. 

FeetB.M. 

7 

55 

26 

8 

55 

260 

0 

65 

638 

6 

55 

69 

38 

111 

65 

684 

10 

U 

75 

250 

28 

65 

616 

75 

14 

12 

65 

357 

13 

75 

138 

65 

174 

2 

75 

77 

2 

15 

65 

73 

314  trees: 

Total  cubic  feet 

4,800 

Average  annual  accretion :  White  Pine,  87  cubic  feet. 


8  THE    WHITE    PINE. 

ii.n  Vll.— -loe  ijiiidn  of  aecoiid-growlh  White  Pine,  with  measuremctUs  of  young  pine  taken  for  oim/i/sis— C'outiuuod. 

-.M  AI N  !•:— Coiitiuucd. 

MEASUKEMENTS  OF  SAMPLE   YOUNG   PINE  TREES. 

DOMIHAKT  GROWTH. 


Tree  number. 

A«e. 

Diameter 

Ueifc'lit. 

Kings 
per  iucb 

V„lun.o 
of  tree. 

Factor 

of 
shape. 

Katio  of 

bel-lil  of 

Year. 
89 
85 

?^ 
82 
82 
90 
91 
91 

89 

89 

Inches. 
21.8 
10.6 

17.3 

19.  ;i 

18.8 
17.7 
18.5 
17.2 

Feet. 
8G 
85 

87 

71) 

85 
75 
85 
82 

No. 
3.7 
4.0 

\.i 

3.8 
4.4 

4^5 
4.4 

76.5 
09.5 
09.3 
08.0 
07.4 
60.6 
06.4 
03.7 

0.40 
.43 
.48 

1 

.52 

:% 

.41 

'.it 
.46 
.54 

g 

J  „ 

Avera  'e 

18.6 
21.0 

83 
85 

3.3 

70.8 
123.  5 

.45 
.45 

100 
190 

12.6 
10.0 

57 
69 

8.0 
8.7 

24.9 

0.50 
.53 

0.54     1 

^ 

95 

11.3 

03 

8.3 

22.5 

.51     j 

1 

"     1 

PENOBSCOT  COUNTl 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diami^ei 
(breast 
bigb). 

Ueigbt. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Fa.'tor 

of 
sbape. 

Katio  of 

ofTrowD 

to  total 

beiglit  of 

tree. 

Curren 

aDiiiial 
tion. 

A  verago 
tilil" 

Tear,:. 
68 
77 
73 
74 
70 
69 
73 
75 
70 

7!l 
77 
72 

Inchei. 
12.5 
16.0 
12.7 
13.0 
13.0 
13.2 
13.5 
14.7 
15.7 
14.5 
17.0 
16.5 
16.2 

Feet. 
70 
62 
80 
80 
77 
82 
83 
83 
81 
82 
74 
78 
85 

C«..rt. 
31.83 
34.55 
35.  51 
30.  00 
35.15 
38.49 
40.  43 
43.20 
42.  34 
45.10 
51.14 
51.28 
51.91 

0.49 
.39 
.52 

.51 

;« 
;47 

.43 
^48 

!oi) 

'52 
.35 

!35 

!43 
.65 
.30 

Percent. 
2.8 
3.3 
3.7 
3.1 
3.0 
3.0 

2^5 
3.0 
3.2 
2.0 

11 

1.14 
1.31 
1.12 
1.05 
1.38 
.85 

l!51 
1.44 
1.02 
1.95 
1.04 

Cu.ft. 
0.48 
.44 
.48 

.4« 
.50 
.55 
.55 
.57 

'.U 
■*^ 
!7'2 

10 



2.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...'.'.. 

Average . . . 

73 

14.4 

79 

41.30 

.40 

.44 

3.0 

1.21 

.56 

TABLES   OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


159 


Table  VIl.— Acre  i/ieldn  of  aecojid-growth  White  Pine,  with  measurements  of  young  pine  taken  for  uniilijiis—VoniiaxmA. 
C— MASSACHUSETTS: 

(1)  Site  a;  Ilullirook,  Norfolk  County.  Samijloarea;  1  acre. 

Soil :  Yellowish-brown  sandy  loam,  aliallow,  loose,  ilry,  with  1  or  2  inches  nioUl  on  top  and  a  mod-    Ago  of  iihin :  35  to  38  years. 


erately  leafy  i 
rest  conditiont ; 
with  scattering  Hemlock  and  Whit 


I  cover:  0.6. 


ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

1 

Volume. 

oftreea. 

(breast 
high). 

"-"'■        .ole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

1U9 
18 

28 
11 

Indies. 
8 

11 

13 

15 
17 

F„:t.      Cuhicfeet. 
60           1,690 
60                 80 
70               342 
70               528 
70  i            598 
70               868 
70               385 
70               230 
70                 51 

Feetli.M. 

286  trees: 

Total  Piiinc  fn 

' 

A  verotje  annual 


131  cubic  feet. 


;te  h :  Pembroke,  Plymduth  Coiintj'. 

Soil:  Yellowish-brown  aarnly  loam,  medium  grain,  light,  loose,  fresh,  with  2  to  U  ii 

top  and  surface  cover  of  abundant  leavea. 
Fun-sl  conditions:  Wliite  Pino  with  scattering  Oak,  Maple,  Gray  Birch,  and  occasi* 
and  Hornbeam:  uuder;^ruwth  moderately  dense  of  above  speciea  of  hardwoods. 

ACRE  YIELD. 


Number  of  trees: 


White  Pint 

1 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

(l'>re,ist 

1     Mer- 

hi-h). 

Bole.     ichantable 

1   timber. 

Inchcii. 

Feel. 

Cubic  feet.  Feet  B.M 

226 

19 

60 

304 

18 

342 

70 

836 

22 

572 

10 

70 

310 

2 

70 

70 

3 

7(] 

120 

1 

70 

45 

339  tree 

Tot 

1  cubic  foot 

4,859 

^1  verage  annual  accretion:  White  Pine,  92  cubic  feet. 


'  Intermixed  species;  Red  Ccda 
high.  lUd  Oak,  1  over  6  iliclicH  ili; 
inches  .li. Irr;n,.l  u.mI.-i    1"  I-  M 


Vndertjrvwth:  Gray  UircL,  21  i  iiajjle. 


'  n  iuches  diamet4!r  and  un< 

.1.1  uuder  80  feet  high:  1  oi 
ii.  s  diameter  and  over  40  ft 
I  I  high.  Gray  Birch,  1  ov 
•lies  diameter  aud  over  40  1 
1  ^Sassafras,  3. 


r  6  inches  di.amcter  and  over  60  feet  high ;  0  from 
t  high.  Maple,  4  from  3  to  6  inches  diameter  aud 
-  6  inches  diameter  and  over  GO  feet  high :  6  from 
■t  high.     Young  White  Pine,  69. 


1(J()  THE    WUITK    I'lNE. 

Tahi.k  VII. — Aire  i/ielitii  of  accuntl-yrowlli  ll'hite  I'iiie,  tiitli  mcusiircmciiln  nf  i/uuiuj  jiiiic  taken  fur  uiiali/sis—Coutimwd. 


C— MASSACirrSK'lTS-.Contiiiuucl 
(3)  SiTB  c  .- 


.sou.  IMiiiioiitb  County 
n,  poroua,  light,  lo".s. 
i>  cover  of  abundaiil  1> 
lovol  plain,  origiinill 
I'.ut  out,  luaviDg  yuuiii: 


diaiui-d,  Willi    Anv 


ACKE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Volume. 

Nun,ber 

Diameter 
(breast 

Height. 

Mer. 

high). 

Hole. 

cbautable 
timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Cubic/eet. 

Feet  li.M. 

127 

8 

65 

21 

70 

399 

:i9 

U 

70 

70 

770 

15 

70 

70 

2 

17 

70 

102 

2 

18 

70 

112 

__ 

310  trees : 

Total  cubic  feet 

0,188 

White  Pine,  123  cubic  i 


with  1  or  2  inches  mold 

Forent conditions:  White! 

somewhat  hilly  site ; 


Weymouth,  Norfolk  County 

[180  feet  above  sea  level.] 

urn  grain,  shallow,  liybt,  loose 


Sam]de  area :  1  acre. 


3,  dry,  and  well  drained,     Age  of  pine:  fiO  y 
subsoil,  gravel  and  stone.    Density  of  erowii 
Maple  and  Horubeant  on 
,  Gray  liirch,  and  Black 

Number  of  trees: 


AUKE  YIKLU. 


White  Pine. 

Volume. 

Diameter 
(breast 

Number 
of  trees. 

Height. 

Mer.  ■ 

high). 

ehantable 

timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Cubic  feet. 

Feet  li.M. 

174 

8 

CO 

:iG 

10 

OS 

012 

21 

12 

70 

540 

10 
10 

13 
14 

70 
70 

400 
350 

70 

100 

3 

16 

70 

135 

17 

70 

3 

19 

70 

1S3 

21 

70 

78 

1 

295  trees: 

Total  cubic  feet 4,923 

Hemlock,  1;  llLiyiiiic 


7  from  3  to  6  iuches  diameter  iin<l  und< 
s  diameter  and  undcrOO  feet  higli  •,  12  1 
1.  Cherry,  1  over  3  inches  Uiamelcr  an 
r,  1  over  3  inches  diameter  and  under  A 

.Try,  2;  lied  Cedar,  1 ;  Ited  Oak,  4;  Blai 


Oak,  2  from  10  to 
meter  and  over  40 
.    lilaek  Birch,  2 


TABLES    OP    MEASUREMENTS. 


Tablk  VII.— Jere  yields  of  »i:coiid-<ji 
C— MASSACnUSE'lTS-CoutiuuBd. 
(5)  Site  e  .- 


tal.tn  fur  anahjnb 


161 

-Coutiuued. 


lilidgowati;r,  Plymuutb  County. 
[]00  foot  above  soa  level.] 
Soil:  Dark-brown  loamy  sand,  medium  grain,  light.  loose,  shallow,  fresh,  with  about  2  inc^hes  mold 

ou  toi>,  and  surface  cover  of  abundant  leaves ;  subsoil,  yellow  tine  sand. 
ForeHl  cmulitiims:   Cultivated  White  Pine,  with  occasioual  Gray  Birch,  on  level  plain  ;  undergrowth 
of  scattering  Oak  aud  Maple.' 

ACHE  TIELB. 


White  Pine. 

Volume.           j 

Number 
ol'  trees. 

Diameter 

(breast 

Height. 

Mer- 

high). 

Bole. 

chantable 

timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Oubicfeet. 

FcetB.M. 

240 

8 
10 

55 
55 

2,160 
15 

42 

672 

u 

CO 

41 R 

15 
1^ 

13 
14 

CO 
ti5 

390 
429 

15 

C5 

222 

84 

4 

17 

204 

18 

70 

112 

■livit:  White  1 


ACKE  YIELD. 


\<'ll  drained,  with  about 
;i  itvcl  of  all  sizes, 
hvoods  and  Pitch  Pine. 


White  Pine. 

of  trees. 

volume. 

high?.' 

Ueight. 

Bole. 

ob^table 
tiuiber. 

115 
184 
211 

2 

Inches. 

■J  to    « 

fit.)    8 

StolU 

10 

14 

Feet. 
20 

30 
30 
35 
35 

Cubic/eet. 

Feet  II.  M. 

1,055 
423 
11 
46 

560  trees: 

Totiil  i-.ubif.  fe 

8t                                            1  530 

iameter  and  uiuler  60  feet  high  ;  7  from  3  to  C  inches  di: 


■20SS.i-:So.  'S2 


10;  Maple,  8;  Cherry,  3i  Hiekoiy.  1 


162 


THE    WHITE 


Tabi.k  VII. — Ji^r  j/ields  of  aecoiid  ijroit'ih  White  I'ii 


inis  of  ijouiKj  pint  lakrn  for  antilysin — f'ontiiiiiod. 


C— M  .VSSACll  USETTS-Ci. 

(7)  Site  3: 


[500  f 


Soil:  Brown,  iiciirly  lilaik,  siiiidy  loam.  miMliuTii  grain 

iiicli<:8  Id  (lu  top,  ami  uiodoratcly  lealy  surface 

Band  on  low  ground. 

Poretl  cmKlitiaiu:  White  Pino  on  hill ;  nndorgrowtb,  de 
Chorry,  Gray  liircli,  and  other  hardwoods.  > 


ofMaploi 
ACEE  YIELD. 


■idgo,  y..llowi.s 
Mome  Ohestnn 


Nuuiliir  of  trees:  323. 


White  Pino. 

Yoln^e.           1 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Mer.     1 

high). 

Bole. 

.han  table' 

timber. 

178 

1.CK... 

60 

^^r- 

Fectli.M\ 

10 

60 

32 

: 

817 

2.1 

70 

59» 

70 

6,'il 

15 

70 

100 

2 

18 

70 

113 

1 

323  trees: 

White  Pine,  134  cubic 


and  a  nioderat'ely  leafy  f 

Forest  cnndilionv :   White  Pi 

on  a  hill ;  undergrowth. 


Worcester,  Worcester  County. 
[About  600  feet  a'.iovo  sea  Icv.l. 


ACEE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

1                   i            Volume. 

Number 

Mer. 

high). 

Bole. 

chanlable 
timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 
60 

CiiUefeet. 
1,930 

Feelli.M. 

30 
34 
13 

70 
70 

70 

741 
748 
338 

70 

.372 

170 

70 

120 

70 

45 

1 

17 

70 

31 

^__      __,. 

3U1  trees: 

Tot 

il  cubic  feet 4,520 

'ine  141  <uhic  feet 


..11  tii]>     Age  of] 
I  I'ine        0.8  (in 


10  to  35  years, 
wn  cover:  0.  (i 
9  0.  2  and  U.  4). 


I )    Maile  ^04  (mostly  Striped  Maple);  Oak,  133;  Chestnut,  19;  Cherry,  11; 

t  1  under  00  feet  high.    Populiis  grandidentala,  1  over  0  inches  diam- 

II  d  I  niler  00  feet  high  ;  31  from  3  to  fl  inclies  diameter  and  over  40 
Hemlock,  1  over  3  inches  diameter  and  under  40  feet  high.    Young 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 
Table  VII. — Jcre  yields  of  second- tjroirtk  ^Fkite  I'ine,  with  measurements  of  young  jyine  take 

C— MASSACIIUSEXTS-Cujitiiiued. 

(9)  Site  i:  XortUbridge,  Worrester  County. 

[500  feet  above  sea  level.] 
Soil:  Yellow  sandy  loam,  fine  grain,  deep,  fresh,  well  drained,  with  about  4  inches  niohl  on  top, 

and  a  moderately  leafy  .surface  uovetj  subsoil,  jtrobably  ledge  ruck. 
Forent  conditipHg:  White  IMue,  with  occasiunaL  Birch  and  Maple,  on  a  1 
atfly  dense,  of  Oak,  Maple,  and  Chestnut.' 

ACRE  YIELD. 


163 

-Contiuui^d. 


Age  of  pine 
Density  of  c 
Number  of  t 


Wbite  IMne. 

Volume. 

of  trees. 

Diameter 

(breast 
high). 

Height. 

Mer- 
Bole.      Ichantable 

timber. 

Inches 

Feet. 

CubicMl- 

I-eet  li.M. 

284 

50 

1,007 

;i6 

U 

792 

20 

13 

70 

520 

13 

70 

341 

70 

245 

2 

15 

70 

80 

Tot 

1  cubic  feet 

5,540 

Avera'je  amiu 
(10)  SiTEj  ■ 


WhiU'  Piue,  158  cubic  feet. 


Brooktield,  Worcester  County. 
[800  to  900  feet  above  sea  level.] 


SuLl :  Dark  brown  or  black  loam,  fine  grain,  light,  deep,  frosli,  well 
mokl  on  top  and  a  moderately  leafy  surljute  cover;  subsoil,  rock 

Forest  condUions :  White  Pine,  witli  occiisiunal  Pitch  Pine  and  bard 
land;  undergrowth  dense,  of  various  hardwoods,  with  Oak  and 

ACEE  TLELU. 


Number  of  trees : 


White  Pine. 

Diameter 
(breast 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Height. 

Mer- 

Bole. 

ch»,.table 

timber. 

InchcH. 

Feet. 

Cubicfeet. 

FeelB.  M. 

1 

10 

55 

15 

33 

10 

60 

528 

60 

475 

14 

60 

364 

7 

65 

231 

1 

15 

65 

37 

303  tree 

Tot 

Icubicfeet 3,87:i 

Average  annual  o 


to  6  inches  diameter  and  over  40  foot  high. 
)ver40feet  high;  1  over  3  inches  diameter 
lie,  77. 


Poplar,  1  nver  10  iinht-;* 

rjidertjrowtk:  Oak, 

numerous  small  trees),  1 


Ifi4 


THE    WHITE    riNK. 


Taiu.k  Ml.— Acn  .i/i</rf.'<  «/  «,.. 
C.-M^V.SSACH  USEITS-CoDtiii  ii 


Cliailtxju,  Worceslur  t'ouiitj. 
[About  800  fcit  above  ma  li'vcl.) 


Sail:  D.irkbrown  sanily  loam,  moliiim  grain,  loose,  tluop,  frpsh,  well  ilraiiird,  with  iihc 
ntold  oD  top,  and  a  inodorately  leafy  Hurl'ace  cover;  subHOil,  rock  anil  sand. 

Foretl  cmulitlune :  White  Pino,  nearly  pure,  with  18  young  trees  on  a  lull;  uudergmwl 
t'Lesluul,  Maple, Oak. and  Cberry. 

ACRE  YIELD. 


ij  1/011111/  pine,  lakiii  fur  anahjMs — Coiitii 
.Sample  area;  1  :u-.re. 
i'8     .\ge  of  j>ine:  48  years. 


■of 
Number  of  trees:  446. 


While  Tine. 

V<dunie. 

Number 
of  trees. 

Diameter 
(breast 

Height. 

Mer- 

high). 

Bole.      ehantable 

timber. 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Cubie/ect.lFertli.M. 

277 

8 

60   , 

2,770    1 

10 

70 

1,178 

29 

12 

70 

7.'-.4 

13 

13 

70 

3 

15 

70 

12(1     1 

3 

16 

70 

135     1 

446  tree 

Tota 

cubic  fee 

6,775 

White  Pine,  141  cubic  feet. 
.MEASCKEMENTS  OK  S 


AMPLE  YOUNG  PINE  TliEES. 
aiTE  b. 


Tree  number. 

Age. 

Diametvi 
(breast 
high). 

Hoiglit. 

Volume 
of  tree. 

Factor 
shaiHi. 

Katio  of 

oi-rvn 

'to  total 
height  of 

A  vcrage 

aie.re- 
lion. 

Vu./I. 

'1 

5J  U 

Indies. 
13.0 

a  2 

Feet. 
71.5 
(10.0 
02.5 

i:!.  8 

15.0 

0.47 
.54 

0.47 
.22 
.36 

2 

Average.. 

5U.0 

10.4 

05.0 

20.4 

.51 

■M   r 

1^: 

..I    50.0 

11.3 
13.8 
9.5 

50.  0 
71.5 
04.0     1 

10.7 
36.  Ii 
10.3 

0.48- 
.4!) 
.52 

0.37 
!2K 

0  30 

.70     I 

Average . 

1 

..:     52.0 

11.5 

1 

27.4 

.50 

.30 

.46 

!  i:::::::::::::::-- 

•J 

39.0 
30.0 
30.0 

39.0 

8.3 
9.2 
12.0 

60.0 

8.8 
22!  4 

0.45 
'.4H 

11.  40 
.42 

'■1 

Average... 

... 

56.0 

14.7 

.47 

.37     1 

40.0              9.5    ! 
36.0             11.2     1 
33.0               6.5     1 

55.0 
53.0 
5L0 

14.3 
18.4 
6.7 

0.53 

0.42 
.55 
.37 

0.36    1 

1     2!::::;::::::::::: 

1 

Average... 

L, 

36.3    !          0.0 

53.0 

13.1 

.54 

.36    1 

1     22 37.0 

1  ^5::;;:;::::::::::  ^^ 

10.5            53.0 
9.3    1        55.0 
7.0     i        52.0 

16.4     i         0.51 

Vj  !     it 

\ 
0.45     ;         0.44 
.44     1           .35 
.37               .20 

1              Average...     38.3 

8.9    1        53.0 

12.7    1          .64 

.42    j          .33    1 

48.0 
48.0 
48.0 


63.0 
69.5 
64.0 


-ZiT] 


OP    MEASUltEMENTS. 


1G5 


Table  YU.—.-tcrr  iihldnnfn 

!>.— NHW^  HA3IPSIIIHK: 

(1)  Site  J: 


tlh  meaKuremeiils  of  yitunij  pine  taken  for  analyaix — Coiiti 


liosrawen,  Merrim 
[300  feet  above  s 


at«ly  leafy  surface  c 
Forest  condiliong :  White  rine.  with  scaUerins 
east  to  Ih.-  Merriniai!k  Uivef  ami  falls  otf  v 
look  anil  Hinall  White  Pine.  I 


IS,  loose,  shallow,  dry,  well  drained, 
er;  subsoil,  yellow  s'and. 
Bd  Pine  ou  aoraewhat  uneven  land,  \ 
t  to  bordering:  run:  undergrowth  o 

ACRE  YIELD. 


1  of  iiine:  40  \, 


■White  Pine.                                    | 

Volume. 

Nnmher 
of  trees. 

Di.imetOT 
(breast 
bigh). 

Height. 

!      Mer. 
Bole,      chantable 



1  timber. 

Inche.. 

Feet. 

OvUcfeet.  Feet  11.  M. 

150 

20 

195 

6  to  8 

50 

1.365 

65 

50 

715 

50 

11 

50 

112 

511 

70 

13                 M 

14                 50 

25 

16     1             50 

39     1 

es- 

Total  cubic  feet 

2,832 

on:   White  Pine,  71^ 


ITE  m  :  Franklin,  Merrimack  County. 

[900  to  1,000  feet  above  sea  level.] 
t:ioil :  Brown  s.indy  loam,  medium  grain,  compact,  moist,  well  drained,  with 

top  and  modefatelv  leafy  surface  rover;  subsoil,  rock. 
Forest  conditions:  White  Pine  intermixed  with  Maple  and  Birch,  on  a  hill;  i 
ately  dense,  of  young  Maple.  Birch,  and  other  scattering  hardwoods.^ 

ACKE  YIELD. 


to  3  inches  mold  i 
idorgrowth,  mode 


White  Pine. 

Volume. 

o^T.'S^ 

Diameter 
(breast     Height. 

1      Mer.     1 

bigh).    ' 

1 

Bole.      chantabVl 

timber. 

Inches. 

F^et 

C»iic/«(. 

Feet  II.  M. 

298 

8 

00 

2.980 

7 

60 

47 

10 

70 

893 

70 

836 

13 

70 

70 

70 

40 

10 

70 

45 

Total  cubic  feet 

5,406 

and  under  40  feet  high ; 
1  6  inclies  diameter  and 
r  40  feet  high  ;  1  over  3 


di.ametcr  and  under  60  feet 
Wliito  Bircli.  7  from  10  to 
iches  diameter  and  over  40 
er  and  under  60  feet  high. 
40  feet  high.    Chestnut,  1 


Ho    lo  k  4    Asl    1    Pol  lar  1 


\sr, 


THE    WHITIC    rixR. 


Table  VII.— ^ere  yielda  of  second-firowth  Whili-  I'inr.  with  meamircmeiits  of  young  pine  taken  for  nnn//;»i»— Continued. 


-NEW  lIAMPSIIIRE-ContiTiui-il 
i3)  Site  71:  lloiiUiuton.  Mcrrinmck  C'oimty 

[800  to  !I00  feet  above  son  level.] 
Soil:  Urowa  Cray,  or  nearly  hiaek  sandy  loam,  fine  Krain,  moist,  well  drai 

anil  modenitelv  leafy  si'irfaco  eover;  subsoil,  rock. 
Farrsl  eonditionii:  'White  Pine,  with  occasional  Red  Pine.on  a  hill ;  nnder{;rci 
of  Uemlock  and  soatterine  hardwoods ;  on  occasions  dead  and  littli-  sii 
and  triuiuiing  done.' 

ACRE  YIELD. 


I  oti  li»p       Age  of  pine:  CO  to  65  years. 


White  Pine. 

1 

Volume. 

Number 
of  trees. 

(breast 
high). 

HHght. 

Eole. 

Mer- 
chantable 
timber. 

I,ichee. 

Feel. 

C„U^. 

FeelB.M. 

43 

10 

70 

817 

48 

11 

70 

1.056 

70 

93S 

37 

13 

70 

1,147 

27 

70 

945 

15 

70 

8 

18 

80 

404 
192 

I 

19 
20 

8(1 

210 
77 

2 

1 

22 
23 

80 

192 
104 

291  tree 

Tot 

1  cubic  fee 

.   7  870 

Avermir  annual  accrelifu:  White  Pine,  127  cubic  feet. 

iTEr. :  Hoplunton,  Merrini.ick  Oon 

|800  lo  flOO  feet  above  soa  1p\ 

Snil ;  Brown  loam,  fine  grain,  moderately  loose,  fresh,  well  drained,  «■ 

top  and  leafy  surface  cover;  subsoil,  "rocks  not  very  far  down. 
Fnrent  mndUions:  White  Pine  with  occasional  Red  Pine  on  a  nortli  slo 
moderately  dense,  of  Elm,  Maple,  Hemlock,  and  occasional  liardwiic 

ACRE  YIELIl. 


White  Pine. 

Yohune. 

Nnmber 
of  trees. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Bole. 

-Tler.- 

Inchet. 

Feet. 

Oubicfeet. 

FeetB.M. 

189 

6  to  10 

to 

1,701 

58 

10 

00 

876 

52 

11 

CO 

988 

598 

27 

13 

CO 

702 

14 

60 

24  J 
418 

3 

16 

65 

126 

Total  cubic  feet 

.'■.,649 

Average  annual  accretion :  White  Pine,  148  cnbic  feet. 


14  inches  diameter  and  under  80  feet  high  ;  Majdc,  1  over  1 


Maples    Hundl  Uaks 


TABLES   OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


167 


Table  VU.—A<'re  yields  of  second-growth  IVhite  Pine,  with  measurements  of  young  pine  taken  for  aim/j/sts— Continued. 
D.— NEW  HAMPSniUE-Continncd. 

(5)  Site  p.'  LitcliQold.Hillsboro  Connt.v.  Siiniplc  aro.i;  1  acre. 

[About  2.'>0  feet  above  sea  level.] 
.s-oii.Darkbrown  sandy  loam,  line  grain^  porous,  ligbt,_  loose,  sballow.  dry,  welldralned,  with    Age  of  pine:  35  to  40  .years. 


itli  rlav  about  4  to  G  feet  Ite.low  surface. 
Forest  cundi'tions:  White  Piuo  witli  scattering  Piteh  Pi 
Maple,  Biroh,  and  few  other  hard  woods.  > 


level  pla 
ACRE  YIELD. 


undergrowth  j 


nty. 


0.8. 
Number  of 


Whit«  Pine. 

1 

Volume. 

Number 

Diameter 
(breast     Height. 

j     Mer- 

Bole,      ohantable 

! 

I   timber. 

Inchet.        Feet. 

Onbic/eetJFeelli.M. 

233 

OtolO     !             50 

480 

11     1            60 

301 

19D 

14                 C.'i 

396 

222 

IC                 C) 

84 

18                 70 

50 

19                 70 

61 

22     1            70 

78 

1 

517  trees: 

1 

Tot 

1  cubic  feet 

4  396 

■ 

White  Pii 


ITE  q  :  HJllsboro  Couiity. 

[About  700  feet  above  sea  level.] 
Soil:  Brown  loam,  iiDe  grain,  deep,  moist,  well  drained,  with  2  to  4  inches  moli 

ant  leafy  surface  cover;  subsoil,  compact,  clayey  sand. 
Foretit  conditions:  White  Pine  with  scattering:  Maple  and  Hemlock  on  bil 
of  Maple,  Oak,  Chestnut  mainly,  and.  few  other  scattering  hardwoods. 

ACRE  YIELD. 


nd  abund-     Ago  of  pine 
Density  of 
undergrowth  dense,        clusters. 
Number  of  t 


White  Pine. 

1 

Volume. 

Diameter 
(l)rea3t      Height. 

of  trees. 

Mer 

high). 

Bole. 

chantable 

timber. 

Inches.         Feet. 

Cubic/eel. 

Feel  B.M. 

153 

0  lo  10                 50 

1,377 

31                  12                 60 

713 

3     1             16                 65 

126 

1   1         n 

1 

371  trees: 

Total  cubic  feet 

4,503 

ual  accretion  :  White  Piue,  107  t 


diameter  nnd  < 


40  feet  hish;  1  over  ! 


rhes  diameter  and  under  40  feet  hi^h. 
'J  over  ;i  iiH-hea  diameter  and  under  40 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


Acre  i/ields  of  second-i/rowlh  iriiile  I'im,  uith  meaxii 


D.-NKW  IIAMPSIIiriK-( 

(7)  SlTK  r; 


Milfonl,  Ilillshoio  ( 
1 300  to  400  feet  above 


^  grain,  flhallow.  dry,  well  drained,  wil 
l:int  leav.'rt;  Biib.soil,  light  colored  and 

lope :  inidergrowth,  dense,  of  Oak  niixe 
ACEE  YIELD. 


Wliito  Pine. 

Number 
of  tr<«s. 

Diameter 

Height. 

Volume. 

Hole. 

chantlble 
tnnber. 

.139 
32a 
108 

n 

9 
2 

Inchel. 
3  to   6 
6  to   8 

8  to  10 

\\ 
13 

Feet. 

fo 
.■■.0 

50 
50 
60 
50 

Cubicfeet. 

FeHB.M. 

2,261 
1,188 

\t 
38 
44 

794  trees: 

Total  enhie  flu 

' 

.iiirn  grain,  loose,  frcali,  1  foot  deep,  witli  2  indies  mold  on  toj)  and  : 


'ACRE  YIELD. 


White  Pine. 

Volume. 

Nitmbor 

Diameter 

Height. 

Mer. 

high). 

Hole. 

nbantjible 
timber. 

Inches. 
3  to    6 

Feet. 
40 

Cubicfeet 

Feet  B.M. 

'■','" 

6  to  10 

50 

2,124 

12 

55 

357 

10 

■    55 

240 

^l 

14 

330 

3 

10 

00 

117 

2 

1 

1 

20 

70 

72 

21 

,0 

78 

503  tree 

Tot 

il  cubic  fe 

4  674 

ir  10  incheii  diam&ter  and  over  50  feet  high ;  1  over  8  inches  diameter  and  under  50  feet  high ;  3  from  3  Xio  tJ 
.'h. 

.84;  rbostniit,  41;  Gmvliirrh, 


TABLES    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 


in;) 


Table  VII. — Acre.  ijirUl.i  of  necnnd-ijrou'tli   Wliitc  I'iiu;  wilh   iiiiasuremintK  nf  ijoiintj  jilnc  taken   for  anahjsh—i 
]).-NKW  lIAMPSnillK-Continueil. 


MEASUREMENTS 

A.jr 


SAMPLE  YOrNfl  I'INE  TUBES. 


Tr 

11  number. 

Ae„. 

Diameter 
(breast 
l.iSl,). 

Height. 

Feel. 
44 

Riiijls 
,,eHml, 

stump. 

VollllUO 

of  tree. 

Fiietor 

of 
shape. 

Ratio  (if 
leiiutli 

of  crown 
to  total 

height  of 
tree. 

Current  annual 
accretion. 

ai^re- 
tioii. 

Tears. 
41 
41 
41 

Inches. 
0.8 
7.1 
8.2 

No. 

Cubic  ft. 

0.51 
.56 
.51 

0.4:1 
.51 
51 

rercent.\  Cutiicfl. 

Cubic /t. 

'.'■10 
.24 

3o:; 

1 

Average . . . 

41 

7.4 

60 

7.9 

.53 

.48 

.25 

1 

1     31 

42 

42 
42 

9.7 
10.4 
8.7 

63 
65 

16 

21.3 

13.1 

0.50 
.51 
.49 

0  38                         1 

1         0  38     1 

1            51     1 

1  u 

■34      !■ 

::;::;:::'     .ll 

Average . . . 

. 

9.6 

66 

1G.8     1           .50 

35     1 

,,, 

1 



1 1 •           '"     \- 

38 
39 

9.3 
10.3 

57  5     1 

13.8 
,  18.  0 

0.51 

.50     1 

0,39 
.40 

\                    1         0  36     1 

Average... 

38.5     1 

9.8 

60         1 

15,9 

.50 

.39 

1 

1 1           •"     1 

1     , 

81 

77 

17 

74 

4 

48,2 
52.4 

0,42 
.44 

0,53 
.55 

4.6 

3.0 

2.22 
1.57 

0.1 

.68    1 

Average... 

1 

79 

" 

73,5     1 

' 

50.3     i 

.43 

.54 

3.8 

1.89     1 

....■"     1 

SCHEDULES  AND  SAMPLE  RECORDS. 


SCHEDULES    AND    SAMPLE    R"ECORDS. 

FORMS  USED  IN  THE  INVESTIGATION. 

FORM    NO.  1. 


United    Stales    Department   of  Agriculture. 

DIVISION  OF  FORESTRY. 


RECORDS    OF    TREE     MEASUREMENTS. 


Name  of  collector:  N. 
Species :  White  I'ine. 
Year:  1897. 


(JENKRAL    IlKSCUIPTlON 

(Deiii.tea  by  capital 


state:  Pennsylviiiiia.     County:  Clearlielil.     Town:  Duljoiu. 
Longitude:  78-  4.j  .     Latitude:  41°  3'.     Altitude:  1,200  to  1,500  feet. 
General  confisuratioii:  I'lains         liills        plateau        mouvtainous. 
General  trend  of  valleys  or  bills :  (Not  noted.) 
Climatic  features:  (.Meteorological  tables  furnislied.) 

General  forest  conditions  of  the  region:  This  region  in  1870  extended  over  120,0(10 
carried  ou  for  twenty  years  by  Mr.  Du  Bois  left  for  the  jirese 


riie  lumber  ojieration 
standing  timber  in  a 


iber  of  young  bard- 


nly  from  1,500  to  :2,000 
iiniueval  condition. 

Three  typical  forms  of  forest  conditions  are  suggested  to  the  observer: 

(1)  Hemlock  and  White  Pine  iorest,  with  an  admi.xture  of  mature  hardwoods  :ind 
woods  and  voungII.-i,a..ck,  winch  lonu  the  undergrowth.  ,  ,       ^,  ^  .,  ,,  ,       .,      , 

(•')  HemldcTv  mixed  with  Wliite  I'iuc,  with  scattering  hardwoods;  the  undergrowth  usually  moderately  dense, 
consists  maiiilv  of  vouii'^  Hendock  with  the  admixture  of  Nouiig  hardwoods. 

(3)  Hardwoods  intermixed  with  White  Pine  and  scattering  Hemlock.     The  undergrowth  hcie  consists  mainry 

'■'^^'Tifout'^iriiardwoocls.the  Oak,  Birch,  and  Maple  form  the  staple  of  the  hardwood  forest,  while  the  Beech, 
Chestnut  Hickory,  Cucumber,  Ash,  Cherry,  and  Bas.swood  ar.'  comparatively  few  in  number.  Ihe  region  has  a 
liSm  soil  and  8ub8..il  as  it  may  be.jud-e.l  by  the  8:unple  areas  NX.  5,  6,  and  7,  and  is  well  provided  with  lumslure 
by  the  many  streams  crossing  it  :ill  over  in  ditlVrcut  directions. 

173 


174 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 
FORM  NO.  2. 


DESCKIPTIO.N    OK   SITE. 


[Denoted  by  small  lette 
mtl  soiitUwi-st,  win: 


I'deieil 


Sample  area,  No.  5:  (One  :uie. ) 

Conlormation  ul'  surface:  Hill  slop: 
Narrow  t'rcck.  ,        . 

Soil  ami  draiua^'e  conditions:  Yellow  clay  loam  of  a  medium  {;rain  (hue  slialt 
with  2  lo  :!  iuclies  mold  on  top. 

Siiljsiiil :  Laminated  eUalo  of  an  indefinite  depth. 

Soil  cover:  Scanty  leaves,  fern,  and  teaberries. 

Origin  of  stand:  Natural  regeneration. 

Form:  Uniform;  storied.     White  Pine  forms  first  and  Hemlock  the  second. 

Composition :  A  stand  of  Hemlock  mixo;l  with  White  Pine,  intermixed  with  se; 

Undergrowth:  Absent;  dense;  moderately  dense;  scanty;  consists  of  very  ,v 
sional  Birch,  Cucumber,  .and  Dogwood  (Laurel  in  northeast  corner). 

Density  of  stand:  0.7  (in  places  0.8). 

Remarks.— Crowns  of  White  Pine  generally  well  developed;  clear  and  stra 
230  to  260  years.     Age  of  Hemlocli  almost  the  same  as  that  of  White  Pine. 
ACRE- YIELD  MEASUEEMENTS. 


lancli  of  Irish 
well  drained, 


l-lering  Ma 
mug  Beecl 


ght  stems.     .\ge  of  White  I'ine 


s 

Name  of  species. 

Uuilergmwlh. 

1 

White  Pine. 

Hemlock. 

Maple. 

Beech. 

Birch. 

Diameter 
(breast  high). 

It 

SS 

2 

3 

s 

2 

- 

~i 

- 

- 

■s 

s 

s 

s 

s 

s 

4 

1 
S 

1: 

1! 

li 

II 

% 

1* 

Is 
li 

i 

.1? 

li 

1= 

il 

I 

I! 

V 

ft 

i 

ft 

1! 

p 

ji 

1 

i 

I 
■s 

1 

'A 

3-6 
inchus. 

Uu.ler 
3  inches. 

6 

29 

rHJituii 

/ 

1 

36 

8 

/ 

43 

9 

III 

/ 

37 

10 

II 

34 

11 

/ 

12 

nil 

/ 

47 

13 

lii 

/ 

I'lii 
1 

/ 

II 

1 

38 
31 
42 
38 

17 

/// 

/■>n 

19 

/ 

/ 
nil 

mi 
II 

1 

nil 

1 

1 

Zt 

/ 

/ 

III 

10 

.].- 

rm 

III 

;]« 

//// 

1 

nil 

ja 

UK 

/ 

/// 

1 

t; 

29 

//// 

1 

S 

30 

// 

/ 

1 

'3:1 

// 

34 

/// 

i 

39 

II 

B 

37 

1 

g 

an 

= 

1 

■^ 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

1 

4S 

I>EI>UC1C1>   UKSULTS. 


Total  number  of  trees  on  the  ai're:  132,  of  whii'h  there  were — 

First  species:  White  Pino,  37;  dominant,  41  percent;  codominant,  48  per  cent;  oppressed,  11 

Seconil :  Hemlock,  81 ;  dominant,  32  per  cent;  codominant,  2t)  per  cent;  oppressed,  42  ]ier  ceni 


Fillli;   r..r.  I,,  :;. 

Tol.il  Yield  i.r  Ihe  aere:   Volume  of  stems,  15,68ti  eubie 

Of  wlucli  there  were— 

First  species:  Wliite  Pine,  .")8  per  cent  of  total  yield. 

Second  species:  Hemlock,  42  jier  cent  of  total  yield. 

Third,  fourth,  and  fifth  speiii»:  Hemlock  not  taken  in 

Average  annual  accretion:  In  cubic  feet,  Oo;  merchant 


,10:>  feet  11.  M. 


feet  H.  M.,  37.5. 


SCHEDULES  AND  SAMPLE  RECORDS. 


176 


1 

,r..ded. 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

C.o«-n  free. 
Somewhat  crowded. 

Ciowded. 
Do. 

lop  killed;  somewhat  crowded. 
CrJivded. 

Do. 
At  134  feet  top  lo.st ;  free  crown  about 
16  feet. 

Crown  free. 
Crown  free;  souod. 
Ciovvn  Romewliat  crowded. 
Crown  free. 
Somewhat  crowded. 
Do, 

Crown  very  crowded. 

Somewhat  crowded. 

Free  espoaure. 

I  oi>  about  8  feet  not  found. 

Do. 

Do. 
Clown  very  crowded. 

Do. 
Crown  very  s.uall. 

1 

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176 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


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33l5ii35  :3^J53§^§ 

iii  IIks     i§         SI  asfi 

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SCUEDULKS    AND    SAJIPLK    UECUUDS. 


177 


'6ntp«j  OJiiaa 


fMi§,  iiisSii?.iiss  Si^SI  iil^s  ililss  i  sass 


L'0233~No.  22- 


alls 


3SSSgS= 


f!  =  :;  J,  ^  r; : : ;,  ^  =:  =  HgSig^gfl f.  ?, ; 


iggssggssssggsgg   ggggggj 


sggs; 
rssg" 


iggg 


178 


THE    WHITE    PINE. 


FORM  NO.  5. 


Age  CLAS.S :  240  to  260  ytia 


Si'KCiKs:  White  Pi 


Feet. 
No.  Vujt. 
7,6   4311.4    .1),  OWiO.  40  0. 4 

401]  .4.31 


l_|l 


:U    2(12    33      144 

35  2631  31      144, 

36  241'  31J    134 


sistsol'ver' 

Beech,    H( 

anil  occasioniil  1  37  201  37 

llircli  and  Cucuin- ' 

\n:v.  :        1 

Average I . . .   25.')  34 

ioil:    Yellow  clay  j  28   202  2S, 

grain  din.'  MimI.m  24    'Ji:.  J,". 

wellcln,ViH';i','«ii'l',  ":.    y-.i  : 


390.0   2,507 
264.31  1,551 


9  230  32  1  142 
11  244  30  141 
13    25R    23      Ur 


^\ 


SCHEDULKS  AND  SAMPLE  RECORDS. 


179 


•  noi;}9J3a?  [vnaac  gSbjoay 


6<-° 


-Mi 


sBsS 


SsmI 


^■SSSggSSgs 


d.lS2S2S3S^ 


ss;^s2?iss?^ 


ilt^i-5p. 


■yoOAvrtiis       ^-g 


•90.it  JO  )H3i9n  lEJox 


I  r 


